ReviewSystematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of antiseptic agents for meatal cleaning in the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections
Introduction
Indwelling urinary catheters (IDCs) are commonly used in hospital settings, and their use is implicated in hospital-associated infections (HAIs) which are costly and largely preventable. Recent estimates from 183 American hospitals found that 23.6% of patients had an IDC,1 with a rate of 17.5% reported from 66 European hospitals,2 and in 26% of Australian acute care patients.3 Infections associated with IDCs are among the most common HAIs and are referred to as ‘catheter-associated urinary tract infections’ (CAUTIs).4 A survey of adult patients in acute hospitals across England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland found that urinary tract infections (UTIs) were the second most common cause of HAIs.5 CAUTI rates from 82 Australian hospitals were estimated to be 0.2%.6 Catheter use and CAUTIs have been associated with increased length of stay, higher hospital costs, antibiotic use, morbidity and mortality,7, 8 providing a strong rationale for the implementation of effective interventions to reduce the risk of infection.
Recent interventions to prevent HAIs include the implementation of bundle interventions. CAUTI prevention bundles include staff training on CAUTI prevention measures, audits on catheter insertion, and implementation of more detailed catheter-related record-keeping.9, 10, 11 Evaluation of CAUTI bundles has found significant reductions in catheter utilization and CAUTI rates.11 Recent data from 603 hospitals in the USA showed that following implementation of the national Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program to reduce CAUTIs, CAUTI rates decreased by 22.3% from 2.82 to 2.19 infections per 1000 catheter-days.11 Given that bundle interventions have been shown to be effective in reducing CAUTIs, there is a need to explore other strategies that may further contribute to decreasing CAUTIs.
Peri-urethral colonization is strongly associated with bacteriuria and CAUTIs.12 As such, reducing bacterial colonization around the meatal area may have the potential to reduce the risk of CAUTIs. Reviews conducted to date have been inconclusive about the benefits of antiseptic cleaning of the peri-urethral area before and during IDC use to prevent CAUTIs.13, 14 Although the guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America do not recommend the use of antiseptic agents, they state that data are insufficient to make recommendations on the effectiveness of meatal cleaning prior to catheter insertion in the prevention of CAUTIs.15 Similarly, UK guidelines do not recommend using antiseptic agents, advising cleaning of the urethral meatus with sterile normal saline prior to catheter insertion.16 These recommendations are based on single studies with a limited number of participants.14 Australian guidelines also acknowledge that the benefits of using antiseptic agents vs sterile saline for meatal cleaning before IDC insertion are unresolved.17 The most recent systematic review with meta-analysis reported that there was evidence to suggest that cleaning with water or saline as opposed to disinfection may reduce CAUTI rates.18 These findings need to be treated with caution as, although the authors claim that the meta-analysed studies were comparable due to the lack of statistical heterogeneity, there was considerable clinical heterogeneity in the included studies.
There was a strong rationale to undertake the present study given inconclusive evidence. The literature was reviewed systematically, and a meta-analysis of studies investigating the effectiveness of antiseptic cleaning before IDC insertion and during catheter use for prevention of CAUTIs was conducted. The findings will inform clinical practice, contribute to future guideline development, and inform the development of well-designed intervention studies in the future.
Section snippets
Methods
A protocol was developed to guide the conduct of the systematic review and meta-analysis, and the protocol was registered on the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic reviews (Registration No: CRD42015023741). The format for reporting this review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement.19
Study characteristics
In total, 2665 articles were retrieved from electronic database searches and manual searching of reference lists. Following assessment against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 papers were identified for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Agreement between reviewers for assessment of articles against the inclusion and exclusion criteria was 96% (Kappa=0.75, 95% CI 0.51–0.99; P≤0.001). One paper described two studies,24 hence there were a total of 14 studies (three
Discussion
This systematic review and meta-analysis provides the most recent and comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of meatal cleaning for prevention of CAUTIs. The results of the meta-analysis indicate that there is no difference in the effect of meatal cleaning with antiseptic agents (e.g. povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine) compared with non-antiseptic agents on the incidence of CAUTIs. However, near significance was reached for the use of antibacterial agents. These findings are consistent with
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank research assistants Theresa Snijders for preparatory work on the review, Jacy Bryant for assisting with the search strategy and conducting the search, and Heilok Cheng for data extraction.
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