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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las infecciones del tracto urinario relacionadas con sonda uretral &#40;ITU-SU&#41; son una de las principales causas de infecci&#243;n relacionada con la asistencia sanitaria &#40;IRAS&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Su frecuencia se relaciona con la duraci&#243;n de sondaje urinario&#44; la utilizaci&#243;n de sistemas de drenaje cerrados y con la calidad de los cuidados del personal sanitario en relaci&#243;n con su inserci&#243;n y mantenimiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#46; En los pacientes cr&#237;ticos ingresados en servicios o unidades de cuidados intensivos &#40;UCI&#41; es habitual el empleo de SU para la monitorizaci&#243;n de la diuresis horaria como un indicador de la situaci&#243;n hemodin&#225;mica&#46; Por ello las ITU-SU son una de las infecciones m&#225;s frecuentes en dichas &#225;reas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En Espa&#241;a se controlan las IRAS en los pacientes ingresados en UCI desde el a&#241;o 1994 a trav&#233;s del registro ENVIN-UCI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Las ITU-SU son una de las infecciones incluidas en la vigilancia adem&#225;s de las bacteriemias relacionadas con cat&#233;teres vasculares &#40;BCV&#41; y las neumon&#237;as relacionadas con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica &#40;NVM&#41;&#44; todas ellas infecciones adquiridas durante la estancia en UCI&#44; en las que se asume la responsabilidad del personal sanitario en su desarrollo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Durante muchos a&#241;os el objetivo de los participantes en el registro ENVIN fue determinar la frecuencia&#44; etiolog&#237;a y marcadores de multirresistencia de cada una de las infecciones controladas&#46; Desde el a&#241;o 2009 se han implementado diferentes proyectos de seguridad destinados a favorecer la aplicaci&#243;n de pr&#225;cticas seguras en el manejo de los dispositivos invasores relacionados con IRAS con la intenci&#243;n de disminuir las tasas de dichas infecciones&#46; As&#237; los proyectos &#171;Bacteriemia Zero&#187; &#40;BZ&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> y &#171;Neumon&#237;a Zero&#187; &#40;NZ&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> han logrado reducir en un 50&#37; las tasas nacionales de BCV y NVM y el &#171;Proyecto RZ&#187;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> ha disminuido en un 20&#37; el n&#250;mero de pacientes que adquieren una bacteria multirresistente durante la estancia en UCI &#40;datos no publicados&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hasta el momento&#44; en nuestro pa&#237;s&#44; no se ha desarrollado ning&#250;n proyecto nacional destinado a disminuir las tasas de ITU-SU en el entorno de pacientes cr&#237;ticos&#46; En este estudio se analiza la evoluci&#243;n de las tasas&#44; etiolog&#237;as y marcadores de multirresistencia de las ITU-SU en los &#250;ltimos 10 a&#241;os&#44; as&#237; como la respuesta sist&#233;mica de dichas infecciones y la mortalidad cruda durante la estancia en UCI de los pacientes con ITU-SU&#44; con la intenci&#243;n de evaluar la necesidad de desarrollar un proyecto espec&#237;fico para disminuir estas infecciones &#40;Proyecto ITU-Zero&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dise&#241;o</span>&#46; Estudio observacional&#44; multic&#233;ntrico&#44; retrospectivo de prevalencia de periodo anual&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pacientes de estudio</span>&#46; Se han analizado todos los pacientes ingresados m&#225;s de 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas en las UCI participantes en el registro ENVIN-UCI que fueron diagnosticados de ITU-SU&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Periodo de an&#225;lisis</span>&#46; Incluye los meses de abril a junio desde el a&#241;o 2007 a 2016 &#40;10 a&#241;os&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caracter&#237;sticas del registro ENVIN-UCI</span>&#46; El registro ENVIN fue desarrollado en el seno de Grupo de Trabajo de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Intensiva&#44; Cr&#237;tica y Unidades Coronarias en el a&#241;o 1994&#46; Su objetivo era registrar las infecciones relacionadas con el uso de dispositivos invasores diagnosticadas durante la estancia de los pacientes en UCI&#46; Para ello&#44; se dise&#241;&#243; una base de datos que ha ido evolucionando a lo largo de los a&#241;os&#46; En el a&#241;o 2004 se realizaron modificaciones para hacerla compatible con el proyecto europeo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospitals in Europe Link for Infection Control through Surveillance</span> &#40;HELICS&#41;&#46; Actualmente la recogida de datos se realiza utilizando la aplicaci&#243;n inform&#225;tica ENVIN-HELICS&#44; que est&#225; ubicada en un servidor web y a la cual se accede mediante Internet &#40;<a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://hws.vhebron.net/envin-helics/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;hws&#46;vhebron&#46;net&#47;envin-helics&#47;</a>&#41;&#46; El acceso es libre &#40;utilizando un c&#243;digo individual&#41; y gratuito previa identificaci&#243;n y registro de los responsables de cada UCI&#46; La participaci&#243;n en el registro es voluntaria y la recogida de datos es longitudinal y prospectiva&#46; Desde su inicio la incorporaci&#243;n de UCI ha ido en aumento&#44; llegando en el a&#241;o 2016 a aportar datos 200 UCI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; La recogida de datos se realiza de forma prospectiva y se incluyen todos los pacientes ingresados en UCI durante m&#225;s de un d&#237;a a lo largo de 3 meses &#40;abril a junio&#41;&#46; Se consider&#243; m&#225;s de un d&#237;a de estancia cuando la diferencia entre la fecha de alta menos la fecha de ingreso en UCI fue mayor de 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas&#46; Los pacientes ingresados m&#225;s de una vez en UCI se consideran como diferentes&#44; por lo que un paciente puede estar incluido varias veces en el mismo periodo de vigilancia&#46; El periodo de seguimiento de los sujetos de estudio comprende desde el ingreso en UCI hasta el alta de la UCI&#44; con un periodo m&#225;ximo de seguimiento de 60 d&#237;as&#46; Se realizaron 2 auditor&#237;as &#40;a&#241;o 2008 y 2010&#41; que ha permitido evaluar la validez interna de la informaci&#243;n incluida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; El registro ENVIN cuenta con la aprobaci&#243;n del Comit&#233; de &#201;tica de Investigaci&#243;n Cl&#237;nica &#40;CEIC&#41; del Hospital del Mar entre otros centros hospitalarios&#44; y ha sido declarado registro de inter&#233;s para el Sistema Nacional de Salud por el Ministerio de Sanidad&#44; Servicios Sociales e Igualdad&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Definici&#243;n de infecci&#243;n urinaria relacionada con sonda uretral&#46;</span> Se siguieron los criterios aprobados por el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</span> &#40;ECDC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> y disponibles en el manual del registro ENVIN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> que incluyen la presencia de al menos uno de los siguientes s&#237;ntomas o signos cl&#237;nicos no presentes en el momento del sondaje urinario&#58; fiebre mayor de 38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;excluyendo otras causas de su origen&#41;&#44; tensi&#243;n en la zona suprap&#250;bica o urgencia urinaria o piuria &#40;10 leucocitos&#47;ml o 3 leucocitos&#47;ml a la inspecci&#243;n de una muestra de orina no centrifugada con un objetivo de gran aumento&#41; y uno de los siguientes criterios microbiol&#243;gicos&#58; a&#41; en pacientes sin tratamiento antibi&#243;tico un cultivo de orina con aislamiento de &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ufc&#47;ml de no m&#225;s de 2 microorganismos&#59; o b&#41; en pacientes con tratamiento antibi&#243;tico un cultivo de orina con aislamiento de &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ufc&#47;ml de un &#250;nico microorganismo&#46; Cuando se aisl&#243; m&#225;s de un microrganismo en el urocultivo se consider&#243; que la muestra estaba contaminada&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Variables analizadas</span>&#46; Se han evaluado aquellas variables disponibles en la base de datos del registro ENVIN de inter&#233;s para el an&#225;lisis epidemiol&#243;gico&#46; De los pacientes se ha analizado la mortalidad intra-UCI&#44; definida como la muerte durante la estancia en UCI por cualquier causa y la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ratio</span> de uso de SU&#44; definida como la proporci&#243;n de d&#237;as en que los pacientes han utilizado SU con respecto al total de d&#237;as de estancia en UCI&#46; De las infecciones se ha analizado la etiolog&#237;a&#44; el intervalo de aparici&#243;n con respecto al d&#237;a de ingreso en UCI &#40;clasificado como<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804; o &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a 4 d&#237;as&#41;&#44; los marcadores de multirresistencia y la respuesta sist&#233;mica asociada con la infecci&#243;n&#46; Los marcadores de multirresistencia fueron los siguientes&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acinetobacter baumannii</span> resistente a imipenem&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> resistente a cefotaxima o a ciprofloxacino&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> resistente a cefotaxima o ciprofloxacino&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> resistente a imipenem y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> spp&#46; resistente a vancomicina&#46; La respuesta sist&#233;mica fue evaluada utilizando las definiciones de la Conferencia de consenso de 1991<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> y las modificaciones incluidas en 2003<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; expres&#225;ndose en el texto conjuntamente sepsis grave y shock s&#233;ptico&#46; As&#237; mismo se incluye el n&#250;mero de bacteriemias nosocomiales secundarias a foco urinario diagnosticadas a partir de las 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas de ingreso en UCI&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medidas de frecuencia</span>&#46; Se han utilizado la proporci&#243;n de incidencia acumulada definida como el n&#250;mero de episodios de ITU-SU dividido por el n&#250;mero de pacientes con SU por 100 y la tasa de infecci&#243;n expresada como n&#250;mero de episodios de ITU-SU por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU&#46; Para calcular el impacto de las ITU-SU con respecto al total de IRAS controladas en el registro ENVIN se ha calculado la proporci&#243;n de cada una de ellas con respecto al total de IRAS detectadas&#46; La frecuencia de cada uno de los microorganismos pat&#243;genos &#40;MP&#41; identificados en las ITU-SU se expresa como porcentaje con respecto al total de microorganismos identificados&#46; La tasa de los marcadores de multirresistencia se ha calculado como el cociente entre el n&#250;mero de un determinado MP multirresistente dividido por el n&#250;mero total de dicho MP identificado por 100&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span>&#46; La recogida de datos se ha realizado utilizando la aplicaci&#243;n inform&#225;tica ENVIN-UCI&#44; que est&#225; ubicada en un servidor web y a la cual se accede mediante Internet&#46; La base de datos &#40;en SQL Server&#41; est&#225; en el mismo servidor&#46; El programa dispone de sistemas de seguridad que obligan a cumplimentar las variables definidas como b&#225;sicas e imposibilitan la introducci&#243;n de valores il&#243;gicos&#46; Las variables cualitativas se describen con el porcentaje de distribuci&#243;n de cada una de las categor&#237;as&#46; Las variables cuantitativas se describen con la media y la desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar cuando siguen una distribuci&#243;n normal&#44; con la mediana y percentiles 25 y 75 en caso contrario&#46; Para analizar las tendencias mon&#243;tonas &#40;ascendentes y descendentes&#41; de los diversos indicadores se ha utilizado el test de Mann-Kendall&#44; valor&#225;ndose con significativas diferencias<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Resultados</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se han incluido 187&#46;100 pacientes&#44; de los que 137&#46;654 &#40;73&#44;6&#37;&#41; utilizaron SU durante 1&#46;215&#46;673 d&#237;as &#40;84&#44;4&#37; de los d&#237;as de estancia en UCI&#41;&#46; En 4&#46;539 &#40;3&#44;3&#37;&#41; pacientes sondados se han diagnosticado 4&#46;977 ITU-SU &#40;3&#44;6 episodios por 100 pacientes con SU&#41;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se incluyen el n&#250;mero de pacientes incluidos por a&#241;o&#44; as&#237; como el n&#250;mero de d&#237;as de estancia&#44; d&#237;as de utilizaci&#243;n de SU&#44; ratio de uso de SU&#44; n&#250;mero de ITU-SU diagnosticadas y tasa de ITU-SU en relaci&#243;n con el n&#250;mero de pacientes sondados&#46; Destaca el incremento progresivo a lo largo de los a&#241;os de pacientes incluidos en el registro&#44; as&#237; como los d&#237;as de estancia y d&#237;as de uso de SU&#46; Por el contrario&#44; se observa estabilidad en la ratio de utilizaci&#243;n de SU &#40;0&#44;84 &#91;0&#44;82-0&#44;86&#93;&#41;&#44; una disminuci&#243;n significativa de la tasa de ITU-SU en relaci&#243;n con el n&#250;mero de pacientes sondados y una disminuci&#243;n de las ITU-SU precoces &#40;&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 d&#237;as de ingreso en UCI&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a> se incluye la evoluci&#243;n anual de las tasas de ITU-SU&#44; expresadas como DI por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU&#44; a lo largo de los a&#241;os analizados y su relaci&#243;n con los proyectos de prevenci&#243;n BZ&#44; NZ y RZ&#44; aplicados en las UCI espa&#241;olas&#46; Se ha observado una disminuci&#243;n progresiva desde 4&#44;69 hasta 3&#44;80 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU en el a&#241;o 2016 &#40;reducci&#243;n del 19&#37;&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">figura 2</a> se incluye la proporci&#243;n de cada infecci&#243;n controlada con respecto al total de infecciones identificadas cada a&#241;o&#44; en la que destaca el progresivo incremento de la proporci&#243;n de ITU-SU que han ocupado&#44; en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#44; el primer lugar entre las IRAS relacionadas con dispositivos invasores&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evoluci&#243;n de la etiolog&#237;a de las ITU-SU a lo largo de los a&#241;os se incluye en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#46; Predominan las bacterias gram negativas &#40;BGN&#41; que han incrementado su presencia a lo largo de los a&#241;os &#40;desde el 55&#44;8&#37; en el a&#241;o 2007 al 63&#44;3&#37; en el a&#241;o 2016&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> contin&#250;a siendo el m&#225;s frecuente pat&#243;geno identificado &#40;25&#37;&#41;&#44; seguido de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; aeruginosa</span> &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; Destaca el progresivo aumento de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os &#40;9&#37;&#41; y la disminuci&#243;n de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; baumannii</span> &#40;menos del 2&#37;&#41;&#46; Los CGP se mantienen en torno al 20&#37; predominando <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; faecalis</span>&#46; Se ha observado un incremento de los aislamientos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus faecium</span> que han pasado del 1&#44;5&#37; a m&#225;s de 4&#37; del total de los aislados&#46; Por el contrario&#44; los hongos han disminuido en su protagonismo pasando del 25&#44;2&#37; en el a&#241;o 2007 a 17&#44;2&#37; en el a&#241;o 2016 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; en especial <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span> que ha disminuido su presencia desde 12&#44;3&#37; al 8&#44;9&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evoluci&#243;n de los marcadores de multirresistencia de los principales pat&#243;genos responsables de las ITU-SU se incluyen en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#46; Destaca la elevada tasa de resistencia de los aislados de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; baumannii</span> frente a imipenem-cilastatina a lo largo de los a&#241;os &#40;entre 60-100&#37;&#41; y de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K&#46; pneumoniae</span> frente a cefotaxima &#40;entre 46&#37; y 59&#37;&#41; y ciprofloxacino &#40;entre 50-62&#37;&#41;&#46; Por el contrario&#44; las cepas de enterococos resistentes a vancomicina han sido muy poco frecuentes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La respuesta sist&#233;mica de estas infecciones&#44; as&#237; como la mortalidad cruda durante el ingreso en UCI&#44; ha disminuido de forma no significativa a lo largo de los a&#241;os oscilando las ITU-SU que han cursado con sepsis grave o shock s&#233;ptico alrededor del 10&#37;&#44; y la mortalidad intra-UCI alrededor del 19&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; As&#237; mismo&#44; se ha observado una disminuci&#243;n de las bacteriemias nosocomiales adquiridas en UCI de foco urinario que han disminuido del 12&#44;2&#37; al 8&#44;1&#37; entre los a&#241;os analizados &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio se ha demostrado una disminuci&#243;n del 19&#37; de la tasa de ITU-SU a nivel nacional entre los a&#241;os 2007 y 2016&#46; La reducci&#243;n de las ITU-SU se ha acompa&#241;ado de un retraso en su diagn&#243;stico con respecto al d&#237;a de ingreso en UCI&#44; y a un incremento proporcional de BGN en la etiolog&#237;a de las mismas&#44; asociado con elevada presencia de resistencias en los BGN m&#225;s frecuentemente identificados&#46; La disminuci&#243;n de la tasa de ITU-SU se ha producido sin que se haya realizado ninguna intervenci&#243;n espec&#237;fica para su prevenci&#243;n&#44; aunque ha coincidido con la aplicaci&#243;n a nivel nacional de los proyectos de seguridad en pacientes cr&#237;ticos &#40;Proyecto Bacteriemia Zero&#44; Proyecto Neumon&#237;a Zero y Proyecto Resistencia Zero&#41;&#46; En estos proyectos se ha hecho especial &#233;nfasis en manejar los dispositivos invasores con medidas de asepsia&#44; y se ha profundizado en los conceptos de seguridad de los pacientes hospitalizados&#44; uno de cuyos principales mensajes es que las IRAS deben considerarse como un efecto adverso&#44; de las que son responsables el personal sanitario que atiende a los pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A pesar de la reducci&#243;n de las ITU-SU observada en nuestro estudio la proporci&#243;n de estas infecciones en relaci&#243;n con el total de infecciones relacionadas con dispositivos invasores en las UCI &#40;controladas en el registro ENVIN&#41; ha aumentado hasta convertirse en la m&#225;s frecuente de todas ellas&#46; Ello se debe al &#233;xito logrado con los proyectos de seguridad que han permitido reducir a la mitad las tasas de BCV y NVM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sin embargo&#44; aunque se ha logrado reducir en el a&#241;o 2016 la tasa de ITU-SU a 3&#44;8 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU&#44; y han mejorado las tasas alcanzadas en la primera d&#233;cada de los 2000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; su frecuencia contin&#250;a siendo mayor que la de otros estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos nacionales publicados recientemente&#46; El <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">National Healthcare Safety Network Report</span> en su informe anual&#44; con los datos comunicados por los hospitales americanos en el a&#241;o 2013&#44; presenta tasas que oscilan desde 1&#44;3-1&#44;7 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU en UCI m&#233;dico-quir&#250;rgicas hasta 4&#44;5-5&#44;3 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU en UCI neurol&#243;gicas&#44; neuroquir&#250;rgicas o de pacientes quemados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; En un reciente estudio de intervenci&#243;n en m&#225;s de 900 unidades de hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; de las que el 40&#44;3&#37; eran UCI&#44; en los estados de Columbia y Puerto Rico &#40;EE&#46; UU&#46;&#41; se han comunicado tasas de ITU-SU en las UCI entre 2&#44;48-2&#44;50 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU&#44; sin que el programa de intervenci&#243;n aplicado haya sido efectivo para reducir dichas tasas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; En Alemania el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Krankenhaus Infektions Surveillance System</span> ha publicado las tasas de ITU-SU en UCI diferenciando 3 periodos entre 1997 y 2005 con DI que han disminuido desde 1&#44;46 a 0&#44;57 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Por el contrario&#44; nuestros datos son mejores que los publicados por el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium report</span>&#44; que incluye datos de UCI de 50 pa&#237;ses entre los a&#241;os 2010-2015&#44; cuya tasa global de ITU-SU fue de 5&#44;1 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; o los del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Italian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance in Intensive Care Units</span> con tasas de ITU-SU en los a&#241;os 2006-2007 entre 6&#44;6 y 12 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; En nuestro caso las UCI participantes en el registro ENVIN son mayoritariamente polivalentes&#44; en la que predominan los pacientes m&#233;dico-quir&#250;rgicos en los que las tasas de los mejores registros son inferiores a 2&#44;5 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ratio de uso de SU en nuestro estudio ha sido muy superior a la publicada por el HNSN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Mientras que en las UCI espa&#241;olas la ratio de empleo de SU es de 0&#44;84 en los hospitales americanos oscila entre 0&#44;53-0&#44;68 en las unidades m&#233;dico quir&#250;rgicas y 0&#44;50-0&#44;75 en la UCI neurol&#243;gicas&#44; neuroquir&#250;rgicas o de quemados&#46; En otros estudios se han reportado ratios de empleo de SU superiores al 90&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Los motivos de estas diferencias no se han estudiado y pueden relacionarse con las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes ingresados &#40;a mayor gravedad mayor necesidad de monitorizaci&#243;n del gasto urinario&#41;&#44; con presi&#243;n asistencial &#40;altas precoces con escasos periodos libres de SU&#41; o con bajo cumplimiento de la recomendaci&#243;n de retirada precoz de la SU&#46; La ratio de uso de SU en nuestros pacientes identifica la retirada de la SU como un elemento de mejora&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los BGN&#44; en especial <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span>&#44; son los pat&#243;genos predominantes en la mayor&#237;a de estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; En el nuestro <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> ha sido la bacteria m&#225;s frecuentemente identificada&#44; aunque en otros estudios han predominado <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; baumannii</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; aeruginosa</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os se observ&#243; un incremento de BGN a expensas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K&#46; pneumoniae</span>&#44; que ha aumentado su protagonismo en m&#225;s del doble en estas infecciones &#40;desde el 4&#44;5&#37; al 10&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46; La presencia de este pat&#243;geno se ha observado simult&#225;neamente en otros focos de infecci&#243;n y lo identifica como un pat&#243;geno emergente en la flora end&#243;gena de muchas UCI&#46; As&#237; mismo&#44; las ITU-SU por CGP han superado a los hongos que&#44; en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#44; han reducido su presencia&#46; Es posible que en la reducci&#243;n de los hongos haya influido una mejor clasificaci&#243;n de las candidurias asintom&#225;ticas&#46; A pesar de ello&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span> se mantiene en torno al 10&#37; de los aislamientos en esta infecci&#243;n&#46; Entre los CGP predomina <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus faecalis</span>&#44; pero el mayor incremento se ha observado en <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; faecium</span> que ha duplicado su presencia&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es un hecho conocido que la presencia de bacterias multirresistentes en las ITU-SU est&#225; aumentando<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio las cepas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K&#46; pneumoniae</span> resistentes a cefotaxima y ciprofloxacino superan el 60&#37;&#44; las de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; baumannii</span> son resistentes a imipenem entre el 60&#37; y el 100&#37; y las de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> son resistentes a ciprofloxacino en m&#225;s del 30&#37;&#44; lo que obliga a la utilizaci&#243;n de antibi&#243;ticos alternativos en muchas ocasiones como tratamiento de rescate de un primer tratamiento emp&#237;rico inadecuado&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El impacto sist&#233;mico de esta infecci&#243;n y la mortalidad cruda intra-UCI es baja comparada con la de otras IRAS identificadas en pacientes cr&#237;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; su presencia se ha asociado con un aumento del riesgo de muerte&#44; prolongaci&#243;n de la estancia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> y con un incremento de recursos para su tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a>&#46; Debido a ello numerosas instituciones sanitarias y sociedades cient&#237;ficas han publicado recomendaciones y promocionado estudios para reducir su presencia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14&#44;18&#44;23&#8211;27</span></a>&#46; Los resultados publicados de estas experiencias son controvertidos&#46; Mientras que la aplicaci&#243;n una a una de las diferentes medidas preventivas no ha demostrado disminuciones sostenidas de las ITU-SU<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#44; la aplicaci&#243;n de paquetes de medidas ha sido m&#225;s efectiva&#44; en especial cuando el punto de partida es elevado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;29</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La principal limitaci&#243;n de nuestro estudio reside en que la informaci&#243;n procede de un registro multic&#233;ntrico de participaci&#243;n voluntaria&#44; por lo que puede existir un sesgo de selecci&#243;n&#44; ya que no todas las UCI han aportado datos durante todo el periodo analizado&#46; Por otro lado&#44; dadas las dificultades para establecer el diagn&#243;stico de ITU-SU en pacientes cr&#237;ticos&#44; durante el periodo analizado se han realizado talleres para homogeneizar definiciones que pueden haber modificado la valoraci&#243;n de las bacteriurias y candidurias asintom&#225;ticas&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se puede concluir que la ITU-SU se ha convertido en las UCI espa&#241;olas en la principal y m&#225;s frecuente IRAS tras la reducci&#243;n sostenida de las BCV y NVM lograda con la implantaci&#243;n de los proyectos BZ y NZ&#46; Este hecho&#44; asociado con la elevada ratio de uso de SU durante la estancia y la presencia de tasas superiores a las de otros registros epidemiol&#243;gicos en UCI justifican la necesidad de un plan de intervenci&#243;n&#44; siguiendo la estructura de los proyectos de seguridad en pacientes cr&#237;ticos&#44; que identifique un paquete de medidas para reducir su frecuencia&#44; por debajo de 2&#44;7 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Contribuci&#243;n de los autores</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La redacci&#243;n del art&#237;culo ha sido realizada por FAL y todos los autores han contribuido a la valoraci&#243;n del contenido aportando sus comentarios&#46; Todos ellos forman parte del equipo directivo del registro ENVIN-UCI y han contribuido a los an&#225;lisis anuales de la informaci&#243;n publicada en la web&#58; <a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://hws.vhebron.net/envin-helics/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;hws&#46;vhebron&#46;net&#47;envin-helics&#47;</a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses en la elaboraci&#243;n del presente art&#237;culo&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar los datos epidemiol&#243;gicos de las infecciones del tracto urinario relacionadas con sonda uretral &#40;ITU-SU&#41; en pacientes cr&#237;ticos ingresados en UCI espa&#241;olas para evaluar la necesidad de aplicar un programa de intervenci&#243;n a nivel nacional para disminuir dichas infecciones&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis retrospectivo&#44; no intervencionista&#44; de prevalencia de periodo anual&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">&#193;mbito</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">UCI participantes en el registro multic&#233;ntrico ENVIN-UCI entre los a&#241;os 2007-2016&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Pacientes</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes cr&#237;ticos ingresados en UCI con ITU-SU&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Variables principales</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tasa de incidencia por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de utilizaci&#243;n de SU&#59; ratio de uso de SU&#59; proporci&#243;n de ITU-SU con respecto del total de infecciones relacionadas con asistencia sanitaria &#40;IRAS&#41; controladas en el registro&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Resultados</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se han incluido 187&#46;100 pacientes de los que 137&#46;654 &#40;73&#44;6&#37;&#41; utilizaron SU durante 1&#46;215&#46;673 d&#237;as &#40;84&#44;4&#37; de los d&#237;as de estancia en UCI&#41;&#46; En 4&#46;539 &#40;3&#44;3&#37;&#41; pacientes sondados se han diagnosticado 4&#46;977 ITU-SU &#40;3&#44;6 episodios por 100 pacientes con SU&#41;&#46; La tasa de incidencia de ITU-SU ha disminuido entre los a&#241;os 2007 y 2016 un 19&#37; &#40;4&#44;69 a 3&#44;8 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU&#41;&#44; aunque se ha mantenido la ratio de uso de SU &#40;0&#44;84 &#91;0&#44;82-0&#44;86&#93;&#41;&#46; La proporci&#243;n de las ITU-SU ha aumentado desde el 23&#44;3&#37; al 31&#44;9&#37; del total de IRAS controladas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aunque han disminuido las tasas de ITU-SU estas infecciones han pasado a ser&#44; proporcionalmente&#44; la primera de las IRAS en UCI&#46; Persiste una elevada ratio de utilizaci&#243;n de SU en UCI espa&#241;olas&#46; Existe un espacio de mejora&#44; por lo que un proyecto ITU-ZERO podr&#237;a ser &#250;til en nuestro pa&#237;s&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Objective</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyze epidemiological data of catheter-associated urinary tract infection &#40;CAUTI&#41; in critically ill patients admitted to Spanish ICUs in order to assess the need of implementing a nationwide intervention program to reduce these infections&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Design</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Non-intervention retrospective annual period prevalence analysis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Setting</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Participating ICUs in the ENVIN-UCI multicenter registry between the years 2007-2016&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Patients</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Critically ill patients admitted to the ICU with catheter-associated urinary tract infection &#40;CAUTI&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Main variables</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Incidence rates per 1&#44;000 catheter-days&#59; urinary catheter utilization ratio&#59; proportion of CAUTIs in relation to total health care-associated infections &#40;HAIs&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 187&#44;100 patients&#44; 137&#44;654 &#40;73&#46;6&#37;&#41; of whom had a urinary catheter in place during 1&#44;215&#44;673 days &#40;84&#37; of days of ICU stay&#41; were included&#46; In 4&#44;539 &#40;3&#46;3&#37;&#41; patients with urinary catheter&#44; 4&#44;977 CAUTIs were diagnosed &#40;3&#46;6 episodes per 100 patients with urinary catheter&#41;&#46; The CAUTI incidence rate showed a 19&#37; decrease between 2007 and 2016 &#40;4&#46;69 to 3&#46;8 episodes per 1&#44;000 catheter-days&#41;&#44; although a sustained urinary catheter utilization ratio was observed &#40;0&#46;84 &#91;0&#46;82-0&#46;86&#93;&#41;&#46; The proportion of CAUTI increased from 23&#46;3&#37; to 31&#46;9&#37; of all HAIs controlled in the ICU&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Although CAUTI rates have declined in recent years&#44; these infections have become proportionally the first HAIs in the ICU&#46; The urinary catheter utilization ratio remains high in Spanish ICUs&#46; There is room for improvement&#44; so that a CAUTI-ZERO project in our country could be useful&#46;</p></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pacientes UCI&#44; n&#46;&#176;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#46;453&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;824&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;983&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&#46;950&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;829&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;521&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&#46;799&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#46;064&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&#46;907&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&#46;770&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad&#44; media &#40;DE&#41;&#44; a&#241;os</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#44;7 &#40;16&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#44;6 &#40;16&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;3 &#40;16&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;3 &#40;16&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;7 &#40;16&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;9 &#40;16&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;2 &#40;15&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;9 &#40;15&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;3 &#40;15&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;2 &#40;15&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo&#44; hombre&#44; n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#46;270 &#40;66&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;091 &#40;65&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;656 &#40;64&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;075 &#40;65&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#46;416 &#40;65&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#46;756 &#40;65&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;445 &#40;64&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;428 &#40;65&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#46;465 &#40;64&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#46;299 &#40;64&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APACHE II&#44; media &#40;DE&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;2 &#40;8&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;1 &#40;8&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;4 &#40;8&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;5 &#40;8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;8 &#40;8&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;8 &#40;8&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;6 &#40;8&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;6 &#40;8&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;7 &#40;8&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;8 &#40;8&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#237;as de estancia&#44; n&#46;&#176;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102&#46;974&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">107&#46;610&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">125&#46;804&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">136&#46;407&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">142&#46;954&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">154&#46;625&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">157&#46;476&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">162&#46;678&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">173&#46;949&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">175&#46;995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pacientes con SU&#44; n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;024 &#40;72&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#46;421 &#40;75&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;258 &#40;75&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#46;052 &#40;71&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;659 &#40;72&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;160 &#40;72&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#46;230 &#40;73&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&#46;071 &#40;72&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#46;617 &#40;73&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;162 &#40;76&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#237;as de SU&#44; n&#46;&#176;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">85&#46;941&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">92&#46;098&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105&#46;389&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">112&#46;407&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">120&#46;859&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">130&#46;635&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">134&#46;034&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">138&#46;352&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">145&#46;398&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">150&#46;560&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ratio de uso SU &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;283&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pacientes ITU-SU&#44; n&#46;&#176;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">370&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">394&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">404&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">418&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">476&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">472&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">476&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">513&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">484&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">532&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad&#44; media &#40;DE&#41;&#44; a&#241;os</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;2 &#40;16&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60&#44;6 &#40;16&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;6 &#40;15&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#44;6 &#40;16&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;9 &#40;16&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;3 &#40;15&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;5 &#40;14&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;6 &#40;14&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;2 &#40;15&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;7 &#40;15&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo&#44; hombre&#44; n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">202 &#40;54&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">216 &#40;55&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">202 &#40;50&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">215 &#40;51&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">270 &#40;56&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">246 &#40;52&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">259 &#40;54&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">289 &#40;56&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">254 &#40;52&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">270 &#40;50&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APACHE II&#44; media &#40;DE&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#44;2 &#40;7&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#44;9 &#40;8&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#44;4 &#40;8&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#44;1 &#40;7&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#44;6 &#40;7&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#44;1 &#40;7&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#44;6 &#40;7&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#44;8 &#40;8&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#44;6 &#40;8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#44;4 &#40;8&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ITU-SU&#44; n&#46;&#176;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">403&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">438&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">451&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">470&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">521&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">515&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">524&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">558&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">525&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">572&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ITU-SU&#47;pacientes con SU &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sepsis grave&#47;shock s&#233;ptico n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">52 &#40;12&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">58 &#40;13&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">58 &#40;12&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">66 &#40;14&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">82 &#40;15&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">68 &#40;13&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45 &#40;8&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44 &#40;7&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37 &#40;7&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48 &#40;8&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacteriemia nosocomial secundaria de origen urinario&#44; n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de ITU-SU&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">49 &#40;12&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47 &#40;10&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28 &#40;6&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48 &#40;10&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48 &#40;9&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38 &#40;7&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">35 &#40;6&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50 &#40;9&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43 &#40;8&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46 &#40;8&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#225;s de 4 d&#46; de estancia UCI previos a ITU-SU&#44; n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">342 &#40;84&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">370 &#40;84&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">391 &#40;86&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">408 &#40;86&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">463 &#40;88&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">463 &#40;89&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">459 &#40;87&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">494 &#40;88&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">468 &#40;89&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">512 &#40;89&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61 &#40;15&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">68 &#40;15&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60 &#40;13&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62 &#40;13&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">58 &#40;11&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">52 &#40;10&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65 &#40;12&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64 &#40;11&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57 &#40;10&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60 &#40;10&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">370 &#40;84&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">391 &#40;86&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">408 &#40;86&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">463 &#40;88&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">463 &#40;89&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">459 &#40;87&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">494 &#40;88&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">468 &#40;89&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">512 &#40;89&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mortalidad intra-UCI&#44; n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">92 &#40;24&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">69 &#40;17&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102 &#40;25&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88 &#40;21&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101 &#40;21&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98 &#40;20&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101 &#40;21&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102 &#40;19&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">91 &#40;18&#44;8&#41;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97 &#40;18&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;094&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46;&#176; de pat&#243;genos</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">389&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">436&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">433&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">469&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">523&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">519&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">540&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">570&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">561&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">605&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BGN</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">217 &#40;55&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">248 &#40;56&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">239 &#40;55&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">266 &#40;56&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">314 &#40;60&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">307 &#40;59&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">324 &#40;60&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">380 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">352 &#40;62&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">383 &#40;63&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">113 &#40;25&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">111 &#40;25&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">125 &#40;26&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">132 &#40;25&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">135 &#40;26&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">136 &#40;25&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">167 &#40;29&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">140 &#40;25&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">153 &#40;25&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; aeruginosa</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45 &#40;11&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60 &#40;13&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">41 &#40;9&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">51 &#40;10&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65 &#40;12&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">74 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65 &#40;12&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">83 &#40;14&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63 &#40;12&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">76 &#40;12&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K&#46; pneumoniae</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;3&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22 &#40;5&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;5&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45 &#40;8&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;5&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">39 &#40;7&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48 &#40;8&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61 &#40;10&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48 &#40;7&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; baumannii</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19 &#40;4&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6<br>&#40;1&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 &#40;2&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;3&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12<br>&#40;2&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7<br>&#40;1&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8<br>&#40;1&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5<br>&#40;0&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9<br>&#40;1&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8<br>&#40;1&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CGP</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">71 &#40;18&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">85 &#40;19&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">87 &#40;20&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81 &#40;17&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104 &#40;19&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">108 &#40;20&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">109 &#40;20&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98 &#40;17&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">112 &#40;20&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">117 &#40;19&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;197&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; faecalis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38 &#40;9&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46 &#40;10&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">52 &#40;12&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37 &#40;7&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65 &#40;12&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72 &#40;13&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54<br>&#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50 &#40;8&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">69 &#40;12&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">70 &#40;11&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; faecium</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6<br>&#40;1&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9<br>&#40;2&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9<br>&#40;2&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;4&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;3&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;3&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;5&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;4&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;4&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hongos</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98 &#40;25&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">103 &#40;23&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105 &#40;24&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">119 &#40;25&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104 &#40;19&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104 &#40;20&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">106 &#40;19&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">91 &#40;16&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97 &#40;17&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104 &#40;17&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; albicans</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48 &#40;12&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">51 &#40;11&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;12&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">71 &#40;15&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;10&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53 &#40;10&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55 &#40;10&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">56 &#40;9&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53 &#40;9&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;8&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; glabrata</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;3&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;3&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;4&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;3&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 &#40;4&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;2&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19 &#40;3&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;3&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;2&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;2&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37; cepas R&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46;baumannii</span> R&#46; a imipenem&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;94&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;60&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 &#40;63&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> R&#46; a cefotaxima&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81 &#40;12&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">92 &#40;13&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">99 &#40;16&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">99 &#40;12&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">119 &#40;18&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">118 &#40;15&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">109 &#40;17&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">172 &#40;15&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">122 &#40;15&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">137 &#40;11&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> R&#46; a ciprofloxacino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">82 &#40;35&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101 &#40;31&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101 &#40;36&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105 &#40;37&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">121 &#40;45&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">130 &#40;36&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">116 &#40;40&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">177 &#40;36&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">131 &#40;30&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">137 &#40;21&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K&#46; pneumoniae</span> R&#46; a cefotaxima&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29 &#40;58&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">35 &#40;45&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46 &#40;50&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57 &#40;54&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45 &#40;61&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Original
¿Es necesario un proyecto para prevenir las infecciones del tracto urinario en los pacientes ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos españolas?
Is a project needed to prevent urinary tract infection in patients admitted to spanish ICUs?
F. Álvarez Lermaa,b,c,
Autor para correspondencia
Falvarez@parcdesalutmar.cat

Autor para correspondencia.
, P. Olaechea Astigarragad, X. Nuvialse, R. Gimenof, M. Cataláng, M.P. Gracia Arnillasa,b,c, I. Seijas Betolazah, M. Palomar Martínezi, Grupo de Estudio ENVIN-HELICS
a Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, España
b Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
c GREPAC, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, España
d Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital de Galdakao, Galdakao, Vizcaya, España
e Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Vall de Hebrón, Barcelona, España
f Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, España
g Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
h Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital de Cruces, Baracaldo, Vizcaya, España
i Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las infecciones del tracto urinario relacionadas con sonda uretral &#40;ITU-SU&#41; son una de las principales causas de infecci&#243;n relacionada con la asistencia sanitaria &#40;IRAS&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Su frecuencia se relaciona con la duraci&#243;n de sondaje urinario&#44; la utilizaci&#243;n de sistemas de drenaje cerrados y con la calidad de los cuidados del personal sanitario en relaci&#243;n con su inserci&#243;n y mantenimiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#46; En los pacientes cr&#237;ticos ingresados en servicios o unidades de cuidados intensivos &#40;UCI&#41; es habitual el empleo de SU para la monitorizaci&#243;n de la diuresis horaria como un indicador de la situaci&#243;n hemodin&#225;mica&#46; Por ello las ITU-SU son una de las infecciones m&#225;s frecuentes en dichas &#225;reas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En Espa&#241;a se controlan las IRAS en los pacientes ingresados en UCI desde el a&#241;o 1994 a trav&#233;s del registro ENVIN-UCI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Las ITU-SU son una de las infecciones incluidas en la vigilancia adem&#225;s de las bacteriemias relacionadas con cat&#233;teres vasculares &#40;BCV&#41; y las neumon&#237;as relacionadas con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica &#40;NVM&#41;&#44; todas ellas infecciones adquiridas durante la estancia en UCI&#44; en las que se asume la responsabilidad del personal sanitario en su desarrollo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Durante muchos a&#241;os el objetivo de los participantes en el registro ENVIN fue determinar la frecuencia&#44; etiolog&#237;a y marcadores de multirresistencia de cada una de las infecciones controladas&#46; Desde el a&#241;o 2009 se han implementado diferentes proyectos de seguridad destinados a favorecer la aplicaci&#243;n de pr&#225;cticas seguras en el manejo de los dispositivos invasores relacionados con IRAS con la intenci&#243;n de disminuir las tasas de dichas infecciones&#46; As&#237; los proyectos &#171;Bacteriemia Zero&#187; &#40;BZ&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> y &#171;Neumon&#237;a Zero&#187; &#40;NZ&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> han logrado reducir en un 50&#37; las tasas nacionales de BCV y NVM y el &#171;Proyecto RZ&#187;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> ha disminuido en un 20&#37; el n&#250;mero de pacientes que adquieren una bacteria multirresistente durante la estancia en UCI &#40;datos no publicados&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hasta el momento&#44; en nuestro pa&#237;s&#44; no se ha desarrollado ning&#250;n proyecto nacional destinado a disminuir las tasas de ITU-SU en el entorno de pacientes cr&#237;ticos&#46; En este estudio se analiza la evoluci&#243;n de las tasas&#44; etiolog&#237;as y marcadores de multirresistencia de las ITU-SU en los &#250;ltimos 10 a&#241;os&#44; as&#237; como la respuesta sist&#233;mica de dichas infecciones y la mortalidad cruda durante la estancia en UCI de los pacientes con ITU-SU&#44; con la intenci&#243;n de evaluar la necesidad de desarrollar un proyecto espec&#237;fico para disminuir estas infecciones &#40;Proyecto ITU-Zero&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dise&#241;o</span>&#46; Estudio observacional&#44; multic&#233;ntrico&#44; retrospectivo de prevalencia de periodo anual&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pacientes de estudio</span>&#46; Se han analizado todos los pacientes ingresados m&#225;s de 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas en las UCI participantes en el registro ENVIN-UCI que fueron diagnosticados de ITU-SU&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Periodo de an&#225;lisis</span>&#46; Incluye los meses de abril a junio desde el a&#241;o 2007 a 2016 &#40;10 a&#241;os&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caracter&#237;sticas del registro ENVIN-UCI</span>&#46; El registro ENVIN fue desarrollado en el seno de Grupo de Trabajo de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Intensiva&#44; Cr&#237;tica y Unidades Coronarias en el a&#241;o 1994&#46; Su objetivo era registrar las infecciones relacionadas con el uso de dispositivos invasores diagnosticadas durante la estancia de los pacientes en UCI&#46; Para ello&#44; se dise&#241;&#243; una base de datos que ha ido evolucionando a lo largo de los a&#241;os&#46; En el a&#241;o 2004 se realizaron modificaciones para hacerla compatible con el proyecto europeo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospitals in Europe Link for Infection Control through Surveillance</span> &#40;HELICS&#41;&#46; Actualmente la recogida de datos se realiza utilizando la aplicaci&#243;n inform&#225;tica ENVIN-HELICS&#44; que est&#225; ubicada en un servidor web y a la cual se accede mediante Internet &#40;<a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://hws.vhebron.net/envin-helics/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;hws&#46;vhebron&#46;net&#47;envin-helics&#47;</a>&#41;&#46; El acceso es libre &#40;utilizando un c&#243;digo individual&#41; y gratuito previa identificaci&#243;n y registro de los responsables de cada UCI&#46; La participaci&#243;n en el registro es voluntaria y la recogida de datos es longitudinal y prospectiva&#46; Desde su inicio la incorporaci&#243;n de UCI ha ido en aumento&#44; llegando en el a&#241;o 2016 a aportar datos 200 UCI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; La recogida de datos se realiza de forma prospectiva y se incluyen todos los pacientes ingresados en UCI durante m&#225;s de un d&#237;a a lo largo de 3 meses &#40;abril a junio&#41;&#46; Se consider&#243; m&#225;s de un d&#237;a de estancia cuando la diferencia entre la fecha de alta menos la fecha de ingreso en UCI fue mayor de 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas&#46; Los pacientes ingresados m&#225;s de una vez en UCI se consideran como diferentes&#44; por lo que un paciente puede estar incluido varias veces en el mismo periodo de vigilancia&#46; El periodo de seguimiento de los sujetos de estudio comprende desde el ingreso en UCI hasta el alta de la UCI&#44; con un periodo m&#225;ximo de seguimiento de 60 d&#237;as&#46; Se realizaron 2 auditor&#237;as &#40;a&#241;o 2008 y 2010&#41; que ha permitido evaluar la validez interna de la informaci&#243;n incluida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; El registro ENVIN cuenta con la aprobaci&#243;n del Comit&#233; de &#201;tica de Investigaci&#243;n Cl&#237;nica &#40;CEIC&#41; del Hospital del Mar entre otros centros hospitalarios&#44; y ha sido declarado registro de inter&#233;s para el Sistema Nacional de Salud por el Ministerio de Sanidad&#44; Servicios Sociales e Igualdad&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Definici&#243;n de infecci&#243;n urinaria relacionada con sonda uretral&#46;</span> Se siguieron los criterios aprobados por el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</span> &#40;ECDC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> y disponibles en el manual del registro ENVIN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> que incluyen la presencia de al menos uno de los siguientes s&#237;ntomas o signos cl&#237;nicos no presentes en el momento del sondaje urinario&#58; fiebre mayor de 38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;excluyendo otras causas de su origen&#41;&#44; tensi&#243;n en la zona suprap&#250;bica o urgencia urinaria o piuria &#40;10 leucocitos&#47;ml o 3 leucocitos&#47;ml a la inspecci&#243;n de una muestra de orina no centrifugada con un objetivo de gran aumento&#41; y uno de los siguientes criterios microbiol&#243;gicos&#58; a&#41; en pacientes sin tratamiento antibi&#243;tico un cultivo de orina con aislamiento de &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ufc&#47;ml de no m&#225;s de 2 microorganismos&#59; o b&#41; en pacientes con tratamiento antibi&#243;tico un cultivo de orina con aislamiento de &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ufc&#47;ml de un &#250;nico microorganismo&#46; Cuando se aisl&#243; m&#225;s de un microrganismo en el urocultivo se consider&#243; que la muestra estaba contaminada&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Variables analizadas</span>&#46; Se han evaluado aquellas variables disponibles en la base de datos del registro ENVIN de inter&#233;s para el an&#225;lisis epidemiol&#243;gico&#46; De los pacientes se ha analizado la mortalidad intra-UCI&#44; definida como la muerte durante la estancia en UCI por cualquier causa y la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ratio</span> de uso de SU&#44; definida como la proporci&#243;n de d&#237;as en que los pacientes han utilizado SU con respecto al total de d&#237;as de estancia en UCI&#46; De las infecciones se ha analizado la etiolog&#237;a&#44; el intervalo de aparici&#243;n con respecto al d&#237;a de ingreso en UCI &#40;clasificado como<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804; o &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a 4 d&#237;as&#41;&#44; los marcadores de multirresistencia y la respuesta sist&#233;mica asociada con la infecci&#243;n&#46; Los marcadores de multirresistencia fueron los siguientes&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acinetobacter baumannii</span> resistente a imipenem&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> resistente a cefotaxima o a ciprofloxacino&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> resistente a cefotaxima o ciprofloxacino&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> resistente a imipenem y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> spp&#46; resistente a vancomicina&#46; La respuesta sist&#233;mica fue evaluada utilizando las definiciones de la Conferencia de consenso de 1991<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> y las modificaciones incluidas en 2003<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; expres&#225;ndose en el texto conjuntamente sepsis grave y shock s&#233;ptico&#46; As&#237; mismo se incluye el n&#250;mero de bacteriemias nosocomiales secundarias a foco urinario diagnosticadas a partir de las 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas de ingreso en UCI&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medidas de frecuencia</span>&#46; Se han utilizado la proporci&#243;n de incidencia acumulada definida como el n&#250;mero de episodios de ITU-SU dividido por el n&#250;mero de pacientes con SU por 100 y la tasa de infecci&#243;n expresada como n&#250;mero de episodios de ITU-SU por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU&#46; Para calcular el impacto de las ITU-SU con respecto al total de IRAS controladas en el registro ENVIN se ha calculado la proporci&#243;n de cada una de ellas con respecto al total de IRAS detectadas&#46; La frecuencia de cada uno de los microorganismos pat&#243;genos &#40;MP&#41; identificados en las ITU-SU se expresa como porcentaje con respecto al total de microorganismos identificados&#46; La tasa de los marcadores de multirresistencia se ha calculado como el cociente entre el n&#250;mero de un determinado MP multirresistente dividido por el n&#250;mero total de dicho MP identificado por 100&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span>&#46; La recogida de datos se ha realizado utilizando la aplicaci&#243;n inform&#225;tica ENVIN-UCI&#44; que est&#225; ubicada en un servidor web y a la cual se accede mediante Internet&#46; La base de datos &#40;en SQL Server&#41; est&#225; en el mismo servidor&#46; El programa dispone de sistemas de seguridad que obligan a cumplimentar las variables definidas como b&#225;sicas e imposibilitan la introducci&#243;n de valores il&#243;gicos&#46; Las variables cualitativas se describen con el porcentaje de distribuci&#243;n de cada una de las categor&#237;as&#46; Las variables cuantitativas se describen con la media y la desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar cuando siguen una distribuci&#243;n normal&#44; con la mediana y percentiles 25 y 75 en caso contrario&#46; Para analizar las tendencias mon&#243;tonas &#40;ascendentes y descendentes&#41; de los diversos indicadores se ha utilizado el test de Mann-Kendall&#44; valor&#225;ndose con significativas diferencias<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Resultados</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se han incluido 187&#46;100 pacientes&#44; de los que 137&#46;654 &#40;73&#44;6&#37;&#41; utilizaron SU durante 1&#46;215&#46;673 d&#237;as &#40;84&#44;4&#37; de los d&#237;as de estancia en UCI&#41;&#46; En 4&#46;539 &#40;3&#44;3&#37;&#41; pacientes sondados se han diagnosticado 4&#46;977 ITU-SU &#40;3&#44;6 episodios por 100 pacientes con SU&#41;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se incluyen el n&#250;mero de pacientes incluidos por a&#241;o&#44; as&#237; como el n&#250;mero de d&#237;as de estancia&#44; d&#237;as de utilizaci&#243;n de SU&#44; ratio de uso de SU&#44; n&#250;mero de ITU-SU diagnosticadas y tasa de ITU-SU en relaci&#243;n con el n&#250;mero de pacientes sondados&#46; Destaca el incremento progresivo a lo largo de los a&#241;os de pacientes incluidos en el registro&#44; as&#237; como los d&#237;as de estancia y d&#237;as de uso de SU&#46; Por el contrario&#44; se observa estabilidad en la ratio de utilizaci&#243;n de SU &#40;0&#44;84 &#91;0&#44;82-0&#44;86&#93;&#41;&#44; una disminuci&#243;n significativa de la tasa de ITU-SU en relaci&#243;n con el n&#250;mero de pacientes sondados y una disminuci&#243;n de las ITU-SU precoces &#40;&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 d&#237;as de ingreso en UCI&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a> se incluye la evoluci&#243;n anual de las tasas de ITU-SU&#44; expresadas como DI por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU&#44; a lo largo de los a&#241;os analizados y su relaci&#243;n con los proyectos de prevenci&#243;n BZ&#44; NZ y RZ&#44; aplicados en las UCI espa&#241;olas&#46; Se ha observado una disminuci&#243;n progresiva desde 4&#44;69 hasta 3&#44;80 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU en el a&#241;o 2016 &#40;reducci&#243;n del 19&#37;&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">figura 2</a> se incluye la proporci&#243;n de cada infecci&#243;n controlada con respecto al total de infecciones identificadas cada a&#241;o&#44; en la que destaca el progresivo incremento de la proporci&#243;n de ITU-SU que han ocupado&#44; en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#44; el primer lugar entre las IRAS relacionadas con dispositivos invasores&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evoluci&#243;n de la etiolog&#237;a de las ITU-SU a lo largo de los a&#241;os se incluye en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#46; Predominan las bacterias gram negativas &#40;BGN&#41; que han incrementado su presencia a lo largo de los a&#241;os &#40;desde el 55&#44;8&#37; en el a&#241;o 2007 al 63&#44;3&#37; en el a&#241;o 2016&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> contin&#250;a siendo el m&#225;s frecuente pat&#243;geno identificado &#40;25&#37;&#41;&#44; seguido de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; aeruginosa</span> &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#46; Destaca el progresivo aumento de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os &#40;9&#37;&#41; y la disminuci&#243;n de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; baumannii</span> &#40;menos del 2&#37;&#41;&#46; Los CGP se mantienen en torno al 20&#37; predominando <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; faecalis</span>&#46; Se ha observado un incremento de los aislamientos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus faecium</span> que han pasado del 1&#44;5&#37; a m&#225;s de 4&#37; del total de los aislados&#46; Por el contrario&#44; los hongos han disminuido en su protagonismo pasando del 25&#44;2&#37; en el a&#241;o 2007 a 17&#44;2&#37; en el a&#241;o 2016 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#44; en especial <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span> que ha disminuido su presencia desde 12&#44;3&#37; al 8&#44;9&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evoluci&#243;n de los marcadores de multirresistencia de los principales pat&#243;genos responsables de las ITU-SU se incluyen en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#46; Destaca la elevada tasa de resistencia de los aislados de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; baumannii</span> frente a imipenem-cilastatina a lo largo de los a&#241;os &#40;entre 60-100&#37;&#41; y de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K&#46; pneumoniae</span> frente a cefotaxima &#40;entre 46&#37; y 59&#37;&#41; y ciprofloxacino &#40;entre 50-62&#37;&#41;&#46; Por el contrario&#44; las cepas de enterococos resistentes a vancomicina han sido muy poco frecuentes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La respuesta sist&#233;mica de estas infecciones&#44; as&#237; como la mortalidad cruda durante el ingreso en UCI&#44; ha disminuido de forma no significativa a lo largo de los a&#241;os oscilando las ITU-SU que han cursado con sepsis grave o shock s&#233;ptico alrededor del 10&#37;&#44; y la mortalidad intra-UCI alrededor del 19&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; As&#237; mismo&#44; se ha observado una disminuci&#243;n de las bacteriemias nosocomiales adquiridas en UCI de foco urinario que han disminuido del 12&#44;2&#37; al 8&#44;1&#37; entre los a&#241;os analizados &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio se ha demostrado una disminuci&#243;n del 19&#37; de la tasa de ITU-SU a nivel nacional entre los a&#241;os 2007 y 2016&#46; La reducci&#243;n de las ITU-SU se ha acompa&#241;ado de un retraso en su diagn&#243;stico con respecto al d&#237;a de ingreso en UCI&#44; y a un incremento proporcional de BGN en la etiolog&#237;a de las mismas&#44; asociado con elevada presencia de resistencias en los BGN m&#225;s frecuentemente identificados&#46; La disminuci&#243;n de la tasa de ITU-SU se ha producido sin que se haya realizado ninguna intervenci&#243;n espec&#237;fica para su prevenci&#243;n&#44; aunque ha coincidido con la aplicaci&#243;n a nivel nacional de los proyectos de seguridad en pacientes cr&#237;ticos &#40;Proyecto Bacteriemia Zero&#44; Proyecto Neumon&#237;a Zero y Proyecto Resistencia Zero&#41;&#46; En estos proyectos se ha hecho especial &#233;nfasis en manejar los dispositivos invasores con medidas de asepsia&#44; y se ha profundizado en los conceptos de seguridad de los pacientes hospitalizados&#44; uno de cuyos principales mensajes es que las IRAS deben considerarse como un efecto adverso&#44; de las que son responsables el personal sanitario que atiende a los pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A pesar de la reducci&#243;n de las ITU-SU observada en nuestro estudio la proporci&#243;n de estas infecciones en relaci&#243;n con el total de infecciones relacionadas con dispositivos invasores en las UCI &#40;controladas en el registro ENVIN&#41; ha aumentado hasta convertirse en la m&#225;s frecuente de todas ellas&#46; Ello se debe al &#233;xito logrado con los proyectos de seguridad que han permitido reducir a la mitad las tasas de BCV y NVM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sin embargo&#44; aunque se ha logrado reducir en el a&#241;o 2016 la tasa de ITU-SU a 3&#44;8 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU&#44; y han mejorado las tasas alcanzadas en la primera d&#233;cada de los 2000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; su frecuencia contin&#250;a siendo mayor que la de otros estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos nacionales publicados recientemente&#46; El <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">National Healthcare Safety Network Report</span> en su informe anual&#44; con los datos comunicados por los hospitales americanos en el a&#241;o 2013&#44; presenta tasas que oscilan desde 1&#44;3-1&#44;7 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU en UCI m&#233;dico-quir&#250;rgicas hasta 4&#44;5-5&#44;3 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU en UCI neurol&#243;gicas&#44; neuroquir&#250;rgicas o de pacientes quemados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; En un reciente estudio de intervenci&#243;n en m&#225;s de 900 unidades de hospitalizaci&#243;n&#44; de las que el 40&#44;3&#37; eran UCI&#44; en los estados de Columbia y Puerto Rico &#40;EE&#46; UU&#46;&#41; se han comunicado tasas de ITU-SU en las UCI entre 2&#44;48-2&#44;50 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU&#44; sin que el programa de intervenci&#243;n aplicado haya sido efectivo para reducir dichas tasas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; En Alemania el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Krankenhaus Infektions Surveillance System</span> ha publicado las tasas de ITU-SU en UCI diferenciando 3 periodos entre 1997 y 2005 con DI que han disminuido desde 1&#44;46 a 0&#44;57 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Por el contrario&#44; nuestros datos son mejores que los publicados por el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium report</span>&#44; que incluye datos de UCI de 50 pa&#237;ses entre los a&#241;os 2010-2015&#44; cuya tasa global de ITU-SU fue de 5&#44;1 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; o los del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Italian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance in Intensive Care Units</span> con tasas de ITU-SU en los a&#241;os 2006-2007 entre 6&#44;6 y 12 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; En nuestro caso las UCI participantes en el registro ENVIN son mayoritariamente polivalentes&#44; en la que predominan los pacientes m&#233;dico-quir&#250;rgicos en los que las tasas de los mejores registros son inferiores a 2&#44;5 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ratio de uso de SU en nuestro estudio ha sido muy superior a la publicada por el HNSN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Mientras que en las UCI espa&#241;olas la ratio de empleo de SU es de 0&#44;84 en los hospitales americanos oscila entre 0&#44;53-0&#44;68 en las unidades m&#233;dico quir&#250;rgicas y 0&#44;50-0&#44;75 en la UCI neurol&#243;gicas&#44; neuroquir&#250;rgicas o de quemados&#46; En otros estudios se han reportado ratios de empleo de SU superiores al 90&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Los motivos de estas diferencias no se han estudiado y pueden relacionarse con las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes ingresados &#40;a mayor gravedad mayor necesidad de monitorizaci&#243;n del gasto urinario&#41;&#44; con presi&#243;n asistencial &#40;altas precoces con escasos periodos libres de SU&#41; o con bajo cumplimiento de la recomendaci&#243;n de retirada precoz de la SU&#46; La ratio de uso de SU en nuestros pacientes identifica la retirada de la SU como un elemento de mejora&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los BGN&#44; en especial <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span>&#44; son los pat&#243;genos predominantes en la mayor&#237;a de estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; En el nuestro <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> ha sido la bacteria m&#225;s frecuentemente identificada&#44; aunque en otros estudios han predominado <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; baumannii</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; aeruginosa</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os se observ&#243; un incremento de BGN a expensas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K&#46; pneumoniae</span>&#44; que ha aumentado su protagonismo en m&#225;s del doble en estas infecciones &#40;desde el 4&#44;5&#37; al 10&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46; La presencia de este pat&#243;geno se ha observado simult&#225;neamente en otros focos de infecci&#243;n y lo identifica como un pat&#243;geno emergente en la flora end&#243;gena de muchas UCI&#46; As&#237; mismo&#44; las ITU-SU por CGP han superado a los hongos que&#44; en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#44; han reducido su presencia&#46; Es posible que en la reducci&#243;n de los hongos haya influido una mejor clasificaci&#243;n de las candidurias asintom&#225;ticas&#46; A pesar de ello&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span> se mantiene en torno al 10&#37; de los aislamientos en esta infecci&#243;n&#46; Entre los CGP predomina <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus faecalis</span>&#44; pero el mayor incremento se ha observado en <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; faecium</span> que ha duplicado su presencia&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es un hecho conocido que la presencia de bacterias multirresistentes en las ITU-SU est&#225; aumentando<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio las cepas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K&#46; pneumoniae</span> resistentes a cefotaxima y ciprofloxacino superan el 60&#37;&#44; las de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; baumannii</span> son resistentes a imipenem entre el 60&#37; y el 100&#37; y las de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> son resistentes a ciprofloxacino en m&#225;s del 30&#37;&#44; lo que obliga a la utilizaci&#243;n de antibi&#243;ticos alternativos en muchas ocasiones como tratamiento de rescate de un primer tratamiento emp&#237;rico inadecuado&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El impacto sist&#233;mico de esta infecci&#243;n y la mortalidad cruda intra-UCI es baja comparada con la de otras IRAS identificadas en pacientes cr&#237;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; su presencia se ha asociado con un aumento del riesgo de muerte&#44; prolongaci&#243;n de la estancia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> y con un incremento de recursos para su tratamiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a>&#46; Debido a ello numerosas instituciones sanitarias y sociedades cient&#237;ficas han publicado recomendaciones y promocionado estudios para reducir su presencia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14&#44;18&#44;23&#8211;27</span></a>&#46; Los resultados publicados de estas experiencias son controvertidos&#46; Mientras que la aplicaci&#243;n una a una de las diferentes medidas preventivas no ha demostrado disminuciones sostenidas de las ITU-SU<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#44; la aplicaci&#243;n de paquetes de medidas ha sido m&#225;s efectiva&#44; en especial cuando el punto de partida es elevado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;29</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La principal limitaci&#243;n de nuestro estudio reside en que la informaci&#243;n procede de un registro multic&#233;ntrico de participaci&#243;n voluntaria&#44; por lo que puede existir un sesgo de selecci&#243;n&#44; ya que no todas las UCI han aportado datos durante todo el periodo analizado&#46; Por otro lado&#44; dadas las dificultades para establecer el diagn&#243;stico de ITU-SU en pacientes cr&#237;ticos&#44; durante el periodo analizado se han realizado talleres para homogeneizar definiciones que pueden haber modificado la valoraci&#243;n de las bacteriurias y candidurias asintom&#225;ticas&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se puede concluir que la ITU-SU se ha convertido en las UCI espa&#241;olas en la principal y m&#225;s frecuente IRAS tras la reducci&#243;n sostenida de las BCV y NVM lograda con la implantaci&#243;n de los proyectos BZ y NZ&#46; Este hecho&#44; asociado con la elevada ratio de uso de SU durante la estancia y la presencia de tasas superiores a las de otros registros epidemiol&#243;gicos en UCI justifican la necesidad de un plan de intervenci&#243;n&#44; siguiendo la estructura de los proyectos de seguridad en pacientes cr&#237;ticos&#44; que identifique un paquete de medidas para reducir su frecuencia&#44; por debajo de 2&#44;7 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Contribuci&#243;n de los autores</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La redacci&#243;n del art&#237;culo ha sido realizada por FAL y todos los autores han contribuido a la valoraci&#243;n del contenido aportando sus comentarios&#46; Todos ellos forman parte del equipo directivo del registro ENVIN-UCI y han contribuido a los an&#225;lisis anuales de la informaci&#243;n publicada en la web&#58; <a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://hws.vhebron.net/envin-helics/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;hws&#46;vhebron&#46;net&#47;envin-helics&#47;</a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses en la elaboraci&#243;n del presente art&#237;culo&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar los datos epidemiol&#243;gicos de las infecciones del tracto urinario relacionadas con sonda uretral &#40;ITU-SU&#41; en pacientes cr&#237;ticos ingresados en UCI espa&#241;olas para evaluar la necesidad de aplicar un programa de intervenci&#243;n a nivel nacional para disminuir dichas infecciones&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis retrospectivo&#44; no intervencionista&#44; de prevalencia de periodo anual&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">&#193;mbito</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">UCI participantes en el registro multic&#233;ntrico ENVIN-UCI entre los a&#241;os 2007-2016&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Pacientes</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes cr&#237;ticos ingresados en UCI con ITU-SU&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Variables principales</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tasa de incidencia por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de utilizaci&#243;n de SU&#59; ratio de uso de SU&#59; proporci&#243;n de ITU-SU con respecto del total de infecciones relacionadas con asistencia sanitaria &#40;IRAS&#41; controladas en el registro&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Resultados</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se han incluido 187&#46;100 pacientes de los que 137&#46;654 &#40;73&#44;6&#37;&#41; utilizaron SU durante 1&#46;215&#46;673 d&#237;as &#40;84&#44;4&#37; de los d&#237;as de estancia en UCI&#41;&#46; En 4&#46;539 &#40;3&#44;3&#37;&#41; pacientes sondados se han diagnosticado 4&#46;977 ITU-SU &#40;3&#44;6 episodios por 100 pacientes con SU&#41;&#46; La tasa de incidencia de ITU-SU ha disminuido entre los a&#241;os 2007 y 2016 un 19&#37; &#40;4&#44;69 a 3&#44;8 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de SU&#41;&#44; aunque se ha mantenido la ratio de uso de SU &#40;0&#44;84 &#91;0&#44;82-0&#44;86&#93;&#41;&#46; La proporci&#243;n de las ITU-SU ha aumentado desde el 23&#44;3&#37; al 31&#44;9&#37; del total de IRAS controladas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aunque han disminuido las tasas de ITU-SU estas infecciones han pasado a ser&#44; proporcionalmente&#44; la primera de las IRAS en UCI&#46; Persiste una elevada ratio de utilizaci&#243;n de SU en UCI espa&#241;olas&#46; Existe un espacio de mejora&#44; por lo que un proyecto ITU-ZERO podr&#237;a ser &#250;til en nuestro pa&#237;s&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Objective</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyze epidemiological data of catheter-associated urinary tract infection &#40;CAUTI&#41; in critically ill patients admitted to Spanish ICUs in order to assess the need of implementing a nationwide intervention program to reduce these infections&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Design</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Non-intervention retrospective annual period prevalence analysis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Setting</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Participating ICUs in the ENVIN-UCI multicenter registry between the years 2007-2016&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Patients</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Critically ill patients admitted to the ICU with catheter-associated urinary tract infection &#40;CAUTI&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Main variables</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Incidence rates per 1&#44;000 catheter-days&#59; urinary catheter utilization ratio&#59; proportion of CAUTIs in relation to total health care-associated infections &#40;HAIs&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 187&#44;100 patients&#44; 137&#44;654 &#40;73&#46;6&#37;&#41; of whom had a urinary catheter in place during 1&#44;215&#44;673 days &#40;84&#37; of days of ICU stay&#41; were included&#46; In 4&#44;539 &#40;3&#46;3&#37;&#41; patients with urinary catheter&#44; 4&#44;977 CAUTIs were diagnosed &#40;3&#46;6 episodes per 100 patients with urinary catheter&#41;&#46; The CAUTI incidence rate showed a 19&#37; decrease between 2007 and 2016 &#40;4&#46;69 to 3&#46;8 episodes per 1&#44;000 catheter-days&#41;&#44; although a sustained urinary catheter utilization ratio was observed &#40;0&#46;84 &#91;0&#46;82-0&#46;86&#93;&#41;&#46; The proportion of CAUTI increased from 23&#46;3&#37; to 31&#46;9&#37; of all HAIs controlled in the ICU&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Although CAUTI rates have declined in recent years&#44; these infections have become proportionally the first HAIs in the ICU&#46; The urinary catheter utilization ratio remains high in Spanish ICUs&#46; There is room for improvement&#44; so that a CAUTI-ZERO project in our country could be useful&#46;</p></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pacientes UCI&#44; n&#46;&#176;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#46;453&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;824&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;983&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&#46;950&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;829&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;521&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&#46;799&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#46;064&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&#46;907&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&#46;770&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad&#44; media &#40;DE&#41;&#44; a&#241;os</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#44;7 &#40;16&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#44;6 &#40;16&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;3 &#40;16&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;3 &#40;16&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;7 &#40;16&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;9 &#40;16&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;2 &#40;15&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;9 &#40;15&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;3 &#40;15&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;2 &#40;15&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo&#44; hombre&#44; n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#46;270 &#40;66&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;091 &#40;65&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;656 &#40;64&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;075 &#40;65&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#46;416 &#40;65&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#46;756 &#40;65&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;445 &#40;64&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;428 &#40;65&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#46;465 &#40;64&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#46;299 &#40;64&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APACHE II&#44; media &#40;DE&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;2 &#40;8&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;1 &#40;8&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;4 &#40;8&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;5 &#40;8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;8 &#40;8&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;8 &#40;8&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;6 &#40;8&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;6 &#40;8&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;7 &#40;8&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#44;8 &#40;8&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#237;as de estancia&#44; n&#46;&#176;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102&#46;974&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">107&#46;610&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">125&#46;804&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">136&#46;407&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">142&#46;954&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">154&#46;625&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">157&#46;476&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">162&#46;678&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">173&#46;949&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">175&#46;995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pacientes con SU&#44; n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;024 &#40;72&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#46;421 &#40;75&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;258 &#40;75&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#46;052 &#40;71&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;659 &#40;72&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;160 &#40;72&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&#46;230 &#40;73&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&#46;071 &#40;72&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#46;617 &#40;73&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;162 &#40;76&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#237;as de SU&#44; n&#46;&#176;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">85&#46;941&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">92&#46;098&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105&#46;389&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">112&#46;407&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">120&#46;859&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">130&#46;635&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">134&#46;034&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">138&#46;352&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">145&#46;398&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">150&#46;560&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ratio de uso SU &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;283&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pacientes ITU-SU&#44; n&#46;&#176;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">370&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">394&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">404&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">418&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">476&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">472&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">476&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">513&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">484&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">532&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad&#44; media &#40;DE&#41;&#44; a&#241;os</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;2 &#40;16&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60&#44;6 &#40;16&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;6 &#40;15&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#44;6 &#40;16&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;9 &#40;16&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;3 &#40;15&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;5 &#40;14&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;6 &#40;14&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#44;2 &#40;15&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#44;7 &#40;15&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo&#44; hombre&#44; n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">202 &#40;54&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">216 &#40;55&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">202 &#40;50&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">215 &#40;51&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">270 &#40;56&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">246 &#40;52&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">259 &#40;54&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">289 &#40;56&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">254 &#40;52&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">270 &#40;50&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APACHE II&#44; media &#40;DE&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#44;2 &#40;7&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#44;9 &#40;8&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#44;4 &#40;8&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#44;1 &#40;7&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#44;6 &#40;7&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#44;1 &#40;7&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#44;6 &#40;7&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#44;8 &#40;8&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#44;6 &#40;8&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#44;4 &#40;8&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ITU-SU&#44; n&#46;&#176;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">403&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">438&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">451&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">470&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">521&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">515&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">524&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">558&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">525&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">572&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ITU-SU&#47;pacientes con SU &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sepsis grave&#47;shock s&#233;ptico n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">52 &#40;12&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">58 &#40;13&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">58 &#40;12&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">66 &#40;14&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">82 &#40;15&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">68 &#40;13&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45 &#40;8&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44 &#40;7&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37 &#40;7&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48 &#40;8&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacteriemia nosocomial secundaria de origen urinario&#44; n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de ITU-SU&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">49 &#40;12&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47 &#40;10&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28 &#40;6&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48 &#40;10&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48 &#40;9&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38 &#40;7&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">35 &#40;6&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50 &#40;9&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43 &#40;8&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46 &#40;8&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#225;s de 4 d&#46; de estancia UCI previos a ITU-SU&#44; n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">342 &#40;84&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">370 &#40;84&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">391 &#40;86&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">408 &#40;86&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">463 &#40;88&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">463 &#40;89&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">459 &#40;87&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">494 &#40;88&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">468 &#40;89&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">512 &#40;89&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 d&#237;as&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61 &#40;15&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">68 &#40;15&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60 &#40;13&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62 &#40;13&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">58 &#40;11&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">52 &#40;10&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65 &#40;12&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64 &#40;11&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57 &#40;10&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60 &#40;10&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">370 &#40;84&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">391 &#40;86&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">408 &#40;86&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">463 &#40;88&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">463 &#40;89&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">459 &#40;87&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">494 &#40;88&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">468 &#40;89&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">512 &#40;89&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mortalidad intra-UCI&#44; n&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">92 &#40;24&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">69 &#40;17&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102 &#40;25&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88 &#40;21&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101 &#40;21&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98 &#40;20&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101 &#40;21&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102 &#40;19&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">91 &#40;18&#44;8&#41;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97 &#40;18&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;094&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46;&#176; de pat&#243;genos</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">389&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">436&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">433&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">469&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">523&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">519&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">540&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">570&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">561&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">605&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BGN</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">217 &#40;55&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">248 &#40;56&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">239 &#40;55&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">266 &#40;56&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">314 &#40;60&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">307 &#40;59&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">324 &#40;60&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">380 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">352 &#40;62&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">383 &#40;63&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">113 &#40;25&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">111 &#40;25&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">125 &#40;26&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">132 &#40;25&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">135 &#40;26&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">136 &#40;25&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">167 &#40;29&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">140 &#40;25&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">153 &#40;25&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; aeruginosa</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45 &#40;11&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60 &#40;13&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">41 &#40;9&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">51 &#40;10&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65 &#40;12&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">74 &#40;14&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65 &#40;12&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">83 &#40;14&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63 &#40;12&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">76 &#40;12&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K&#46; pneumoniae</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;3&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22 &#40;5&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;5&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45 &#40;8&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;5&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">39 &#40;7&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48 &#40;8&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61 &#40;10&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48 &#40;7&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; baumannii</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19 &#40;4&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6<br>&#40;1&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 &#40;2&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;3&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12<br>&#40;2&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7<br>&#40;1&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8<br>&#40;1&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5<br>&#40;0&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9<br>&#40;1&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8<br>&#40;1&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CGP</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">71 &#40;18&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">85 &#40;19&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">87 &#40;20&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81 &#40;17&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104 &#40;19&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">108 &#40;20&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">109 &#40;20&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98 &#40;17&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">112 &#40;20&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">117 &#40;19&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;197&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; faecalis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38 &#40;9&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46 &#40;10&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">52 &#40;12&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37 &#40;7&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65 &#40;12&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72 &#40;13&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54<br>&#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50 &#40;8&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">69 &#40;12&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">70 &#40;11&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; faecium</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6<br>&#40;1&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9<br>&#40;2&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9<br>&#40;2&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;4&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;3&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;3&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;5&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;4&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;4&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hongos</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">98 &#40;25&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">103 &#40;23&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105 &#40;24&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">119 &#40;25&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104 &#40;19&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104 &#40;20&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">106 &#40;19&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">91 &#40;16&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">97 &#40;17&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104 &#40;17&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; albicans</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48 &#40;12&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">51 &#40;11&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;12&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">71 &#40;15&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;10&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53 &#40;10&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55 &#40;10&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">56 &#40;9&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53 &#40;9&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;8&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; glabrata</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;3&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;3&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;4&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;3&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 &#40;4&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;2&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19 &#40;3&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;3&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;2&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;2&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#46;&#176; &#40;&#37; cepas R&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46;baumannii</span> R&#46; a imipenem&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;94&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;60&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 &#40;63&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> R&#46; a cefotaxima&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81 &#40;12&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">92 &#40;13&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">99 &#40;16&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">99 &#40;12&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">119 &#40;18&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">118 &#40;15&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">109 &#40;17&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">172 &#40;15&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">122 &#40;15&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">137 &#40;11&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> R&#46; a ciprofloxacino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">82 &#40;35&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101 &#40;31&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101 &#40;36&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105 &#40;37&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">121 &#40;45&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">130 &#40;36&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">116 &#40;40&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">177 &#40;36&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">131 &#40;30&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">137 &#40;21&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K&#46; pneumoniae</span> R&#46; a cefotaxima&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29 &#40;58&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">35 &#40;45&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46 &#40;50&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57 &#40;54&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45 &#40;61&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 02105691
Idioma original: Español
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2020 Junio 82 40 122
2020 Mayo 89 36 125
2020 Abril 76 39 115
2020 Marzo 49 24 73
2020 Febrero 162 43 205
2020 Enero 103 51 154
2019 Diciembre 124 38 162
2019 Noviembre 129 47 176
2019 Octubre 147 30 177
2019 Septiembre 114 45 159
2019 Agosto 117 44 161
2019 Julio 85 41 126
2019 Junio 84 35 119
2019 Mayo 16 13 29
2019 Abril 3 11 14
2019 Marzo 19 21 40
2019 Febrero 5 6 11
2019 Enero 1 4 5
2018 Diciembre 2 4 6
2018 Octubre 2 2 4
2018 Julio 0 1 1
2018 Junio 0 2 2
2018 Mayo 0 4 4
2018 Abril 0 5 5
2018 Marzo 0 2 2
2018 Febrero 0 5 5
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Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?