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due to ACS with respiratory failure&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Case 1</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 7-year-old girl with SCD underwent a minor elective surgery &#40;inguinal hernia&#41;&#46; At 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; presented a subsequent clinical deterioration determined by persistent cough&#44; progressive tachypnea&#44; inspiratory crackles&#44; with right basal hypoventilation and fever despite preventing measures according to SCD local protocol&#46; CXR showed bilateral and right superior lobe infiltrates with minor pleural effusion&#46; Serial LUS were performed during PICU admission&#46; First ultrasound showed a global consolidation of the entire right lung with an associated pleural effusion of 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows both images&#46; NIV was initiated with maxim parameters of IPAP 18 and EPAP 8 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; and a FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> up to 60&#37;&#44; requiring red cell transfusion&#46; During the successive ultrasound controls&#44; progressive lung improvement was observed with an increase in lung aeration to almost complete resolution&#46; Serial CXR changes were less evident&#46; Both images can be compared in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; NIV support was gradually decreased being suspended after 7 days&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Case 2</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An 8-year-old girl with SCD was admitted to the emergency department due respiratory failure and fever with a pathologic CXR in which left lower lobe infiltration was observed&#46; Due to ACS suspicion&#44; patient was transferred to the PICU for early respiratory support&#46; On admission&#44; LUS showed left lung global collapse with 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm pleural effusion&#46; Both images can be compared in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46; NIV was initiated to optimize respiratory support&#44; requiring CPAP up to 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> up to 50&#37;&#46; Clinical and ultrasonographic evolution was favorable&#44; allowing the suspension of support in the following 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; CXR image after VNI lung recruitment can be compared in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thanks to lung ultrasound bedside controls&#44; PEEP parameters were increased until an improvement in lung aeration in both patients&#46; Moreover&#44; while the echographic and clinical improvement was simultaneous&#44; CXR did not reveal major changes&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ACS is the main cause of PICU admission in patients with SCD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Its diagnosis is based on the confluence of fever and&#47;or respiratory symptoms accompanied by new infiltrate on the CXR&#46; It is essential to have a high index of suspicion for early diagnosis and treatment support&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Respiratory process ethiology can be several&#58; infectious &#40;bacterial&#44; viral&#41;&#44; fatty embolism in the context of a vasoocclusive crisis&#44; or by pulmonary vascular micro infarcts due to hypoventilation secondary to atelectasis&#46; Clinical presentation can be wide from a moderate respiratory process to an acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#41; and even leading to a multiorgan failure&#46; There is already experience in the support of ACS in adults on extracorporeal oxygenation membrane &#40;ECMO&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some of the radiological signs which can be found are both lobular and multilobar presence consolidations&#44; or pulmonary collapse&#44; in some cases associated with pleural effusion&#46; However&#44; CXR may be normal in early stages in up to 66&#37; of the cases&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> so that the suspicion of ACS was because of the hypoxemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LUS use has increased in recent years in the diagnosis of multiple lung processes&#46; However&#44; it has not been previously described the LUS use for diagnosis and follow-up of ACS in pediatrics&#46; An adults study published in 2015<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> compared the usefulness of CXR versus LUS in the diagnosis of ACS&#44; using CT-based tomography as the reference standard&#46; In this study&#44; they described three patterns in the lung parenchyma&#58; normal&#44; ground-glass opacity and consolidation&#46; In accordance with these patterns&#44; LUS was evaluated in 12 lung regions &#40;6 in each hemithorax&#41;&#44; associating a score of 0&#8211;2&#44; respectively&#46; Normal pattern was defined by the presence of non-coalescing B lines or by lung sliding with A lines&#44; ground-glass opacities were defined by the presence of coalescing B lines and consolidation by punctate hyperechogenic images&#46; According to this score&#44; they evaluated the lung aeration of each patient and saw that a higher score assessed by LUS was associated with worse posterior evolution&#46; They also proved that LUS was superior to radiography for diagnosis consolidations and pleural effusion in these patients&#44; presenting a greater sensitivity &#40;72&#37; versus 44&#37;&#41;&#44; especially in the assessment of the post-basal regions&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our patients&#44; ultrasound shows a higher degree of lesion than that assessed by radiography&#44; as in the study by Rahmouni et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> of 2016&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is currently no experience in pediatrics for diagnosis ACS using LUS&#46; Moreover there are no studies about lung recruitment maneuvers guided by ultrasound in children&#46; Ultrasound-controlled lung recruitment is well-defined in adults with several articles emphasizing its usefulness as a bedside tool<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;10</span></a> in ARDS&#44; even though in the evaluation of aeration of ventilated patients&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our patients&#44; LUS allowed to confirm the ACS and lung collapse diagnosis&#46; It was also useful to follow-up the lung recruitment improvement&#44; helping to assess the NIV parameters&#46; However&#44; more studies are needed in pediatric population to confirm our experience&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Scientific Letter
Ultrasound-guided recruitment maneuvers in pediatric acute chest syndrome due to sickle cell disease
Maniobras de reclutamiento guiadas por ecografía en el síndrome torácico agudo en niños con drepanocitosis
S. Bobillo-Pereza,b,
Autor para correspondencia
, J. Rodriguez-Fanjulc, M. Girona-Alarcona, F.J. Cambraa, I. Jordana,d, M. Balaguera
a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Service, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
b Disorders of Immunity and Respiration of the Pediatric Critical Patients Research Group, Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
c Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Service, Pediatric Department, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut Catala de la Salut Camp de Tarragona, Spain
d Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institut Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient 1&#46; &#40;1&#41; Initial chest radiography preceding alveolar recruitment&#44; right coalescent opacities with right pleural effusion &#40;black narrow&#41;&#46; &#40;2&#41; Lung ultrasound image preceding lung recruitment&#44; exhibiting diffuse abnormal pulmonary aeration with condensation pattern &#40;white star&#41; on the right anterior&#44; lateral and posterior regions&#46; &#40;3&#41; Chest-X radiography after VNI recruitment&#46; Similar coalescent opacities in right lung &#40;black star&#41; without pleural effusion&#46; &#40;4&#41; Lung ultrasound reveals the presence of sonographic air bronchograms representing air-filled bronchi with linear&#44; hyperechoic branching echoes toward pleural lung&#46; The consolidated lung parenchyma has improved with respect to Image 2&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sickle cell disease &#40;SCD&#41; is an inherited pathology based on structural alteration of hemoglobin and characterized by vaso-occlusive crises<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> with a prevalence of one million worldwide&#46; Acute chest syndrome &#40;ACS&#41; is the main life-threatening complication&#46; Until now ACS diagnostic criteria was based on clinical evaluation and chest X-ray &#40;CXR&#41;&#46; These patients often require non-invasive ventilation &#40;NIV&#41; to lung recruitment and oxygenation improvement&#46; NIV parameters are indicated according to clinical variables&#44; oxygen requirements and sequentially CXR data&#46; Although lung ultrasound &#40;LUS&#41; could provide information for both diagnosis and evolution&#44; it has never been tested in pediatrics population&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present two cases of LUS of SCD admitted to pediatric intensive care unit &#40;PICU&#41; due to ACS with respiratory failure&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Case 1</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 7-year-old girl with SCD underwent a minor elective surgery &#40;inguinal hernia&#41;&#46; At 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; presented a subsequent clinical deterioration determined by persistent cough&#44; progressive tachypnea&#44; inspiratory crackles&#44; with right basal hypoventilation and fever despite preventing measures according to SCD local protocol&#46; CXR showed bilateral and right superior lobe infiltrates with minor pleural effusion&#46; Serial LUS were performed during PICU admission&#46; First ultrasound showed a global consolidation of the entire right lung with an associated pleural effusion of 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows both images&#46; NIV was initiated with maxim parameters of IPAP 18 and EPAP 8 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; and a FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> up to 60&#37;&#44; requiring red cell transfusion&#46; During the successive ultrasound controls&#44; progressive lung improvement was observed with an increase in lung aeration to almost complete resolution&#46; Serial CXR changes were less evident&#46; Both images can be compared in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; NIV support was gradually decreased being suspended after 7 days&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Case 2</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An 8-year-old girl with SCD was admitted to the emergency department due respiratory failure and fever with a pathologic CXR in which left lower lobe infiltration was observed&#46; Due to ACS suspicion&#44; patient was transferred to the PICU for early respiratory support&#46; On admission&#44; LUS showed left lung global collapse with 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm pleural effusion&#46; Both images can be compared in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46; NIV was initiated to optimize respiratory support&#44; requiring CPAP up to 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> up to 50&#37;&#46; Clinical and ultrasonographic evolution was favorable&#44; allowing the suspension of support in the following 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; CXR image after VNI lung recruitment can be compared in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thanks to lung ultrasound bedside controls&#44; PEEP parameters were increased until an improvement in lung aeration in both patients&#46; Moreover&#44; while the echographic and clinical improvement was simultaneous&#44; CXR did not reveal major changes&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ACS is the main cause of PICU admission in patients with SCD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Its diagnosis is based on the confluence of fever and&#47;or respiratory symptoms accompanied by new infiltrate on the CXR&#46; It is essential to have a high index of suspicion for early diagnosis and treatment support&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Respiratory process ethiology can be several&#58; infectious &#40;bacterial&#44; viral&#41;&#44; fatty embolism in the context of a vasoocclusive crisis&#44; or by pulmonary vascular micro infarcts due to hypoventilation secondary to atelectasis&#46; Clinical presentation can be wide from a moderate respiratory process to an acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#41; and even leading to a multiorgan failure&#46; There is already experience in the support of ACS in adults on extracorporeal oxygenation membrane &#40;ECMO&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some of the radiological signs which can be found are both lobular and multilobar presence consolidations&#44; or pulmonary collapse&#44; in some cases associated with pleural effusion&#46; However&#44; CXR may be normal in early stages in up to 66&#37; of the cases&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> so that the suspicion of ACS was because of the hypoxemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LUS use has increased in recent years in the diagnosis of multiple lung processes&#46; However&#44; it has not been previously described the LUS use for diagnosis and follow-up of ACS in pediatrics&#46; An adults study published in 2015<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> compared the usefulness of CXR versus LUS in the diagnosis of ACS&#44; using CT-based tomography as the reference standard&#46; In this study&#44; they described three patterns in the lung parenchyma&#58; normal&#44; ground-glass opacity and consolidation&#46; In accordance with these patterns&#44; LUS was evaluated in 12 lung regions &#40;6 in each hemithorax&#41;&#44; associating a score of 0&#8211;2&#44; respectively&#46; Normal pattern was defined by the presence of non-coalescing B lines or by lung sliding with A lines&#44; ground-glass opacities were defined by the presence of coalescing B lines and consolidation by punctate hyperechogenic images&#46; According to this score&#44; they evaluated the lung aeration of each patient and saw that a higher score assessed by LUS was associated with worse posterior evolution&#46; They also proved that LUS was superior to radiography for diagnosis consolidations and pleural effusion in these patients&#44; presenting a greater sensitivity &#40;72&#37; versus 44&#37;&#41;&#44; especially in the assessment of the post-basal regions&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our patients&#44; ultrasound shows a higher degree of lesion than that assessed by radiography&#44; as in the study by Rahmouni et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> of 2016&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is currently no experience in pediatrics for diagnosis ACS using LUS&#46; Moreover there are no studies about lung recruitment maneuvers guided by ultrasound in children&#46; Ultrasound-controlled lung recruitment is well-defined in adults with several articles emphasizing its usefulness as a bedside tool<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;10</span></a> in ARDS&#44; even though in the evaluation of aeration of ventilated patients&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our patients&#44; LUS allowed to confirm the ACS and lung collapse diagnosis&#46; It was also useful to follow-up the lung recruitment improvement&#44; helping to assess the NIV parameters&#46; However&#44; more studies are needed in pediatric population to confirm our experience&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient 2&#46; &#40;A&#41; Initial chest radiography before lung recruitment&#46; Coalescent opacities in left lower lobe &#40;black arrow&#41;&#46; No pleural effusion observed&#46; &#40;B&#41; Lung ultrasound image before VNI lung recruitment&#46; Tissular pattern suggesting consolidation &#40;white star&#41;&#46; No air bronchogram is observed&#46; The lung partner is similar to the spleen pattern &#40;white point&#41;&#46; White arrow shows the doble-rail image of the diaphragm&#46; &#40;C&#41; Chest-X radiography after recruitment&#46; Area of hazy with increased lung opacity &#40;black star&#41;&#46;</p>"
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