Scientific Letter
Severity scores should incorporate limitations on life support for predicting mortality
Las puntuaciones de intensidad deberían incorporar las limitaciones del soporte vital para predecir la mortalidad
Rafael Fernandez
, Lara Ventura, Caroline Macharete, Ignacio Catalan, Silvia Cano, Josep-Maria Alcoverro, Carles Subira, Jaume Masclans, Gina Rognoni, Olga Rubio
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Critical Care Department, Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universitaria de Manresa, CIBERES, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain
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Scores are updated periodically, mainly to take improved treatments into account. The latest versions of the most commonly used scores (SAPS3 and APACHE IV) were developed more than 15 years ago.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many patients are now admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) with orders to withhold some life-support measures. Our recent multicenter study found that more than 7% of all patients admitted to participating ICUs had limitations on life support; although nearly one-third survived more than 30 days, standard severity scores underestimated their high mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The accuracy of severity scores’ predictions within centers varies due to variations in performance or in case-mix. Advances in treatments since the most recent version of the score are associated with progressively reduced accuracy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Here we report a new analysis including all patients registered in the clinical database at our mixed ICU in a university-affiliated hospital from 2009 through 2017. The UCH Ethics Committee approved the study. Throughout this period, our ICU's admission criteria and case-mix remained unchanged. We admitted 6821 patients (mean age, 65.6 yr; ICU stay, 4.6 days). Hospital mortality was 16.2% and SAPS3-predicted mortality was 27.6%, yielding a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 0.59.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 242 (3.5%) patients had limitations on life support at admission. In this subgroup, hospital mortality was 47.1% and SAPS3-predicted mortality was 46.5% (SMR 1.01); by contrast, in patients without limitations, hospital mortality was 15.1% and SAPS3-predicted mortality was 26.9% (SMR 0.56). We found no significant differences along the years of the study.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multivariable logistic regression showed that hospital mortality was independently associated with SAPS3 (OR 1.05 [1.051–1.058]; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) and limitations on life support at admission (OR 2.85 [2.11–3.85]; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for the model including these variables was 0.85, similar to the original value for the APACHE IV.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Not including limitations on life support in the model yielded similar accuracy (AUROC 0.84), probably due to the small proportion of patients with limitations. Nevertheless, the mortality risk in patients with limitations on life support at admission was twice that predicted by standard severity scores (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of our single center analysis are somewhat different from those of a recent multicenter trial. The rate of limitations on life support at admission was lower (3.5% vs. 7.8%) and hospital survival was better (53% vs. 41%), but severity scores’ underperformance in patients with limitations was similar. Taken together, the two studies show the same trend in more than 10,000 patients.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Research networks focused on predictive models will probably update current severity scores in the near future, and we suggest they explore the possibility of including limitations on life support at admission in the new algorithms.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1398 "Ancho" => 2078 "Tamanyo" => 125291 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of observed and predicted hospital mortality in patients according to the existence or not of limitations of life-support on ICU admission.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "SAPS 3—From evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 2: Development of a prognostic model for hospital mortality at ICU admission" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R.P. Moreno" 1 => "P.G.H. Metnitz" 2 => "E. Almeida" 3 => "B. Jordan" 4 => "P. Bauer" 5 => "R.A. Campos" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00134-005-2763-5" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Intensive Care Med" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "31" "paginaInicial" => "1345" "paginaFinal" => "1355" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16132892" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV: hospital mortality assessment for today's critically ill patients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "J.E. Zimmerman" 1 => "A.A. Kramer" 2 => "D.S. McNair" 3 => "F.N. Malila" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/01.CCM.0000215112.84523.F0" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "34" "paginaInicial" => "1297" "paginaFinal" => "1310" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16540951" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Limitation of life support techniques at admission to the intensive care unit: a multicenter prospective cohort study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "O. Rubio" 1 => "A. Arnau" 2 => "S. Cano" 3 => "C. Subirà" 4 => "B. Balerdi" 5 => "M.E. Perea" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/s40560-018-0283-y" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Intensive Care" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "24" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29686878" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mortality predictions in the intensive care unit: comparing physicians with scoring systems" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "T. Sinuff" 1 => "N.K. Adhikari" 2 => "D.J. Cook" 3 => "H.J. Schünemann" 4 => "L.E. Griffith" 5 => "G. Rocker" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/01.CCM.0000201881.58644.41" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "34" "paginaInicial" => "878" "paginaFinal" => "885" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16505667" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/02105691/0000004300000008/v1_201910220814/S0210569118302699/v1_201910220814/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "53" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cartas científicas" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/02105691/0000004300000008/v1_201910220814/S0210569118302699/v1_201910220814/en/main.pdf?idApp=WMIE&text.app=https://medintensiva.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0210569118302699?idApp=WMIE" ]
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