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Update in Intensive Care

Transesophageal echocardiography: A comprehensive assessment of the critically ill patient

Ecocardiografía transesofágica: valoración integral del paciente crítico
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Virginia Fraile-Gutiérreza,
Corresponding author
vicky_uvi@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.
, David Pérez-Torresa, Luis Martin-Villenb, Luís Zapatac, Ana Ochagaviad
a Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega de Valladolid, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
b UGC Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
c Servicio Medicina Intensiva, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
d Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Calle de la Feixa Llarga, s/n 08907, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has become an essential tool in the management of critically ill patients, particularly when transthoracic echocardiography is insufficient. Its use allows to obtain high-quality imaging to assess cardiac function, diagnose the cause of shock, monitor fluid responsiveness, and evaluate venous congestion. It is especially valuable in complex scenarios such as stroke, the postoperative period after cardiac surgery, ECMO support, and during cardiac arrest, as it provides continuous visualization without interrupting chest compressions. Although it is a semi-invasive technique, it has a very favorable safety profile when performed by trained intensivists. Adequate training, including supervision and simulation, is crucial for achieving competence. Besides, TEE allows the examination of pulmonary and abdominal structures, extending its utility beyond the heart. Its incorporation into Intensive Care Medicine has demonstrated significant clinical impact, modifying therapeutic management in a high proportion of patients.

Keywords:
Ultrasonography
Transesophageal echocardiography
Critical care
Hemodynamic monitoring
Shock
Respiratory insufficiency
Cardiac surgical procedures
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Resumen

La ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE) se ha convertido en una herramienta esencial en el manejo del paciente crítico, especialmente cuando la ecocardiografía transtorácica resulta insuficiente. Su uso permite obtener imágenes de alta calidad para evaluar la función cardíaca, diagnosticar causas de shock, monitorizar la respuesta a fluidos y valorar la congestión venosa. Es especialmente útil en escenarios complejos como el ictus, postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca, el soporte con ECMO y durante la parada cardiorrespiratoria, ya que ofrece visualización continua sin interrumpir las compresiones. Aunque es una técnica semi-invasiva, presenta un perfil de seguridad muy favorable cuando es realizada por intensivistas entrenados. La formación adecuada, incluyendo supervisión y simulación, es clave para alcanzar competencia. Además, la ETE permite explorar estructuras pulmonares y abdominales, ampliando su utilidad más allá del corazón. Su incorporación en los Servicios de Medicina Intensiva ha demostrado impacto clínico significativo, modificando conductas terapéuticas en un alto porcentaje de pacientes.

Palabras clave:
Ecocardiografía
Ecocardiografía transesofágica
Cuidados críticos
Monitorización hemodinámica
Shock
Insuficiencia respiratoria
Cirugía cardiaca
Oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea

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