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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La informaci&#243;n disponible acerca de los procesos de retiro de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica &#40;VM&#41; y extubaci&#243;n luego de injuria neurol&#243;gica severa es escasa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-4</span></a>&#46; Las estrategias empleadas han sido extrapoladas de investigaciones y protocolos obtenidos de poblaciones sin patolog&#237;a neurocr&#237;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a>&#44; situaciones no comparables por diferentes razones&#46; En primer lugar&#44; la mayor&#237;a de los individuos que padecen injuria cerebral no son ventilados por falla respiratoria primaria&#44; sino por compromiso del estado de consciencia con incapacidad para mantener permeables sus v&#237;as a&#233;reas&#44; de manera tal que el objetivo primordial de la ventilaci&#243;n artificial es evitar factores de da&#241;o secundario letales como hipoxemia&#44; hipercapnia e hipocapnia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a>&#46; En segundo lugar&#44; es habitual que el enfermo neurocr&#237;tico sea sometido a periodos prolongados de VM y v&#237;a a&#233;rea artificial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span></a>&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; no es infrecuente que al emprender el retiro del soporte ventilatorio y de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea artificial est&#233;n presentes grados variados de compromiso de consciencia con incapacidad para seguir comandos y efectuar maniobras para obtener par&#225;metros cl&#225;sicos de retiro de la VM y&#47;o extubaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-8</span></a>&#46; En virtud de estas controversias intentamos&#44; mediante interrogantes&#44; establecer nuestro punto de vista&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Interrogante 1&#46; &#191;Cu&#225;l es la evidencia cl&#237;nica acerca del retiro de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica en el paciente neurocr&#237;tico&#63;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los datos disponibles son escasos teniendo en cuenta la elevada susceptibilidad de esta poblaci&#243;n a presentar complicaciones respiratorias y a que la patolog&#237;a neurocr&#237;tica se ubica en segundo lugar en cuanto a la necesidad de VM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-3</span></a>&#46; Por otro lado&#44; un criterio universalmente aceptado para iniciar el retiro de la VM es la resoluci&#243;n de la patolog&#237;a que la motiv&#243;&#44; situaci&#243;n que en el enfermo neurocr&#237;tico rara vez se cumple<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;9</span></a>&#46; Un estudio multic&#233;ntrico&#44; prospectivo de observaci&#243;n revel&#243; que los pacientes neurocr&#237;ticos son ventilados por periodos de tiempo m&#225;s prolongado y poseen tasas m&#225;s elevadas de neumon&#237;as asociadas al ventilador y mortalidad cuando se las compara con la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; En lo que se refiere al retiro de la VM&#44; esta fue dificultosa en casi la mitad de los casos y prolongada en el 10&#37;&#46; Los m&#233;todos y la duraci&#243;n del retiro&#44; as&#237; como las tasas de reintubaci&#243;n&#44; fueron similares a la poblaci&#243;n sin patolog&#237;a neurol&#243;gica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; En el an&#225;lisis prospectivo&#44; aleatorizado y controlado de Navalesi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> se determin&#243; que abordar el proceso de retiro y extubaci&#243;n de manera protocolizada&#44; multidisciplinaria y controlada reduce las tasas de fracaso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Interrogante 2&#46; &#191;Aplican los criterios convencionales de retiro de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica y extubaci&#243;n&#63;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Punto de partida con resultados diversos&#44; ya que muchos de los criterios empleados no pueden obtenerse con t&#233;cnica adecuada o son imposibles de efectuar debido al compromiso del estado de conciencia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-9</span></a>&#46; Estudios recientes han demostrado la falla sistem&#225;tica de los criterios usuales de retiro&#47;extubaci&#243;n en pacientes neurocr&#237;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-7&#44;9&#44;12&#44;13</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al analizar los predictores del fracaso del proceso de retiro&#47;extubaci&#243;n&#44; algunos se asocian al enfermo cr&#237;tico general&#44; como la edad&#44; la insuficiencia card&#237;aca&#44; niveles elevados de p&#233;ptido natriur&#233;tico<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>B&#44; balance h&#237;drico positivo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#59; mientras que otros pueden considerarse espec&#237;ficos del paciente neurocr&#237;tico&#44; como baja puntuaci&#243;n en la escala de Glasgow &#40;EG&#41;&#44; funcionamiento inadecuado del reflejo tus&#237;geno&#44; tos d&#233;bil y&#47;o presencia de secreciones traqueales abundantes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-7&#44;9&#44;12&#44;13</span></a>&#46; La evidencia que avalan estos predictores es de bajo nivel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Recientemente&#44; un estudio multic&#233;ntrico y prospectivo determin&#243;&#44; mediante an&#225;lisis multivariados&#44; predictores de extubaci&#243;n exitosa en individuos con da&#241;o cerebral severo&#44; a partir del cual desarrollaron el score VISAGE compuesto por edad &#40;menor de 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#41;&#44; capacidad para deglutir y dirigir la mirada y EG &#40;mayor a 10&#41;&#46; A cada componente se le otorg&#243; un punto&#46; El 90&#37; de los extubados con &#233;xito ten&#237;an 3 o m&#225;s puntos en dicho score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Interrogante 3&#46; La capacidad de responder &#243;rdenes simples y seguir comandos &#191;es indispensable previo al inicio del proceso de retiro de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica y extubaci&#243;n&#63;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La extubaci&#243;n es un tema controversial en individuos con alteraci&#243;n del estado mental o &#171;que no obedecen comandos&#187;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; No est&#225; claramente definida la &#171;incapacidad de seguir comandos&#187;&#44; y la evaluaci&#243;n mediante la EG en el paciente intubado est&#225; sujeta a errores&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; el punto de corte para establecer la capacidad para ser extubado es contradictorio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-9&#44;15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Namen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> evidenciaron en una poblaci&#243;n neurocr&#237;tica heterog&#233;nea que en aquellos con 8 o m&#225;s puntos en la EG la extubaci&#243;n fallida aconteci&#243; en un 25&#37;&#44; mientras que ascend&#237;a al 63&#37; en aquellos con menos de 8 puntos&#46; Diez o m&#225;s puntos en la EG se asoci&#243; con extubaci&#243;n exitosa en otro analisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las recomendaciones vigentes sugieren que para iniciar el proceso de retiro de VM el paciente deber&#237;a estar despierto o ser capaz de obedecer &#243;rdenes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en el caso de injuria cerebral este par&#225;metro puede no ser estrictamente necesario<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-7&#44;9</span></a>&#46; Coplin et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> reportaron tasas de extubaci&#243;n exitosa en el 80&#37; de los pacientes con EG menor o igual a 8 y del 91&#37; con EG menor o igual a 4&#46; Ko et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> utilizaron la escala de 4 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Four Score&#41;</span> para evaluar el estado neurol&#243;gico&#44; no hallando diferencia significativa en la media del score entre aquellos con extubaci&#243;n fallida vs&#46; exitosa&#46; Resultados similares fueron reportados por Anderson et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> empleando la EG&#46; McCredie et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> evidenciaron que la EG no se asociaba a extubaci&#243;n exitosa&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Interrogante 4&#46; &#191;Qu&#233; factores se asocian con extubaci&#243;n exitosa&#63;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El control de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea y las complicaciones postextubaci&#243;n tienen un rol clave en el &#233;xito o el fracaso del proceso&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El score de v&#237;a a&#233;rea eval&#250;a la capacidad de proteger y mantener expeditas las v&#237;as a&#233;reas a trav&#233;s de pesquisar los reflejos nauseoso&#44; tus&#237;geno&#44; tipo y cantidad de secreciones y la necesidad de aspiraciones previo a extubar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Un puntaje menor o igual de 6 predijo extubaci&#243;n exitosa&#59; sin embargo&#44; y a pesar de su practicidad&#44; ni el score original ni sus modificaciones han sido validados externamente ni a gran escala<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;13</span></a>&#46; Anderson et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> reportaron que la capacidad de toser efectivamente y la presencia de reflejo nauseoso se asocian con extubaci&#243;n exitosa&#46; Tos espont&#225;nea o provocada es un factor predictor independiente de extubaci&#243;n exitosa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En relaci&#243;n con las complicaciones postextubaci&#243;n&#44; la incidencia de estridor var&#237;a&#44; oscilando entre el 1&#44;5 y el 26&#44;3&#37;&#44; mientras que las tasas de edema lar&#237;ngeo se encuentran entre el 5 y el 54&#44;4&#37;&#44; explicable por la falta de criterios diagn&#243;sticos claros para esta situaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las tasas de reintubaci&#243;n en pacientes cr&#237;ticos en general son del 18 al 69&#37; por estridor y del 15&#37; por edema lar&#237;ngeo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Dichas complicaciones pueden predecirse con bastante certeza mediante el empleo del test de fuga <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Cuff Leak Test&#41;</span>&#46; Revisiones sistem&#225;ticas y gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica lo avalan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17-22</span></a>&#46; Recomendaciones actuales sugieren el empleo de esteroides cuando el test de la fuga es positivo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Interrogante 5&#46; &#191;Cu&#225;l es la frecuencia de falla de extubaci&#243;n&#63;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uno de cada 5 pacientes fracasa al extubarse&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a> se evidencian los datos de falla de extubaci&#243;n en pacientes neurocr&#237;ticos disponibles en la literatura&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Interrogante 6&#46; Traqueotom&#237;a&#58; &#191;es necesaria&#63;&#44; &#191;cu&#225;ndo&#63;&#44; &#191;c&#243;mo&#63;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Punto controvertido con beneficio incierto&#46; Dos estudios de base de datos&#44; retrospectivos en trauma craneal severo&#44; uno de ellos con trauma de t&#243;rax asociado&#44; favorecen la realizaci&#243;n precoz de traqueotom&#237;a basados en la disminuci&#243;n de la incidencia de neumon&#237;as&#44; d&#237;as en VM y estancia en cuidados intensivos &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>I&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la mortalidad fue similar al grupo con traqueotom&#237;a tard&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s de las limitaciones inherentes al dise&#241;o metodol&#243;gico de los estudios&#44; no se especific&#243; la raz&#243;n por la cual se indicaba la traqueostom&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46; En otro an&#225;lisis aleatorizado&#44; controlado y abierto con escaso n&#250;mero de v&#237;ctimas de ictus isqu&#233;mico y hemorr&#225;gico&#44; la traqueotom&#237;a precoz no redujo la estancia en CI pero s&#237; la mortalidad&#44; aunque la misma era una medida de resultado secundaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; Una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica y metaan&#225;lisis reciente englobando 10 estudios con 503 injuriados cerebrales agudos evidenci&#243; que la traqueotom&#237;a temprana disminuy&#243; la mortalidad a largo plazo&#44; la duraci&#243;n de VM y la estancia en CI&#59; sin embargo&#44; en el an&#225;lisis de sensibilidad&#44; al excluir un estudio con sesgo&#44; la significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica se aten&#250;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; El consenso Panamericano Ib&#233;rico&#44; si bien no aborda el tema espec&#237;fico del paciente neurocr&#237;tico&#44; no recomienda traqueotom&#237;a precoz&#44; ya que&#44; si bien acorta la estancia en VM&#44; no disminuye la incidencia de neumon&#237;a&#44; los d&#237;as de estancia en CI ni la mortalidad a largo plazo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; La traqueotom&#237;a percut&#225;nea es preferible a la quir&#250;rgica por su menor tasa de infecciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; Ciertas situaciones favorecen la realizaci&#243;n de traqueotom&#237;a precoz&#58; a&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lesi&#243;n medular cervical grave&#59; b&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lesiones severas infratentoriales&#59; c&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>extubaciones fallidas reiteradas&#59; d&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VM prolongada&#44; y e&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pobre estatus neurol&#243;gico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;27</span></a>&#46; El rol de la traqueotom&#237;a primaria es discutible<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23-28</span></a>&#46; En nuestra opini&#243;n&#44; la gran mayor&#237;a de individuos re&#250;nen las condiciones necesarias para extubaci&#243;n antes de efectuar traqueotom&#237;a primaria&#46; As&#237;&#44; creemos que intentarla siguiendo un protocolo ordenado y trabajando en equipo es una opci&#243;n v&#225;lida&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Interrogante 7&#46; Movilizaci&#243;n precoz&#58; &#191;ayuda&#63;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tradicionalmente&#44; el paciente cr&#237;tico permanec&#237;a en reposo durante la fase aguda de su enfermedad&#46; Un an&#225;lisis binacional multic&#233;ntrico corrobora esta afirmaci&#243;n&#44; ya que en dicho estudio el 84&#37; de los individuos no se movilizaban en el periodo de tiempo esgrimido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Ciertos cambios de paradigma y culturales se avecinan en lo que se refiere a la movilizaci&#243;n temprana de los pacientes cr&#237;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30-32</span></a>&#46; A la luz de la evidencia disponible&#44; esta t&#225;ctica terap&#233;utica innovadora es segura y posible si se efect&#250;a bajo programas controlados y multidisciplinarios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30-32</span></a>&#46; Un metaan&#225;lisis reciente en individuos que requieren CI prolongados evidenci&#243; que la implementaci&#243;n de protocolos de movilizaci&#243;n precoz disminuye la estancia en VM&#44; los d&#237;as de hospitalizaci&#243;n y la mortalidad al a&#241;o&#44; con mejor&#237;a del estatus funcional<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; Programas espec&#237;ficos en pacientes inmovilizados por periodos prolongados muestran su efecto positivo en los resultados finales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; Estos resultados alentadores requieren validaci&#243;n a gran escala en diferentes poblaciones&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No existe hasta hoy&#44; al menos en nuestro conocimiento&#44; un estudio que haya establecido la relaci&#243;n entre movilizaci&#243;n precoz y retiro de la VM&#47;extubaci&#243;n&#44; y menos a&#250;n en poblaci&#243;n neurocr&#237;tica&#46; En pacientes con injuria cerebral&#44; una cohorte italiana&#44; prospectiva&#44; aleatorizada&#44; no controlada de observaci&#243;n&#44; report&#243; mejores resultados cl&#237;nicos y funcionales con la implementaci&#243;n de programas de movilizaci&#243;n precoz&#44; abriendo una puerta promisoria hacia el futuro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es necesario llevar a cabo estudios a gran escala que permitan recomendaciones con mayor grado de certeza&#46; Sin embargo&#44; destacamos&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es necesario disponer de un algoritmo adaptado a las necesidades del paciente neurocr&#237;tico para un retiro de la VM y extubaci&#243;n ordenado&#44; protocolizado y multidisciplinario&#44; a tal fin proponemos un algoritmo de actuaci&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los criterios habituales para iniciar retiro de la VM y extubaci&#243;n no son extrapolables al paciente neurocr&#237;tico&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La no respuesta a comandos verbales o la baja puntuaci&#243;n en la EG no implica que deba retardarse o contraindicarse el retiro de VM y&#47;o la extubaci&#243;n&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El score de manejo de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea es una herramienta &#250;til para predecir la capacidad de mantener v&#237;a a&#233;rea permeable y segura&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El test de la fuga predice la probabilidad de edema y estridor postextubaci&#243;n&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La traqueotom&#237;a primaria es aconsejable en grupos de riesgo&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ninguna&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Interrogante 4&#46; &#191;Qu&#233; factores se asocian con extubaci&#243;n exitosa&#63;"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algoritmo para retiro de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica &#40;VM&#41; y extubaci&#243;n del paciente neurocr&#237;tico&#46;</p>"
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                            3 => "A&#46; Anzueto"
                            4 => "C&#46; Putensen"
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                      "titulo" => "Mechanical ventilation in neurocritical care patients&#58; A systematic literature review"
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Punto de vista
Controversias en la retirada de la ventilación mecánica y extubación en el paciente neurocrítico
Controversies in weaning from mechanical ventilation and extubation in the neurocritical patient
M. Jibajaa,b,
Autor para correspondencia
mjibaja79@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, J.L. Sufanc, D.A. Godoyd,e
a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Eugenio Espejo, Quito, Ecuador
b Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
c Unidad de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Indisa, Santiago de Chile, Chile
d Unidad de Cuidados Neurocríticos, Sanatorio Pasteur, Catamarca, Argentina
e Unidad de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital San Juan Bautista, Catamarca, Argentina
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      "titulo" => "Life-support tools for improving performance of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Hour-1 bundle"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algoritmo para retiro de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica &#40;VM&#41; y extubaci&#243;n del paciente neurocr&#237;tico&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La informaci&#243;n disponible acerca de los procesos de retiro de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica &#40;VM&#41; y extubaci&#243;n luego de injuria neurol&#243;gica severa es escasa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-4</span></a>&#46; Las estrategias empleadas han sido extrapoladas de investigaciones y protocolos obtenidos de poblaciones sin patolog&#237;a neurocr&#237;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a>&#44; situaciones no comparables por diferentes razones&#46; En primer lugar&#44; la mayor&#237;a de los individuos que padecen injuria cerebral no son ventilados por falla respiratoria primaria&#44; sino por compromiso del estado de consciencia con incapacidad para mantener permeables sus v&#237;as a&#233;reas&#44; de manera tal que el objetivo primordial de la ventilaci&#243;n artificial es evitar factores de da&#241;o secundario letales como hipoxemia&#44; hipercapnia e hipocapnia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a>&#46; En segundo lugar&#44; es habitual que el enfermo neurocr&#237;tico sea sometido a periodos prolongados de VM y v&#237;a a&#233;rea artificial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span></a>&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; no es infrecuente que al emprender el retiro del soporte ventilatorio y de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea artificial est&#233;n presentes grados variados de compromiso de consciencia con incapacidad para seguir comandos y efectuar maniobras para obtener par&#225;metros cl&#225;sicos de retiro de la VM y&#47;o extubaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-8</span></a>&#46; En virtud de estas controversias intentamos&#44; mediante interrogantes&#44; establecer nuestro punto de vista&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Interrogante 1&#46; &#191;Cu&#225;l es la evidencia cl&#237;nica acerca del retiro de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica en el paciente neurocr&#237;tico&#63;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los datos disponibles son escasos teniendo en cuenta la elevada susceptibilidad de esta poblaci&#243;n a presentar complicaciones respiratorias y a que la patolog&#237;a neurocr&#237;tica se ubica en segundo lugar en cuanto a la necesidad de VM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-3</span></a>&#46; Por otro lado&#44; un criterio universalmente aceptado para iniciar el retiro de la VM es la resoluci&#243;n de la patolog&#237;a que la motiv&#243;&#44; situaci&#243;n que en el enfermo neurocr&#237;tico rara vez se cumple<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;9</span></a>&#46; Un estudio multic&#233;ntrico&#44; prospectivo de observaci&#243;n revel&#243; que los pacientes neurocr&#237;ticos son ventilados por periodos de tiempo m&#225;s prolongado y poseen tasas m&#225;s elevadas de neumon&#237;as asociadas al ventilador y mortalidad cuando se las compara con la poblaci&#243;n general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; En lo que se refiere al retiro de la VM&#44; esta fue dificultosa en casi la mitad de los casos y prolongada en el 10&#37;&#46; Los m&#233;todos y la duraci&#243;n del retiro&#44; as&#237; como las tasas de reintubaci&#243;n&#44; fueron similares a la poblaci&#243;n sin patolog&#237;a neurol&#243;gica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; En el an&#225;lisis prospectivo&#44; aleatorizado y controlado de Navalesi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> se determin&#243; que abordar el proceso de retiro y extubaci&#243;n de manera protocolizada&#44; multidisciplinaria y controlada reduce las tasas de fracaso<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Interrogante 2&#46; &#191;Aplican los criterios convencionales de retiro de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica y extubaci&#243;n&#63;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Punto de partida con resultados diversos&#44; ya que muchos de los criterios empleados no pueden obtenerse con t&#233;cnica adecuada o son imposibles de efectuar debido al compromiso del estado de conciencia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-9</span></a>&#46; Estudios recientes han demostrado la falla sistem&#225;tica de los criterios usuales de retiro&#47;extubaci&#243;n en pacientes neurocr&#237;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-7&#44;9&#44;12&#44;13</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al analizar los predictores del fracaso del proceso de retiro&#47;extubaci&#243;n&#44; algunos se asocian al enfermo cr&#237;tico general&#44; como la edad&#44; la insuficiencia card&#237;aca&#44; niveles elevados de p&#233;ptido natriur&#233;tico<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>B&#44; balance h&#237;drico positivo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#59; mientras que otros pueden considerarse espec&#237;ficos del paciente neurocr&#237;tico&#44; como baja puntuaci&#243;n en la escala de Glasgow &#40;EG&#41;&#44; funcionamiento inadecuado del reflejo tus&#237;geno&#44; tos d&#233;bil y&#47;o presencia de secreciones traqueales abundantes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-7&#44;9&#44;12&#44;13</span></a>&#46; La evidencia que avalan estos predictores es de bajo nivel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Recientemente&#44; un estudio multic&#233;ntrico y prospectivo determin&#243;&#44; mediante an&#225;lisis multivariados&#44; predictores de extubaci&#243;n exitosa en individuos con da&#241;o cerebral severo&#44; a partir del cual desarrollaron el score VISAGE compuesto por edad &#40;menor de 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#41;&#44; capacidad para deglutir y dirigir la mirada y EG &#40;mayor a 10&#41;&#46; A cada componente se le otorg&#243; un punto&#46; El 90&#37; de los extubados con &#233;xito ten&#237;an 3 o m&#225;s puntos en dicho score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Interrogante 3&#46; La capacidad de responder &#243;rdenes simples y seguir comandos &#191;es indispensable previo al inicio del proceso de retiro de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica y extubaci&#243;n&#63;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La extubaci&#243;n es un tema controversial en individuos con alteraci&#243;n del estado mental o &#171;que no obedecen comandos&#187;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; No est&#225; claramente definida la &#171;incapacidad de seguir comandos&#187;&#44; y la evaluaci&#243;n mediante la EG en el paciente intubado est&#225; sujeta a errores&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; el punto de corte para establecer la capacidad para ser extubado es contradictorio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-9&#44;15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Namen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> evidenciaron en una poblaci&#243;n neurocr&#237;tica heterog&#233;nea que en aquellos con 8 o m&#225;s puntos en la EG la extubaci&#243;n fallida aconteci&#243; en un 25&#37;&#44; mientras que ascend&#237;a al 63&#37; en aquellos con menos de 8 puntos&#46; Diez o m&#225;s puntos en la EG se asoci&#243; con extubaci&#243;n exitosa en otro analisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las recomendaciones vigentes sugieren que para iniciar el proceso de retiro de VM el paciente deber&#237;a estar despierto o ser capaz de obedecer &#243;rdenes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en el caso de injuria cerebral este par&#225;metro puede no ser estrictamente necesario<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-7&#44;9</span></a>&#46; Coplin et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> reportaron tasas de extubaci&#243;n exitosa en el 80&#37; de los pacientes con EG menor o igual a 8 y del 91&#37; con EG menor o igual a 4&#46; Ko et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> utilizaron la escala de 4 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Four Score&#41;</span> para evaluar el estado neurol&#243;gico&#44; no hallando diferencia significativa en la media del score entre aquellos con extubaci&#243;n fallida vs&#46; exitosa&#46; Resultados similares fueron reportados por Anderson et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> empleando la EG&#46; McCredie et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> evidenciaron que la EG no se asociaba a extubaci&#243;n exitosa&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Interrogante 4&#46; &#191;Qu&#233; factores se asocian con extubaci&#243;n exitosa&#63;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El control de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea y las complicaciones postextubaci&#243;n tienen un rol clave en el &#233;xito o el fracaso del proceso&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El score de v&#237;a a&#233;rea eval&#250;a la capacidad de proteger y mantener expeditas las v&#237;as a&#233;reas a trav&#233;s de pesquisar los reflejos nauseoso&#44; tus&#237;geno&#44; tipo y cantidad de secreciones y la necesidad de aspiraciones previo a extubar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Un puntaje menor o igual de 6 predijo extubaci&#243;n exitosa&#59; sin embargo&#44; y a pesar de su practicidad&#44; ni el score original ni sus modificaciones han sido validados externamente ni a gran escala<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;13</span></a>&#46; Anderson et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> reportaron que la capacidad de toser efectivamente y la presencia de reflejo nauseoso se asocian con extubaci&#243;n exitosa&#46; Tos espont&#225;nea o provocada es un factor predictor independiente de extubaci&#243;n exitosa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En relaci&#243;n con las complicaciones postextubaci&#243;n&#44; la incidencia de estridor var&#237;a&#44; oscilando entre el 1&#44;5 y el 26&#44;3&#37;&#44; mientras que las tasas de edema lar&#237;ngeo se encuentran entre el 5 y el 54&#44;4&#37;&#44; explicable por la falta de criterios diagn&#243;sticos claros para esta situaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las tasas de reintubaci&#243;n en pacientes cr&#237;ticos en general son del 18 al 69&#37; por estridor y del 15&#37; por edema lar&#237;ngeo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Dichas complicaciones pueden predecirse con bastante certeza mediante el empleo del test de fuga <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Cuff Leak Test&#41;</span>&#46; Revisiones sistem&#225;ticas y gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica lo avalan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17-22</span></a>&#46; Recomendaciones actuales sugieren el empleo de esteroides cuando el test de la fuga es positivo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Interrogante 5&#46; &#191;Cu&#225;l es la frecuencia de falla de extubaci&#243;n&#63;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uno de cada 5 pacientes fracasa al extubarse&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a> se evidencian los datos de falla de extubaci&#243;n en pacientes neurocr&#237;ticos disponibles en la literatura&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Interrogante 6&#46; Traqueotom&#237;a&#58; &#191;es necesaria&#63;&#44; &#191;cu&#225;ndo&#63;&#44; &#191;c&#243;mo&#63;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Punto controvertido con beneficio incierto&#46; Dos estudios de base de datos&#44; retrospectivos en trauma craneal severo&#44; uno de ellos con trauma de t&#243;rax asociado&#44; favorecen la realizaci&#243;n precoz de traqueotom&#237;a basados en la disminuci&#243;n de la incidencia de neumon&#237;as&#44; d&#237;as en VM y estancia en cuidados intensivos &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>I&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la mortalidad fue similar al grupo con traqueotom&#237;a tard&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s de las limitaciones inherentes al dise&#241;o metodol&#243;gico de los estudios&#44; no se especific&#243; la raz&#243;n por la cual se indicaba la traqueostom&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46; En otro an&#225;lisis aleatorizado&#44; controlado y abierto con escaso n&#250;mero de v&#237;ctimas de ictus isqu&#233;mico y hemorr&#225;gico&#44; la traqueotom&#237;a precoz no redujo la estancia en CI pero s&#237; la mortalidad&#44; aunque la misma era una medida de resultado secundaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; Una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica y metaan&#225;lisis reciente englobando 10 estudios con 503 injuriados cerebrales agudos evidenci&#243; que la traqueotom&#237;a temprana disminuy&#243; la mortalidad a largo plazo&#44; la duraci&#243;n de VM y la estancia en CI&#59; sin embargo&#44; en el an&#225;lisis de sensibilidad&#44; al excluir un estudio con sesgo&#44; la significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica se aten&#250;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; El consenso Panamericano Ib&#233;rico&#44; si bien no aborda el tema espec&#237;fico del paciente neurocr&#237;tico&#44; no recomienda traqueotom&#237;a precoz&#44; ya que&#44; si bien acorta la estancia en VM&#44; no disminuye la incidencia de neumon&#237;a&#44; los d&#237;as de estancia en CI ni la mortalidad a largo plazo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; La traqueotom&#237;a percut&#225;nea es preferible a la quir&#250;rgica por su menor tasa de infecciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; Ciertas situaciones favorecen la realizaci&#243;n de traqueotom&#237;a precoz&#58; a&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lesi&#243;n medular cervical grave&#59; b&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lesiones severas infratentoriales&#59; c&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>extubaciones fallidas reiteradas&#59; d&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>VM prolongada&#44; y e&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pobre estatus neurol&#243;gico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;27</span></a>&#46; El rol de la traqueotom&#237;a primaria es discutible<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23-28</span></a>&#46; En nuestra opini&#243;n&#44; la gran mayor&#237;a de individuos re&#250;nen las condiciones necesarias para extubaci&#243;n antes de efectuar traqueotom&#237;a primaria&#46; As&#237;&#44; creemos que intentarla siguiendo un protocolo ordenado y trabajando en equipo es una opci&#243;n v&#225;lida&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Interrogante 7&#46; Movilizaci&#243;n precoz&#58; &#191;ayuda&#63;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tradicionalmente&#44; el paciente cr&#237;tico permanec&#237;a en reposo durante la fase aguda de su enfermedad&#46; Un an&#225;lisis binacional multic&#233;ntrico corrobora esta afirmaci&#243;n&#44; ya que en dicho estudio el 84&#37; de los individuos no se movilizaban en el periodo de tiempo esgrimido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Ciertos cambios de paradigma y culturales se avecinan en lo que se refiere a la movilizaci&#243;n temprana de los pacientes cr&#237;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30-32</span></a>&#46; A la luz de la evidencia disponible&#44; esta t&#225;ctica terap&#233;utica innovadora es segura y posible si se efect&#250;a bajo programas controlados y multidisciplinarios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30-32</span></a>&#46; Un metaan&#225;lisis reciente en individuos que requieren CI prolongados evidenci&#243; que la implementaci&#243;n de protocolos de movilizaci&#243;n precoz disminuye la estancia en VM&#44; los d&#237;as de hospitalizaci&#243;n y la mortalidad al a&#241;o&#44; con mejor&#237;a del estatus funcional<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; Programas espec&#237;ficos en pacientes inmovilizados por periodos prolongados muestran su efecto positivo en los resultados finales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; Estos resultados alentadores requieren validaci&#243;n a gran escala en diferentes poblaciones&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No existe hasta hoy&#44; al menos en nuestro conocimiento&#44; un estudio que haya establecido la relaci&#243;n entre movilizaci&#243;n precoz y retiro de la VM&#47;extubaci&#243;n&#44; y menos a&#250;n en poblaci&#243;n neurocr&#237;tica&#46; En pacientes con injuria cerebral&#44; una cohorte italiana&#44; prospectiva&#44; aleatorizada&#44; no controlada de observaci&#243;n&#44; report&#243; mejores resultados cl&#237;nicos y funcionales con la implementaci&#243;n de programas de movilizaci&#243;n precoz&#44; abriendo una puerta promisoria hacia el futuro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es necesario llevar a cabo estudios a gran escala que permitan recomendaciones con mayor grado de certeza&#46; Sin embargo&#44; destacamos&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es necesario disponer de un algoritmo adaptado a las necesidades del paciente neurocr&#237;tico para un retiro de la VM y extubaci&#243;n ordenado&#44; protocolizado y multidisciplinario&#44; a tal fin proponemos un algoritmo de actuaci&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los criterios habituales para iniciar retiro de la VM y extubaci&#243;n no son extrapolables al paciente neurocr&#237;tico&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La no respuesta a comandos verbales o la baja puntuaci&#243;n en la EG no implica que deba retardarse o contraindicarse el retiro de VM y&#47;o la extubaci&#243;n&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El score de manejo de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea es una herramienta &#250;til para predecir la capacidad de mantener v&#237;a a&#233;rea permeable y segura&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El test de la fuga predice la probabilidad de edema y estridor postextubaci&#243;n&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La traqueotom&#237;a primaria es aconsejable en grupos de riesgo&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ninguna&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Interrogante 1&#46; &#191;Cu&#225;l es la evidencia cl&#237;nica acerca del retiro de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica en el paciente neurocr&#237;tico&#63;"
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          "titulo" => "Interrogante 6&#46; Traqueotom&#237;a&#58; &#191;es necesaria&#63;&#44; &#191;cu&#225;ndo&#63;&#44; &#191;c&#243;mo&#63;"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algoritmo para retiro de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica &#40;VM&#41; y extubaci&#243;n del paciente neurocr&#237;tico&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">McCredie &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Asehnoune &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 02105691
Idioma original: Español
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