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Original article
Available online 15 June 2026

Viscoelastic energy index and pulmonary resilience in mechanically ventilated patients: a Bayesian longitudinal multicentre study

Índice de energía viscoelástica y resiliencia pulmonar en pacientes con ventilación mecánica: estudio longitudinal multicéntrico Bayesiano
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Aurio Fajardo-Campoverdia,
Corresponding author
drauriopiotr@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Adrián Gallardob, Antuani Baptistellac, Victor Perezd, Amilkar Almanzae, Paulina Vivancof, on behalf of the International Mechanical Ventilation Group (WeVent)
a University of La Frontera, Chile
b Kinesiology and Respiratory Care Service, Sanatorio Clínica Modelo de Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
c Postgraduate Programme in Biosciences and Health, University of Western Santa Catarina, Unoesc, Joaçaba, SC, Brazil
d Respiratory Therapy Unit, Dos de Mayo National Hospital (HNDM), Lima, Peru
e Coordinator of the Critical Care Pulmonology Committee, AMCI, Colombia
f Critical Care Unit, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Clinica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
Objective

The cyclical energy load imposed by the mechanical ventilator can influence mechanical efficiency and may be associated with an increased risk of lung injury. This study proposes the Viscoelastic Energy Index (VEI) and relative resilience, which incorporate biophysical, mathematical and geometric principles, to analyse the association between VEI and relative resilience with ARDS severity and ICU mortality.

Design

International, multicentre, retrospective study; quantitative analysis of pressure–volume curves to estimate energy delivered, dissipated, and recovered per ventilatory cycle. Bayesian modelling used to assess associations and perform subgroup analyses.

Setting

4 intensive care units across 4 Latin American countries

Patients

Adults who received invasive mechanical ventilation in volume-controlled mode, with (mild and moderate/severe ARDS) and without ARDS.

Main variables of interest

VEI and relative resilience, ARDS severity, ICU mortality.

Results

High respiratory rate, elevated driving pressure and flow, lower compliance and reduced functional residual capacity were associated with lower VEI. In patients with moderate–severe ARDS, a higher VEI was associated with lower ICU mortality (posterior probability 89.6%). As VEI increased, dissipated energy rose marginally while relative resilience increased from 0.93 to 0.97, indicating improved initial mechanical efficiency. Hysteresis decreased progressively and the relative proportion of elastic and resistive components remained stable, suggesting energetic tolerance without structural overload.

Conclusions

A higher VEI is associated with greater resilience and lower mortality in patients with ARDS. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Keywords:
Viscoelastic energy index
VALI
ARDS
Mechanotransduction
Mechanical power
Driving pressure
Abbreviations:
VEI
ARDS
ICU
VALI
DP
PPlat
MP
ESP
PEEP
FRC
RR
CRS
VT
RAW
CrI
Resumen
Objetivo

La carga energética cíclica impuesta por la ventilación puede influir en la eficiencia mecánica y asociarse a un mayor riesgo de lesión pulmonar. Este estudio propone el Índice de Energía Viscoelástica (VEI) y la resiliencia relativa, que incorporan principios biofísicos, matemáticos y geométricos, para analizar su asociación con la gravedad del SDRA y la mortalidad en UCI.

Diseño

Estudio internacional, multicéntrico y retrospectivo; análisis cuantitativo de curvas presión–volumen para estimar la energía entregada, disipada y recuperada por ciclo ventilatorio. Se utilizó modelización Bayesiana para evaluar asociaciones.

Ámbito

Cuatro unidades de cuidados intensivos, en cuatro países latinoamericanos.

Pacientes

Adultos que recibieron ventilación mecánica invasiva en modo controlado por volumen, con y sin SDRA.

Variables de interés principales

VEI y resiliencia relativa, SDRA, mortalidad en UCI.

Resultados

Una frecuencia ventilatoria elevada, presión de conducción y flujo aumentados, una menor distensibilidad y una capacidad residual funcional reducida se asociaron con un VEI más bajo. En pacientes con SDRA moderado/severo, un VEI más alto se asoció con menor mortalidad en UCI (probabilidad posterior 89,6%). A medida que el VEI aumentó, la resiliencia relativa aumentó de 0,93 a 0,97, lo que indica una mejor eficiencia mecánica inicial. La histéresis disminuyó progresivamente y la proporción relativa de los componentes elásticos y resistivos se mantuvo estable, lo que se traduce en tolerancia energética sin sobrecarga estructural.

Conclusiones

Un VEI más alto se asocia con mayor resiliencia y menor mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA. Se requieren estudios prospectivos para confirmar estos hallazgos.

Palabras clave:
Índice de energía viscoelástica
Resiliencia
VALI
SDRA
Mecanotransducción
Presión de conducción

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