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un estudio retrospectivo que inclu&#237;a 82&#46;274 pacientes y en el que se objetiv&#243; que en el grupo de 11&#46;133 pacientes que recibi&#243; higiene bucal con clorhexidina hubo mayor riesgo de mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; La higiene bucal con clorhexidina se asoci&#243; con mayor mortalidad entre los 69&#46;208 pacientes que no ingresaron en UCI&#44; y con menor mortalidad entre los 2&#46;847 pacientes que tuvieron ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>96 horas&#44; pero no hubo diferencias en la mortalidad en el grupo de 9&#46;316 ingresados en UCI sin ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica y en el grupo de 903 pacientes que tuvieron ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas &#40;pero hubo una tendencia a mayor mortalidad con el uso de clorhexidina&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Medidas altamente recomendables no obligatorias de Neumon&#237;a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zero</span></span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En relaci&#243;n con la DDS o la DOS se ha publicado un metaan&#225;lisis en 2018 de 6 ensayos cl&#237;nicos aleatorizados &#40;RCT&#41; y 17&#46;884 pacientes&#44; objetivando una menor mortalidad hospitalaria con su utilizaci&#243;n&#44; y menor con DDS que con DOS&#46; Respecto a la aspiraci&#243;n de secreciones subgl&#243;ticas &#40;ASS&#41;&#44; se public&#243; un metaan&#225;lisis en 2016 de 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RCT y 3&#46;544 pacientes objetivando menor riesgo de NVM&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En relaci&#243;n con los antibi&#243;ticos sist&#233;micos periintubaci&#243;n en pacientes con disminuci&#243;n del nivel de consciencia&#44; en una revisi&#243;n publicada en 2017&#44; se encontraron 4 estudios &#40;2 RCT y 2 observacionales&#41; con 1&#46;507 pacientes en total &#40;1&#46;240 pacientes de un observacional&#41; y en todos los estudios se encontr&#243; una disminuci&#243;n significativa de la NVM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; En cada estudio se administraron antibi&#243;ticos en diferentes pacientes &#40;desde Glasgow Coma Scale<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12 hasta parada cardiorrespiratoria&#41;&#44; se utilizaron diferentes antibi&#243;ticos &#40;amoxicilina-clavul&#225;nico&#44; ampicilina-sulbactam&#44; cefuroxima&#44; ceftriaxona&#41; y diferentes duraciones &#40;desde una dosis a 3 d&#237;as&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> En un RCT publicado en 2019 de 194 pacientes con parada card&#237;aca extrahospitalaria tratados con hipotermia &#40;32-34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C durante 24-36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas&#41; se aleatoriz&#243; la admisitraci&#243;n intravenosa de amoxicilina-clavul&#225;nico &#40;dosis de 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g y 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; respectivamente&#44; cada 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas durante 2 d&#237;as&#41; o placebo&#44; y el grupo tratamiento present&#243; menor incidencia de NVM de aparici&#243;n precoz&#44; pero no hubo diferencias en la mortalidad a 28 d&#237;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Actualmente hay en marcha un ensayo cl&#237;nico aleatorizado &#40;RCT&#41; con la administraci&#243;n de una dosis &#250;nica de 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g de ceftriaxona en pacientes con <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Glasgow Coma Scale</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12 &#40;NCT02265406&#41;&#46; Hasta el d&#237;a de hoy no existe evidencia para establecer qu&#233; antibi&#243;ticos&#44; dosis y duraci&#243;n&#44; y en qu&#233; pacientes&#44; pero parece razonable la utlizaci&#243;n de amoxicilina-clavul&#225;nico&#44; cefuroxima o ceftriaxona durante 2-3 d&#237;as en pacientes intubados con <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Glasgow Coma Scale</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Medidas no seleccionadas en Neumon&#237;a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zero</span> que se proponen como opcionales &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"> En relaci&#243;n con la administraci&#243;n de probi&#243;ticos&#44; en 2016 se public&#243; un metaan&#225;lisis de 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RCT y 1&#46;083 pacientes&#44; y concluy&#243; que se asociaban con menor NVM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Actualmente hay en marcha un RCT &#40;NCT02462590&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto al uso de antibi&#243;ticos por v&#237;a respiratoria se public&#243; en 2018 un metaan&#225;lisis de 6 RCT y 1&#46;158 pacientes objetivando una reducci&#243;n de NVM&#44; pero no hubo diferencias en la mortalidad intra-UCI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; En el suban&#225;lisis de la adimistraci&#243;n de antibi&#243;ticos nebulizados con 3 RCT y 313 pacientes se encontr&#243; una reducci&#243;n significativa de NVM&#44; pero en el suban&#225;lisis de la adimistraci&#243;n de antibi&#243;ticos instilados con 3 RCT y 845 pacientes se encontr&#243; solo una reducci&#243;n no significativa de NVM&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un metaan&#225;lisis de 3 RCT y 543 pacientes&#44; publicado en 2015&#44; se concluy&#243; que el control de la presi&#243;n del bal&#243;n de neumotaponamiento de forma continua se asocia con menor NVM&#44; pero no hubo diferencias en la duraci&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; de la estancia en UCI&#44; ni de la mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Respecto al uso de tubos impregnados en plata&#44; en un RCT publicado en 2008 con 1&#46;509 pacientes se encontr&#243; una menor incidencia de NVM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En una revisi&#243;n publicada en 2016 sobre el tubo endotraqueal con bal&#243;n de neumotaponamiento de poliuretano ultrafino y NVM se encontraron 3 estudios y 708 pacientes &#40;hubo disminuci&#243;n significativa en 2 RCT y no significativa en un RCT&#41;&#44; pero en ninguno hubo diferencias en la duraci&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; estancia en la UCI&#44; ni en la mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Posiblemente el aplicar conjuntamente ciertas medidas pueda tener m&#225;s efecto que de forma independiente&#46; En un estudio se objetiv&#243; una reducci&#243;n de NVM aplicando control de la presi&#243;n del bal&#243;n de neumotaponamiento de forma continua o ASS&#44; y la reducci&#243;n en NVM fue mayor al aplicar las 2 medidas conjuntamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Planteamiento para reducir las tasas actuales de neumon&#237;a asociada a ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se propone dejar DDS&#44; DOS y ASS como medidas altamente recomendables no obligatorias porque cuentan con metaan&#225;lisis que incluyen un gran n&#250;mero de pacientes de RCT&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se propone como medidas opcionales las que cuentan con estudios observacionales o metaan&#225;lisis de pocos pacientes&#46; En este grupo de medidas opcionales incluir&#237;a antibi&#243;ticos sist&#233;micos periintubaci&#243;n en pacientes con disminuci&#243;n del nivel de consciencia &#40;que actualmente es considerada como altamente recomendable no obligatoria por NZ&#41; y la higiene bucal con clorhexidina &#40;que desde junio de 2018 el Consejo Asesor de los &#171;Proyectos de seguridad en pacientes cr&#237;ticos&#187; acord&#243; pasarla de recomendaci&#243;n obligatoria a no obligatoria&#41; y otras medidas no contempladas en NZ &#40;probi&#243;ticos&#44; antibi&#243;ticos por v&#237;a respiratoria&#44; control de la presi&#243;n del bal&#243;n de neumotaponamiento de forma continua&#44; tubos impregnados en plata&#44; tubo endotraqueal con bal&#243;n de neumotaponamiento de poliuretano ultrafino&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En unidades con una incidencia de NVM superior a 7 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; que es el est&#225;ndar de calidad propuesto por la SEMICYUC en 2017 &#40;<a href="https://www.bing.com/searchPC=WCUG%26FORM=WCUGDF%26q=indicadoresdecalidad2017_semicyuc_spa-1.pdf">https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;bing&#46;com&#47;searchPC&#61;WCUG&#38;FORM&#61;WCUGDF&#38;q&#61;indicadoresdecalidad2017&#95;semicyuc&#95;spa-1&#46;pdf</a>&#41;&#44; se deber&#237;a realizar alguna auditor&#237;a interna para determinar si alguna de las medidas no se hacen correctamente y se debe hacer un plan de mejora&#46; Si no hay ninguna mejora que realizar&#44; o ya se han conseguido las correcciones&#44; se deber&#237;an aplicar m&#225;s medidas de las que tengan establecidas&#46; En aras de la eficiencia se podr&#237;a empezar por alguna de ellas y no por todas al mismo tiempo&#46; Podr&#237;an incorporar alguna de las 2 medidas altamente recomendables no obligatorias &#40;DDS&#47;DOS o ASS&#41;&#46; Si no consiguen su objetivo podr&#237;an incorporar la otra medida altamente recomendable no obligatoria&#44; y posteriormente las medidas opcionales de forma progresiva&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ninguno&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DDS&#58; descontaminaci&#243;n digestiva selectiva&#58; DOS&#58; descontaminaci&#243;n orofar&#237;ngea selectiva&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as americanas 2014<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as europeas 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as francesas 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as argentinas 2018<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as chinas 2019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Formaci&#243;n manipulaci&#243;n v&#237;a a&#233;rea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Higiene manos manipular v&#237;a a&#233;rea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Control presi&#243;n del neumotaponamiento por encima de 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III especifica control continuo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Higiene bucal clorhexidina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No pueden hacer recomendaci&#243;n por el posible riesgo de mortalidad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II pero controvertido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Evitar posici&#243;n dec&#250;bito supino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Disminuir intubaci&#243;n y&#47;o su duraci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NVMIM&#237;nima sedoanalgesia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Evitar cambios de tubuladuras humidificadores y tubos traqueales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I No porque cambio no disminuye NVM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No hacer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIA-cambio tubuladuras por semana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DDS o DOS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DOS mejor que DDS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DDS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No propuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aspiraci&#243;n continua secreciones subgl&#243;ticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II pero no especifica continua&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cada 6-8 h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IA pero no espec&#237;fica continua&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibi&#243;ticos en comatosos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No propuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab2729768.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recomendaciones de diferentes gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica &#40;GPC&#41; posteriores al proyecto Neumon&#237;a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zero</span> &#40;NZ&#41; sobre las medidas para la prevenci&#243;n de neumon&#237;a asociada a ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica propuestas por NZ</p>"
        ]
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      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CC&#58; cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca&#59; IC&#58; intervalo de confianza&#59; NVM&#58; para la prevenci&#243;n de neumon&#237;a asociada a ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#59; OR&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span>&#59; RCT&#58; ensayo cl&#237;nico aleatorizado&#59; RR&#58; riesgo relativo&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NVM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mortalidad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Li et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 RCT y 1&#46;269 pacientesRR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;71 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;54-0&#44;94&#41;No desglosa cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca y otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 RCT y 11&#46;869 pacientesRR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;15 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;98-1&#44;35&#41;No desglosa cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca y otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Zhang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 RCT y 3&#46;812 pacientesRR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;59 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;50-0&#44;69&#41;No desglosa cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca y otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Price et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 RCT y 2&#46;618 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;25 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;05-1&#44;50&#41;No desglosa cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca y otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Klompas et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CC&#58; 3 RCT y 1&#46;868 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;56 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;41-0&#44;77&#41;No CC&#58; 13 RCT y 1&#46;762 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;78 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;60-1&#44;02&#41;Total&#58; 16 RCT y 3&#46;630 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;73 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;58-0&#44;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CC&#58; 3 RCT y 1&#46;868 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;88 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;25-3&#44;14&#41;No CC&#58; 9 RCT y 1&#46;366 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;13 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;99-1&#44;29&#41;Total&#58; 12 RCT y 3&#46;234 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;13 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;99-1&#44;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Villar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 RCT y 7349 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;70 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;48-1&#44;00&#41;No desglosa cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca y otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hua et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 RCT y 2451 pacientesRR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;74 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;61-0&#44;89&#41;No desglosa cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca y otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 RCT y 2&#46;163 pacientesRR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;09 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;96-1&#44;23&#41;No desglosa cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca y otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab2729769.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Metaan&#225;lisis posteriores al proyecto Neumon&#237;a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zero</span> &#40;NZ&#41; sobre la higiene bucal con clorhexidina vs&#46; placebo</p>"
        ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 3"
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            "identificador" => "at3"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as americanas 2014<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as europeas 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as francesas 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as argentinas 2018<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as chinas 2019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Probi&#243;ticos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No hacer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No propuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibi&#243;ticos v&#237;a respiratoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No hacer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Control continuo presi&#243;n del neumotaponamiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No propuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Recomienda verificar&#44; pero no especifica continuo o intermitente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tubo de plata&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No hacer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No propuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tubo con bal&#243;n de poliuretano ultrafino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No hacer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No propuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recomendaciones de diferentes gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica posteriores al proyecto Neumon&#237;a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zero</span> &#40;NZ&#41; sobre las medidas para la prevenci&#243;n de neumon&#237;a asociada a ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica no propuestas por NZ</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:23 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia and their implementation&#46; The Spanish &#8220;Zero-VAP&#8221; bundle"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Intensiva&#59; Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Enfermer&#237;a Intensiva"
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46; &#193;lvarez Lerma"
                            1 => "M&#46; S&#225;nchez Garc&#237;a"
                            2 => "L&#46; Lorente"
                            3 => "F&#46; Gordo"
                            4 => "J&#46;M&#46; A&#241;&#243;n"
                            5 => "J&#46; &#193;lvarez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Intensiva"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "38"
                        "paginaInicial" => "226"
                        "paginaFinal" => "236"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia&#58; The multimodal approach of the Spanish ICU &#8220;Pneumonia Zero&#8221; program"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46; &#193;lvarez-Lerma"
                            1 => "M&#46; Palomar-Mart&#237;nez"
                            2 => "M&#46; S&#225;nchez-Garc&#237;a"
                            3 => "M&#46; Mart&#237;nez-Alonso"
                            4 => "J&#46; &#193;lvarez-Rodr&#237;guez"
                            5 => "L&#46; Lorente"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/CCM.0000000000002736"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Crit Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "46"
                        "paginaInicial" => "181"
                        "paginaFinal" => "188"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29023261"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America &#40;SHEA&#41; Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals&#58; 2014 update"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Klompas"
                            1 => "R&#46; Branson"
                            2 => "E&#46;C&#46; Eichenwald"
                            3 => "L&#46;R&#46; Greene"
                            4 => "M&#46;D&#46; Howell"
                            5 => "G&#46; Lee"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1086/677144"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "35"
                        "paginaInicial" => "915"
                        "paginaFinal" => "936"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25026607"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "International ERS&#47;ESICM&#47;ESCMID&#47;ALAT guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia&#58; Guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia &#40;HAP&#41;&#47;ventilator-associated pneumonia &#40;VAP&#41; of the European Respiratory Society &#40;ERS&#41;&#44; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine &#40;ESICM&#41;&#44; European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases &#40;ESCMID&#41; and Asociaci&#243;n Latinoamericana del T&#243;rax &#40;ALAT&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Torres"
                            1 => "M&#46;S&#46; Niederman"
                            2 => "J&#46; Chastre"
                            3 => "S&#46; Ewig"
                            4 => "P&#46; Fernandez-Vandellos"
                            5 => "H&#46; Hanberger"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/13993003.00711-2017"
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "50"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29025888"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hospital-acquired pneumonia in ICU"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Leone"
                            1 => "L&#46; Bouadma"
                            2 => "B&#46; Bouhemad"
                            3 => "O&#46; Brissaud"
                            4 => "S&#46; Dauger"
                            5 => "S&#46; Gibot"
                          ]
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Reducir las tasas actuales de neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica tras la implantación del programa Neumonía Zero: este es el reto
To reduce the current rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia after implementation of the Pneumonia Zero program: This is the challenge
L. Lorente
Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España
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y 7&#41; evitar los cambios programados de la tubuladura&#44; humidificadores y tubos traqueales&#46; Las medidas altamente recomendables no obligatorias fueron&#58; 1&#41; descontaminaci&#243;n digestiva selectiva &#40;DDS&#41; o descontaminaci&#243;n orofar&#237;ngea selectiva &#40;DOS&#41;&#59; 2&#41; aspiraci&#243;n continua de secreciones subgl&#243;ticas&#59; y 3&#41; antibi&#243;ticos sist&#233;micos periintubaci&#243;n en pacientes con disminuci&#243;n del nivel de consciencia&#46; El proyecto NZ redujo la densidad de incidencia de NVM de 9&#44;83 a 4&#44;34 por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; y estas tasas se han mantenido en el tiempo por debajo de 7&#47;1&#46;000 d&#237;as de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica seg&#250;n los informes anuales del Estudio Nacional de Vigilancia de Infecci&#243;n Nosocomial &#40;Disponible en&#58; <a href="http://hws.vhebron.net/envin-helics">http&#58;&#47;&#47;hws&#46;vhebron&#46;net&#47;envin-helics</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante estos casi 10 a&#241;os de la implantaci&#243;n de NZ ha aparecido nueva evidencia sobre varias medidas y podr&#237;an plantearse algunas modificaciones en el proyecto NZ para intentar seguir reduciendo las tasas actuales de NVM&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se han publicado las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica de sociedades cient&#237;ficas estadounidenses en 2014<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#44; europeo-latinoamericanas en 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; francesas en 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; argentinas en 2018<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> y chinas en 2019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Medidas de obligado cumplimiento de Neumon&#237;a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zero</span></span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con respecto a la mayor&#237;a de las medidas de obligado cumplimiento de NZ no han aparecido nuevos estudios que hagan pensar en su retirada&#44; y adem&#225;s no son de dif&#237;cil implementaci&#243;n&#46; Sin embargo&#44; respecto a la higiene bucal con clorhexidina han aparecido algunos metaan&#225;lisis en los que se ha objetivado&#44; adem&#225;s de una reducci&#243;n de NVM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; un aumento no significativo de la mortalidad&#44; sobre todo en pacientes que no ingresan por cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; Este posible efecto delet&#233;reo podr&#237;a estar en relaci&#243;n con la existencia de microaspiraciones de clorhexidina que podr&#237;a ocasionar da&#241;o pulmonar&#46; El consejo asesor de los &#171;Proyectos de seguridad en pacientes cr&#237;ticos&#187; del Ministerio de Sanidad&#44; Consumo y Bienestar Social&#44; en la reuni&#243;n del mes de junio de 2018&#44; tras analizar estos meta-an&#225;lisis&#44; acord&#243; pasarla de recomendaci&#243;n obligatoria a no obligatoria &#40;<a href="https://semicyuc.org/2018/07/recomendacion-de-lavado-oral-con-clorhexidina-en-pacientes-ventilados">https&#58;&#47;&#47;semicyuc&#46;org&#47;2018&#47;07&#47;recomendacion-de-lavado-oral-con-clorhexidina-en-pacientes-ventilados</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sobre esas fechas se public&#243; un estudio retrospectivo que inclu&#237;a 82&#46;274 pacientes y en el que se objetiv&#243; que en el grupo de 11&#46;133 pacientes que recibi&#243; higiene bucal con clorhexidina hubo mayor riesgo de mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; La higiene bucal con clorhexidina se asoci&#243; con mayor mortalidad entre los 69&#46;208 pacientes que no ingresaron en UCI&#44; y con menor mortalidad entre los 2&#46;847 pacientes que tuvieron ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>96 horas&#44; pero no hubo diferencias en la mortalidad en el grupo de 9&#46;316 ingresados en UCI sin ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica y en el grupo de 903 pacientes que tuvieron ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas &#40;pero hubo una tendencia a mayor mortalidad con el uso de clorhexidina&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Medidas altamente recomendables no obligatorias de Neumon&#237;a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zero</span></span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En relaci&#243;n con la DDS o la DOS se ha publicado un metaan&#225;lisis en 2018 de 6 ensayos cl&#237;nicos aleatorizados &#40;RCT&#41; y 17&#46;884 pacientes&#44; objetivando una menor mortalidad hospitalaria con su utilizaci&#243;n&#44; y menor con DDS que con DOS&#46; Respecto a la aspiraci&#243;n de secreciones subgl&#243;ticas &#40;ASS&#41;&#44; se public&#243; un metaan&#225;lisis en 2016 de 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RCT y 3&#46;544 pacientes objetivando menor riesgo de NVM&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En relaci&#243;n con los antibi&#243;ticos sist&#233;micos periintubaci&#243;n en pacientes con disminuci&#243;n del nivel de consciencia&#44; en una revisi&#243;n publicada en 2017&#44; se encontraron 4 estudios &#40;2 RCT y 2 observacionales&#41; con 1&#46;507 pacientes en total &#40;1&#46;240 pacientes de un observacional&#41; y en todos los estudios se encontr&#243; una disminuci&#243;n significativa de la NVM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; En cada estudio se administraron antibi&#243;ticos en diferentes pacientes &#40;desde Glasgow Coma Scale<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12 hasta parada cardiorrespiratoria&#41;&#44; se utilizaron diferentes antibi&#243;ticos &#40;amoxicilina-clavul&#225;nico&#44; ampicilina-sulbactam&#44; cefuroxima&#44; ceftriaxona&#41; y diferentes duraciones &#40;desde una dosis a 3 d&#237;as&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span> En un RCT publicado en 2019 de 194 pacientes con parada card&#237;aca extrahospitalaria tratados con hipotermia &#40;32-34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C durante 24-36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas&#41; se aleatoriz&#243; la admisitraci&#243;n intravenosa de amoxicilina-clavul&#225;nico &#40;dosis de 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g y 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; respectivamente&#44; cada 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>horas durante 2 d&#237;as&#41; o placebo&#44; y el grupo tratamiento present&#243; menor incidencia de NVM de aparici&#243;n precoz&#44; pero no hubo diferencias en la mortalidad a 28 d&#237;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Actualmente hay en marcha un ensayo cl&#237;nico aleatorizado &#40;RCT&#41; con la administraci&#243;n de una dosis &#250;nica de 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g de ceftriaxona en pacientes con <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Glasgow Coma Scale</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12 &#40;NCT02265406&#41;&#46; Hasta el d&#237;a de hoy no existe evidencia para establecer qu&#233; antibi&#243;ticos&#44; dosis y duraci&#243;n&#44; y en qu&#233; pacientes&#44; pero parece razonable la utlizaci&#243;n de amoxicilina-clavul&#225;nico&#44; cefuroxima o ceftriaxona durante 2-3 d&#237;as en pacientes intubados con <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Glasgow Coma Scale</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Medidas no seleccionadas en Neumon&#237;a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zero</span> que se proponen como opcionales &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"> En relaci&#243;n con la administraci&#243;n de probi&#243;ticos&#44; en 2016 se public&#243; un metaan&#225;lisis de 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RCT y 1&#46;083 pacientes&#44; y concluy&#243; que se asociaban con menor NVM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Actualmente hay en marcha un RCT &#40;NCT02462590&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto al uso de antibi&#243;ticos por v&#237;a respiratoria se public&#243; en 2018 un metaan&#225;lisis de 6 RCT y 1&#46;158 pacientes objetivando una reducci&#243;n de NVM&#44; pero no hubo diferencias en la mortalidad intra-UCI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; En el suban&#225;lisis de la adimistraci&#243;n de antibi&#243;ticos nebulizados con 3 RCT y 313 pacientes se encontr&#243; una reducci&#243;n significativa de NVM&#44; pero en el suban&#225;lisis de la adimistraci&#243;n de antibi&#243;ticos instilados con 3 RCT y 845 pacientes se encontr&#243; solo una reducci&#243;n no significativa de NVM&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un metaan&#225;lisis de 3 RCT y 543 pacientes&#44; publicado en 2015&#44; se concluy&#243; que el control de la presi&#243;n del bal&#243;n de neumotaponamiento de forma continua se asocia con menor NVM&#44; pero no hubo diferencias en la duraci&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; de la estancia en UCI&#44; ni de la mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Respecto al uso de tubos impregnados en plata&#44; en un RCT publicado en 2008 con 1&#46;509 pacientes se encontr&#243; una menor incidencia de NVM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En una revisi&#243;n publicada en 2016 sobre el tubo endotraqueal con bal&#243;n de neumotaponamiento de poliuretano ultrafino y NVM se encontraron 3 estudios y 708 pacientes &#40;hubo disminuci&#243;n significativa en 2 RCT y no significativa en un RCT&#41;&#44; pero en ninguno hubo diferencias en la duraci&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; estancia en la UCI&#44; ni en la mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Posiblemente el aplicar conjuntamente ciertas medidas pueda tener m&#225;s efecto que de forma independiente&#46; En un estudio se objetiv&#243; una reducci&#243;n de NVM aplicando control de la presi&#243;n del bal&#243;n de neumotaponamiento de forma continua o ASS&#44; y la reducci&#243;n en NVM fue mayor al aplicar las 2 medidas conjuntamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Planteamiento para reducir las tasas actuales de neumon&#237;a asociada a ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se propone dejar DDS&#44; DOS y ASS como medidas altamente recomendables no obligatorias porque cuentan con metaan&#225;lisis que incluyen un gran n&#250;mero de pacientes de RCT&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se propone como medidas opcionales las que cuentan con estudios observacionales o metaan&#225;lisis de pocos pacientes&#46; En este grupo de medidas opcionales incluir&#237;a antibi&#243;ticos sist&#233;micos periintubaci&#243;n en pacientes con disminuci&#243;n del nivel de consciencia &#40;que actualmente es considerada como altamente recomendable no obligatoria por NZ&#41; y la higiene bucal con clorhexidina &#40;que desde junio de 2018 el Consejo Asesor de los &#171;Proyectos de seguridad en pacientes cr&#237;ticos&#187; acord&#243; pasarla de recomendaci&#243;n obligatoria a no obligatoria&#41; y otras medidas no contempladas en NZ &#40;probi&#243;ticos&#44; antibi&#243;ticos por v&#237;a respiratoria&#44; control de la presi&#243;n del bal&#243;n de neumotaponamiento de forma continua&#44; tubos impregnados en plata&#44; tubo endotraqueal con bal&#243;n de neumotaponamiento de poliuretano ultrafino&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En unidades con una incidencia de NVM superior a 7 episodios por 1&#46;000 d&#237;as de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; que es el est&#225;ndar de calidad propuesto por la SEMICYUC en 2017 &#40;<a href="https://www.bing.com/searchPC=WCUG%26FORM=WCUGDF%26q=indicadoresdecalidad2017_semicyuc_spa-1.pdf">https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;bing&#46;com&#47;searchPC&#61;WCUG&#38;FORM&#61;WCUGDF&#38;q&#61;indicadoresdecalidad2017&#95;semicyuc&#95;spa-1&#46;pdf</a>&#41;&#44; se deber&#237;a realizar alguna auditor&#237;a interna para determinar si alguna de las medidas no se hacen correctamente y se debe hacer un plan de mejora&#46; Si no hay ninguna mejora que realizar&#44; o ya se han conseguido las correcciones&#44; se deber&#237;an aplicar m&#225;s medidas de las que tengan establecidas&#46; En aras de la eficiencia se podr&#237;a empezar por alguna de ellas y no por todas al mismo tiempo&#46; Podr&#237;an incorporar alguna de las 2 medidas altamente recomendables no obligatorias &#40;DDS&#47;DOS o ASS&#41;&#46; Si no consiguen su objetivo podr&#237;an incorporar la otra medida altamente recomendable no obligatoria&#44; y posteriormente las medidas opcionales de forma progresiva&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ninguno&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DDS&#58; descontaminaci&#243;n digestiva selectiva&#58; DOS&#58; descontaminaci&#243;n orofar&#237;ngea selectiva&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as americanas 2014<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as europeas 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as francesas 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as argentinas 2018<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as chinas 2019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Formaci&#243;n manipulaci&#243;n v&#237;a a&#233;rea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Higiene manos manipular v&#237;a a&#233;rea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Control presi&#243;n del neumotaponamiento por encima de 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">III especifica control continuo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">IA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Higiene bucal clorhexidina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No pueden hacer recomendaci&#243;n por el posible riesgo de mortalidad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II pero controvertido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Evitar posici&#243;n dec&#250;bito supino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Disminuir intubaci&#243;n y&#47;o su duraci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NVMIM&#237;nima sedoanalgesia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Evitar cambios de tubuladuras humidificadores y tubos traqueales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I No porque cambio no disminuye NVM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No hacer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIA-cambio tubuladuras por semana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DDS o DOS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DOS mejor que DDS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DDS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No propuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aspiraci&#243;n continua secreciones subgl&#243;ticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II pero no especifica continua&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cada 6-8 h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IA pero no espec&#237;fica continua&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibi&#243;ticos en comatosos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No propuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2729768.png"
              ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recomendaciones de diferentes gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica &#40;GPC&#41; posteriores al proyecto Neumon&#237;a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zero</span> &#40;NZ&#41; sobre las medidas para la prevenci&#243;n de neumon&#237;a asociada a ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica propuestas por NZ</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CC&#58; cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca&#59; IC&#58; intervalo de confianza&#59; NVM&#58; para la prevenci&#243;n de neumon&#237;a asociada a ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#59; OR&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span>&#59; RCT&#58; ensayo cl&#237;nico aleatorizado&#59; RR&#58; riesgo relativo&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NVM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mortalidad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Li et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 RCT y 1&#46;269 pacientesRR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;71 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;54-0&#44;94&#41;No desglosa cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca y otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 RCT y 11&#46;869 pacientesRR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;15 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;98-1&#44;35&#41;No desglosa cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca y otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Zhang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 RCT y 3&#46;812 pacientesRR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;59 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;50-0&#44;69&#41;No desglosa cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca y otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Price et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 RCT y 2&#46;618 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;25 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;05-1&#44;50&#41;No desglosa cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca y otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Klompas et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CC&#58; 3 RCT y 1&#46;868 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;56 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;41-0&#44;77&#41;No CC&#58; 13 RCT y 1&#46;762 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;78 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;60-1&#44;02&#41;Total&#58; 16 RCT y 3&#46;630 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;73 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;58-0&#44;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CC&#58; 3 RCT y 1&#46;868 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;88 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;25-3&#44;14&#41;No CC&#58; 9 RCT y 1&#46;366 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;13 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;99-1&#44;29&#41;Total&#58; 12 RCT y 3&#46;234 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;13 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;99-1&#44;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Villar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 RCT y 7349 pacientesOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;70 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;48-1&#44;00&#41;No desglosa cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca y otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hua et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 RCT y 2451 pacientesRR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;74 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;61-0&#44;89&#41;No desglosa cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca y otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 RCT y 2&#46;163 pacientesRR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;09 &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;96-1&#44;23&#41;No desglosa cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca y otros&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2729769.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Metaan&#225;lisis posteriores al proyecto Neumon&#237;a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zero</span> &#40;NZ&#41; sobre la higiene bucal con clorhexidina vs&#46; placebo</p>"
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          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
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          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as americanas 2014<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as europeas 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as francesas 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as argentinas 2018<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gu&#237;as chinas 2019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Probi&#243;ticos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No hacer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No propuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibi&#243;ticos v&#237;a respiratoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No hacer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Control continuo presi&#243;n del neumotaponamiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No propuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Recomienda verificar&#44; pero no especifica continuo o intermitente&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tubo de plata&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No hacer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No propuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IIB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tubo con bal&#243;n de poliuretano ultrafino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No hacer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No propuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No revisado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recomendaciones de diferentes gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica posteriores al proyecto Neumon&#237;a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zero</span> &#40;NZ&#41; sobre las medidas para la prevenci&#243;n de neumon&#237;a asociada a ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica no propuestas por NZ</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:23 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia and their implementation&#46; The Spanish &#8220;Zero-VAP&#8221; bundle"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Intensiva&#59; Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Enfermer&#237;a Intensiva"
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46; &#193;lvarez Lerma"
                            1 => "M&#46; S&#225;nchez Garc&#237;a"
                            2 => "L&#46; Lorente"
                            3 => "F&#46; Gordo"
                            4 => "J&#46;M&#46; A&#241;&#243;n"
                            5 => "J&#46; &#193;lvarez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Intensiva"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "38"
                        "paginaInicial" => "226"
                        "paginaFinal" => "236"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia&#58; The multimodal approach of the Spanish ICU &#8220;Pneumonia Zero&#8221; program"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46; &#193;lvarez-Lerma"
                            1 => "M&#46; Palomar-Mart&#237;nez"
                            2 => "M&#46; S&#225;nchez-Garc&#237;a"
                            3 => "M&#46; Mart&#237;nez-Alonso"
                            4 => "J&#46; &#193;lvarez-Rodr&#237;guez"
                            5 => "L&#46; Lorente"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/CCM.0000000000002736"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Crit Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "46"
                        "paginaInicial" => "181"
                        "paginaFinal" => "188"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29023261"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America &#40;SHEA&#41; Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals&#58; 2014 update"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Klompas"
                            1 => "R&#46; Branson"
                            2 => "E&#46;C&#46; Eichenwald"
                            3 => "L&#46;R&#46; Greene"
                            4 => "M&#46;D&#46; Howell"
                            5 => "G&#46; Lee"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1086/677144"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "35"
                        "paginaInicial" => "915"
                        "paginaFinal" => "936"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25026607"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 02105691
Idioma original: Español
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