Update in Intensive Care: Transplants
The impact of lung transplantation on ICU personnel
El impacto del trasplante pulmonar sobre el personal de la UCI
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Sacanell, T. Rey, E. López, R. Vicente, M.A. Ballesteros, R. Iranzo, J.C. Robles, M.I. Restrepo, J. Rello" "autores" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Sacanell" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Rey" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "López" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Vicente" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.A." "apellidos" => "Ballesteros" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Iranzo" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.C." "apellidos" => "Robles" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.I." "apellidos" => "Restrepo" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Rello" ] 9 => array:1 [ "colaborador" => "Network PLUTO (Postoperative Lung Transplantation)" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0210569112003075?idApp=WMIE" "url" => "/02105691/0000003700000003/v2_201304221214/S0210569112003075/v2_201304221214/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Update in Intensive Care: Transplants</span>" "titulo" => "The impact of lung transplantation on ICU personnel" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "206" "paginaFinal" => "208" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "N. Masnou, J. Rello" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Masnou" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "nmasnou@vhebron.net" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Rello" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Transplant Coordination Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Critical Care Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, CIBERES and VHIR, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "El impacto del trasplante pulmonar sobre el personal de la UCI" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During recent months, a series of up-dating articles about lung transplant published by members of PLUTO Network (Postoperative Lung Transplant Network) and Grupo de Trasplantes de SEMICYUC, have appeared in Medicina Intensiva.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Even though lung transplant (LT) results have been improving over the last thirty years, and it is accepted as a real therapeutic option for patients in end-stage disease, some issues are still open. Dr. Rello's article lays down a challenge in terms of developing strategies to increase lung retrieval rates.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Generally speaking, efficiency in lung retrieval is very poor, due to the physiological changes deriving from brain death (BD) and difficulties in the management of potential donors. Efficiency in lung harvesting is usually under 16% of all potential donors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> This is due to the fact that lung dysfunction is frequent in patients with severe brain damage; between 15 and 20% develop ALI/SDRA.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This, together with changes related to BD such as neurogenic oedema or related to base pathologies including pneumonia or bronchoaspiration, explain the deterioration in oxygen exchange.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Different authors agree that having a specialized team for managing potential donors will result in more organs for transplant.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–6</span></a> Although there is no unique treatment model when talking about donor management, there are different strategies called “protective strategies” related to the mechanical ventilation parameters which are widely accepted.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Some authors propose “aggressive” procurement such as the use of systematic bronchoscopy or recruitment manoeuvres with high or very high PEEP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,8</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Scarcity of grafts for transplant is partially due to poor efficiency and the fact that there is no evidence supporting the ultra-strict accepted criteria. Present expanded criteria includes: age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55, smoking antecedents, abnormal chest X-ray (unilateral: for aspiration or trauma), or even known positive sputum culture and the use of organs with Pa02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg through recruitment manoeuvres or ex vivo perfusion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Perhaps the moment has arrived to extend current criteria even further.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another proposed strategy to increase the organ pool is the use of lungs from NHBD (non heart-beating donors): Maastricht type II (uncontrolled donors) and type III (controlled), although these represent a small percentage of transplanted lungs. Results with organs proceeding from NHBD type II are acceptable related to mortality and survival rates.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Yet some other strategies are far removed from our desired intention, for example, the risky procedure of living lung donation.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dr. Masclans et al., state in their special article<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> that whilst training for resident doctors in terms of organ donation is of good quality, as courses are performed all over the country, there is little or no emphasis at the level of immediate transplant post-operatory care, management of immunosuppressant treatment and complications, specifically linked to rejection and infection. Bearing in mind that the current training plan dates back to 1996, some degree of modernization should be considered.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dr. Masclans et al. suggest that training in these increasingly complex areas could be useful for both resident doctors and indeed any doctors coming into contact with this type of patients. To be familiar with the process will make dealing with this kind of patients easier.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moving on to the main issues within the post-operatory period we find three related articles: primary graft dysfunction (PGD), antibiotic prophylaxis/infectious disease and advances in immunosuppression.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PGD is a common postoperative complication; between 15 and 20% of patients will present some degree of dysfunction. The Consensus Document of ISHLT in 2005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> defines as a non cardiogenic pulmonary oedema less than 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of reperfusion and at the same time alterations of lung parenchyma. The degree of PGD (1-3) correlated to the outcome and survival rates.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Treatment, as referred to by Dr. Suárez López et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> should be underpinned from two perspectives: (1) that of excellent donor management (attempting to minimize the inflammatory response due to BD) and avoidance of further complications, where the awareness and dedication of intensive care doctors is indispensable. (2) Managing the post-operative period so as to anticipate the following kinds of problems: hemodynamic stabilization, antibiotic prophylactic treatment, individualization of immunosuppression, taking into account the physiological condition of this type of patient.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Graft rejection is the next challenge to solve in LT. An acceptable balance between immunosuppression and side effects is the sought-after end-point.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We now know the different mechanisms involved in rejection. Up till now we have only paid attention to the cellular rejection (mediated by T cells). Nowadays we also know that humoral rejection (mediated by antibody–anti HLA) influences the immediate and long term LT outcome.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the difficulties in this field is the current impossibility of performing the cross-match before surgery in order to not only select the ideal match, but also the amount of antigens carried by the transplanted graft.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An excellent revision is performed by Dr. J.M. Borro regarding the evolution of immune response mechanisms and the different therapeutic regimes currently in place,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> although the immunosuppressive regime in LT is far from being a uniform practice. Induction treatment has increased in the last 8 years (with polyclonal antilymphocyte globulins at the beginning, converting to interleukin-2 receptor antagonists and alemtuzumab today). Induction with IL-2R is correlated with better long term outcomes, with a lower number of acute rejection episodes and delayed kidney lesions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> However, in 2010, only 50% of patients had some type of induction representing a clear drop in this practice (ISHLT 2012).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The majority of immunosuppressive treatments include three drugs: a calcineurin inhibitor, an anti-proliferative drug and steroids. In the long term immunosuppressive regime, trends are more prone to maintain tacrolimus plus mycophenolic acid although there are other possibilities such as cyclosporine or azatioprine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,17</span></a> Ideally, the immunosuppressive regime should be tailored to each patient.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Whilst infection is relatively common in the post-operative period, there is no consensus regarding the antibiotic prophylaxis. The use of double or triple antibiotic therapy immediately after the surgery is common, followed by the introduction of antifungals<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and any cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis. So far the length of treatment after LT has not been agreed upon.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dr. J. Sacanell states, as a result of a survey fulfilled for the seven active LT programs in Spain, that the most frequent prophylactic antifungal used is inhaled amphotericin B, which changes with the appearance of bronchospasms to a second line antifungal. In that sense, anidulafungin is used as a preferred second line treatment, even though micafungin has provided greater efficiency against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> sp. and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> sp.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, a different approach is offered by Dr. R. Vicente et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> who considered the use of mechanical devices like extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) which have created some expectation. ECMO could be used (and the results are acceptable) as a bridge to transplant (BTT)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> in extremely ill patients who would otherwise die while awaiting a graft, or even in conscious patients who are on waiting list.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> It is also used for management of primary graft dysfunction within the postoperative period, allowing physicians to sustain treatment and offer the possibility of survival to some patients while the graft is recovering.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important not to forget that LT is a relatively <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">new</span> field of transplant and consequently all technological and other advances are currently at the experimental stage. Much work and effort is still required by all the professionals involved.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:22 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Lung transplant: an emerging challenge in the ICU" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J. 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| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 6 | 14 | 20 |
| 2024 Octubre | 39 | 62 | 101 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 47 | 23 | 70 |
| 2024 Agosto | 49 | 36 | 85 |
| 2024 Julio | 45 | 27 | 72 |
| 2024 Junio | 67 | 45 | 112 |
| 2024 Mayo | 48 | 26 | 74 |
| 2024 Abril | 45 | 35 | 80 |
| 2024 Marzo | 62 | 30 | 92 |
| 2024 Febrero | 43 | 33 | 76 |
| 2024 Enero | 44 | 29 | 73 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 33 | 35 | 68 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 29 | 30 | 59 |
| 2023 Octubre | 31 | 23 | 54 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 35 | 36 | 71 |
| 2023 Agosto | 24 | 18 | 42 |
| 2023 Julio | 42 | 25 | 67 |
| 2023 Junio | 30 | 29 | 59 |
| 2023 Mayo | 19 | 19 | 38 |
| 2023 Abril | 35 | 23 | 58 |
| 2023 Marzo | 68 | 31 | 99 |
| 2023 Febrero | 73 | 33 | 106 |
| 2023 Enero | 27 | 24 | 51 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 77 | 28 | 105 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 56 | 48 | 104 |
| 2022 Octubre | 75 | 37 | 112 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 27 | 39 | 66 |
| 2022 Agosto | 43 | 37 | 80 |
| 2022 Julio | 22 | 31 | 53 |
| 2022 Junio | 20 | 23 | 43 |
| 2022 Mayo | 35 | 47 | 82 |
| 2022 Abril | 42 | 33 | 75 |
| 2022 Marzo | 36 | 49 | 85 |
| 2022 Febrero | 39 | 29 | 68 |
| 2022 Enero | 29 | 35 | 64 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 40 | 58 | 98 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 33 | 52 | 85 |
| 2021 Octubre | 42 | 70 | 112 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 30 | 36 | 66 |
| 2021 Agosto | 20 | 50 | 70 |
| 2021 Julio | 18 | 44 | 62 |
| 2021 Junio | 42 | 39 | 81 |
| 2021 Mayo | 38 | 62 | 100 |
| 2021 Abril | 92 | 79 | 171 |
| 2021 Marzo | 62 | 37 | 99 |
| 2021 Febrero | 42 | 29 | 71 |
| 2021 Enero | 47 | 29 | 76 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 26 | 16 | 42 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 35 | 30 | 65 |
| 2020 Octubre | 35 | 32 | 67 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 33 | 26 | 59 |
| 2020 Agosto | 25 | 18 | 43 |
| 2020 Julio | 30 | 22 | 52 |
| 2020 Junio | 35 | 23 | 58 |
| 2020 Mayo | 22 | 24 | 46 |
| 2020 Abril | 31 | 17 | 48 |
| 2020 Marzo | 15 | 25 | 40 |
| 2020 Febrero | 45 | 64 | 109 |
| 2020 Enero | 28 | 29 | 57 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 33 | 23 | 56 |
| 2019 Noviembre | 29 | 24 | 53 |
| 2019 Octubre | 25 | 17 | 42 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 42 | 26 | 68 |
| 2019 Agosto | 31 | 21 | 52 |
| 2019 Julio | 35 | 22 | 57 |
| 2019 Junio | 22 | 13 | 35 |
| 2019 Mayo | 48 | 34 | 82 |
| 2019 Abril | 31 | 26 | 57 |
| 2019 Marzo | 28 | 35 | 63 |
| 2019 Febrero | 29 | 39 | 68 |
| 2019 Enero | 35 | 34 | 69 |
| 2018 Diciembre | 34 | 80 | 114 |
| 2018 Noviembre | 53 | 48 | 101 |
| 2018 Octubre | 52 | 26 | 78 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 21 | 16 | 37 |
| 2018 Agosto | 24 | 16 | 40 |
| 2018 Julio | 26 | 10 | 36 |
| 2018 Junio | 34 | 17 | 51 |
| 2018 Mayo | 25 | 8 | 33 |
| 2018 Abril | 25 | 9 | 34 |
| 2018 Marzo | 34 | 8 | 42 |
| 2018 Febrero | 20 | 4 | 24 |
| 2018 Enero | 49 | 20 | 69 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 22 | 7 | 29 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 26 | 11 | 37 |
| 2017 Octubre | 25 | 7 | 32 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 31 | 12 | 43 |
| 2017 Agosto | 23 | 9 | 32 |
| 2017 Julio | 14 | 10 | 24 |
| 2017 Junio | 23 | 14 | 37 |
| 2017 Mayo | 25 | 11 | 36 |
| 2017 Abril | 28 | 18 | 46 |
| 2017 Marzo | 18 | 10 | 28 |
| 2017 Febrero | 14 | 10 | 24 |
| 2017 Enero | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 23 | 10 | 33 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 30 | 17 | 47 |
| 2016 Octubre | 28 | 23 | 51 |
| 2016 Septiembre | 31 | 14 | 45 |
| 2016 Agosto | 9 | 6 | 15 |
| 2016 Julio | 11 | 8 | 19 |
| 2016 Junio | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 2016 Mayo | 0 | 10 | 10 |
| 2016 Abril | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2016 Febrero | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 2015 Diciembre | 2 | 10 | 12 |
| 2015 Noviembre | 0 | 9 | 9 |
| 2015 Abril | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2015 Febrero | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2014 Noviembre | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2014 Septiembre | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2014 Agosto | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2014 Junio | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2014 Mayo | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2014 Abril | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2014 Marzo | 17 | 9 | 26 |
| 2014 Febrero | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 2014 Enero | 24 | 2 | 26 |
| 2013 Diciembre | 14 | 2 | 16 |
| 2013 Noviembre | 10 | 4 | 14 |
| 2013 Octubre | 20 | 3 | 23 |
| 2013 Septiembre | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2013 Agosto | 26 | 4 | 30 |
| 2013 Julio | 24 | 3 | 27 |
| 2013 Junio | 10 | 3 | 13 |
| 2013 Mayo | 13 | 5 | 18 |
| 2013 Abril | 3 | 2 | 5 |
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