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Update In intensive care medicine
Available online 9 June 2026

Acute respiratory failure in the oncologic critical care population: Mechanisms, diagnosis, and evolving therapeutic strategies

Insuficiencia respiratoria aguda en pacientes oncológicos críticamente enfermos: mecanismos, diagnóstico y estrategias terapéuticas en evolución
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Nirmala Manjappachara, Dharani Narendrab, Joseph L. Natesb,
Corresponding author
jlnates@mdanderson.org

Corresponding author.
a Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science-Chicago Medical School, Chicago, IL, United States
b Department of Critical Care, Division of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Abstract

Cancer is the second leading cause of death and a significant global burden. Up to 5% of patients with malignancies develop critical illnesses requiring advance support in intensive care units (ICU) accounting for approximately 15%–20% of all admissions. Acute respiratory failure (ARF), the main cause of ICU admission, most often manifests as hypoxemia due to ventilation-perfusion mismatch, shunt physiology, and impaired alveolar-capillary gas transfer, although hypercapnia may occur when airway obstruction, respiratory muscle weakness, or central ventilatory drive impairment predominates. These commonly coexist and are driven by the combined effects of tumor burden, treatment-related lung injury, infection, and reduced host reserve, leading to complex and evolving patterns of respiratory failure. Despite the improvement in access, earlier interventions, and better medical care overall, it is still associated with higher mortality than in non-cancer patients. In this review, we briefly discuss the current understanding of ARF in cancer patients.

Keywords:
Acute respiratory failure
Cancer
Intensive care unit
Management
Outcomes
Resumen

El cáncer es la segunda causa principal de muerte y representa una carga significativa a nivel mundial. Hasta un 5% de los pacientes con neoplasias desarrollan enfermedades críticas que requieren soporte avanzado en unidades de cuidados intensivos, representando aproximadamente entre el 15% y el 20% de todas las admisiones. La falla respiratoria aguda, principal causa de ingreso a las unidades, suele manifestarse como hipoxemia debida a alteraciones de la relación ventilación-perfusión y deterioro del intercambio gaseoso alveolocapilar entre otras, aunque también puede presentarse hipercapnia cuando predominan la obstrucción de la vía aérea, la debilidad de los músculos respiratorios o la alteración del centro ventilatorio central. A pesar de las mejoras en el acceso, las intervenciones tempranas y la atención médica en general, esta condición aún se asocia con una mayor mortalidad en comparación con los pacientes sin cáncer. En esta revisión, se analiza brevemente el conocimiento actual de esta condición.

Palabras clave:
Falla respiratoria aguda
Cáncer
Unidad de cuidados intensivos
Manejo
Resultados clínicos

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