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and the intrinsic pathway &#40;or mitochondrial pathway&#41;&#46; The extrinsic pathway is activated when tumor necrosis factor membrane receptors superfamily &#40;TNFRSF&#41; binding to its ligands of the tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily &#40;TNFSF&#41;&#46; The main ligands and receptors in this pathway are the ligand FasL &#40;which bind to its Fas antigen&#41; and the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand &#40;TRAIL&#41; &#40;which bind to its different receptors &#40;TRAILR1&#8211;4&#41;&#46; When TNFRSF and its ligand TNFSF binding is generated a death signal that adheres to pro-caspase-8 and appears active caspase-8 &#40;initiator caspase&#41;&#44; which activates caspase-3 &#40;the main effector caspase&#41; leading to cellular apoptotic changes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in septic patients has been scarcely explored and only in studies of small sample size&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> In one study higher blood Fas levels in septic patients than in controls and in non-survivor than in survivor septic patients&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and the same findings for TRAIL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> However&#44; there are not data on blood caspase-8 concentrations in septic patients&#46; Increased blood caspase-8 concentrations have been found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> and with in patients with metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> We have chosen the study of blood caspase-8 concentrations in our research due to that the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in septic patients has been scarcely explored and that caspase-8 is the initiator caspase of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway&#46; We hypothesized that non-survivor septic patients could have higher blood caspase-8 concentrations than survivor ones&#46; Therefore&#44; the objectives of this study were to describe blood caspase-8 concentrations in survivor and non-survivor patients and to determine whether there is an association between blood caspase-8 concentrations and mortality in septic patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Design and subjects</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This prospective and observational study was conducted in the polyvalent Intensive Care Unit from 3 Spanish hospitals&#58; H&#46; Universitario de Canarias&#44; H&#46; Universitario Nuestra Se&#241;ora de Candelaria and H&#46; General de la Palma&#46; The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of all hospitals&#46; The informed and signed consent from patients or their relatives was obtained to participate in the study&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was conducted between 2013 and 2014&#46; We included patients with sepsis according to the Sepsis-3 Consensus criteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#59; thus&#44; the patients were recoded according to those sepsis criteria&#46; We excluded patients with white solid tumor&#44; blood cell count &#60;1000&#47;&#956;l&#44; hematological tumor&#44; human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41;&#44; immunosuppressive therapy&#44; radiation therapy&#44; steroid agents&#44; breastfeeding&#44; or pregnancy&#44; or age &#60;18 years&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Age&#44; sex&#44; and the history of chronic renal failure&#44; ischemic heart disease&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#44; sepsis focus and appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy were registered&#46; We also registered creatinine&#44; leukocytes&#44; bilirubin&#44; activated partial thromboplastin time&#44; international normalized ratio&#44; platelets&#44; lactic acid&#44; pressure of arterial oxygen&#44; fraction inspired of oxygen&#44; site of infection&#44; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation &#40;APACHE&#41;-II score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment &#91;SOFA&#93; score&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Besides&#44; we registered the appearance of bloodstream infection and septic shock&#46; Mortality at 30 days was considered our endpoint study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Determination of serum caspase-8 concentrations</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We freeze patient sera at moment of sepsis diagnosis at &#8722;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C until the determination of serum caspase-8 levels&#46; We used the Human Caspase 8 ELISA Kit &#40;Elabscience&#44; Houston&#44; Texas&#44; United States&#41; for the determination of serum caspase-8 concentrations&#46; The detection limit of the assay was 0&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL&#44; the intra-assay coefficient of variation &#40;CV&#41; was &#60;6&#37;&#44; and the inter-assay CV was &#60;8&#37;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Statistical methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used medians &#40;percentile 25&#8211;75&#41; and frequencies &#40;percentages&#41; to describe continuous and categorical variables&#46; Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test and chi-square test were used to compare continuous and categorical variables between surviving and non-surviving patients&#46; We carried out receiver operating characteristic &#40;ROC&#41; analyses using 30-day mortality&#44; serum caspase-8 concentrations&#44; SOFA and APACHE-II&#46; Comparison of ROC curves&#160;to test the statistical significance of the difference between the areas&#160;under curves &#40;derived from the same cases&#41; was carried out with the method of DeLong et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> We reported sensitivity&#44; specificity&#44; positive and negative likelihood ratios&#44; and positive and negative predictive values and its 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;CI&#41; of serum caspase-8 levels cut-off selected in basis to Youden J index&#46; We constructed Kaplan&#8211;Meier 30-day survival curves using survival at 30 days and the cut-off of serum caspase-8 concentrations estimated by Youden J index&#44; and Hazard Ratio was calculated for this cut-off&#46; To explore the association between serum caspase-8 concentrations and 30-day mortality controlling for possible confounds was performed a multiple logistic regression analysis&#59; and to estimate the clinical impact of prognostic variables were reported odds ratio &#40;OR&#41; and its 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;CI&#41;&#46; For statistical analyses were used the programs NCSS 2000 &#40;Kaysville&#44; Utah&#41; and SPSS 17&#46;0 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#44; and for the establishment of significant differences was used the point <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Results</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We included a total of 221 patients&#44; 140 &#40;63&#46;3&#37;&#41; surviving at 30 days and 81 &#40;36&#46;7&#37;&#41; deaths in the following 30 days&#46; The number of patients included in each hospital were 121&#44; 68 and 32 patients respectively&#46; There were not significant differences in the mortality rate between hospitals &#40;47&#47;121 &#40;38&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; 22&#47;68 &#40;32&#46;4&#37;&#41; and 12&#47;32 &#40;37&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;67&#41;&#46; We found that non-surviving patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>81&#41; compared to surviving patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>140&#41; had higher SOFA &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; APACHE-II &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; age &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; rate of septic shock &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; lactic acid &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; creatinine &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#44; aPTT &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#44; INR &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41;&#44; and lower platelet count &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; non-surviving patients had higher serum caspase-8 levels &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Patients with septic shock showed median lactate of 4&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;L &#40;percentile 25&#8211;75 of 2&#46;70&#8211;6&#46;35&#44; and range of 2&#8211;20&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiple logistic regression analysis found an association between serum caspase-8 levels<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;306&#59; 95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;619&#8211;6&#46;753&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; after controlling for age&#44; lactic acid&#44; septic shock&#44; SOFA&#44; aPTT and INR &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness test of the logistic model had a chi-square of 11&#46;4 and a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value of 0&#46;18&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The area under the curve for mortality prediction was of 67&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#8211;73&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; by serum caspase-8 levels &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; of 69&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>63&#8211;77&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; by SOFA&#44; and of 71&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65&#8211;77&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; by APACHE-II score&#46; No significant differences were found in the area under the curve between serum caspase-8 levels and SOFA &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;64&#41;&#44; serum caspase-8 levels and APACHE-II score &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;38&#41;&#44; and SOFA and APACHE-II &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;57&#41;&#46; We found that the point of serum caspase-8 levels<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL showed a sensitivity of 49&#37; &#40;38&#8211;61&#37;&#41;&#44; specificity 82&#37; &#40;75&#8211;88&#37;&#41;&#44; positive likelihood ratio 2&#46;8 &#40;1&#46;8&#8211;4&#46;2&#41;&#44; negative likelihood ratio 0&#46;6 &#40;0&#46;5&#8211;0&#46;8&#41;&#44; positive predictive value 62&#37; &#40;51&#8211;71&#37;&#41; and negative predictive value 74&#37; &#40;69&#8211;78&#37;&#41; for mortality prediction&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Kaplan&#8211;Meier analysis was found that patients with serum caspase-8 levels<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL had a higher mortality rate &#40;Hazard ratio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;4&#59; 95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;6&#8211;7&#46;3&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">That we know this is the study reporting data on blood caspase-8 concentrations in septic patients and the main novelty of our study is that blood caspase-8 concentrations could have a role in the mortality prediction of septic patients&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found in the multiple logistic regression analysis an association between serum caspase-8 levels and mortality after controlling for age&#44; lactic acid&#44; septic shock&#44; SOFA&#44; aPTT and INR&#46; We did not include in the regression model APACHE due to that we included SOFA&#44; other severity score&#46; In addition&#44; we neither include creatinine and platelet count due that both are included in SOFA&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are different types of programmed cell death&#44; as apoptosis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> autophagy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a> and Pyroptosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#8211;18</span></a> Autophagy is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the activation of Toll-like receptor &#40;TLR&#41;-2 and TLR-4&#44; then 5&#8242; adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase &#40;MAPK&#41; and c-Jun&#160;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>-terminal kinase &#40;JNK&#41; are activated and produce the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 &#40;mTORC1&#41; that lead to cell death by autophagy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a> Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death&#44; in which participate caspase-1&#44; caspase-4&#44; caspase-5 and caspase-11&#44; and is characterized by the release of inflammatory cytokines as IL-1&#946; and IL-18&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#8211;18</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apoptotic cell death occurs through death receptor pathway or mitochondrial pathway&#46; The apoptotic extrinsic pathway is activated when some membrane receptor superfamily binding to its ligand superfamily generating a death signal that active caspase-8&#46; Afterwards&#44; caspase-8 will activate caspase-3&#44; the main effector caspase of cellular changes by apoptosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Therefore&#44; our findings could mean that the non-surviving patients showed a higher activation of apoptosis extrinsic pathway that lead to higher activation of effector caspases and finally to a higher apoptotic state&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The blockade of extrinsic apoptosis pathway in septic mice has been associated with reduction of apoptosis and improvement of survival&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;23</span></a> Treatment with small interfering RNA &#40;siRNA&#41; against caspase-8 or Fas increased survival and decreased active caspase-3 and apoptosis in the liver and spleen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Treatment with caspase-8 or caspase-3 siRNA reduced apoptosis in aortic endothelium and increased survival&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Treatment with Fas-associated death domain &#40;FADD&#41; siRNA increased survival and reduced acute lung injury<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> and caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in aortic endothelium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Treatment with a caspase-8 inhibitor increased survival&#44; and decreased monocyte activation&#44; induced necroptotic cell death of activated monocytes&#44; and release of interleukin-1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Thus&#44; in all those studies with septic mice has been found a reduction of apoptosis and an increase of survival decreasing extrinsic apoptosis pathway by the block of caspase-8&#44; the main executor caspase of that apoptosis pathway&#46; Thus&#44; it is possible that according the results of our study &#40;association between blood caspase-8 levels and mortality in septic patients&#41; and those in animal models &#40;increase of survival with the agents that block caspase-8 activation&#41; could be interesting to research about the use of agents that block extrinsic apoptosis pathway in septic patients&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We must recognize some limitations of our study&#46; First&#44; we have not assessed cellular damage by apoptosis with some biochemical &#40;Annexin V&#41; or histological assay as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling &#40;TUNEL&#41;&#44; and neither proinflammatory cytokines &#40;as IL-1&#41;&#46; Second&#44; we have not data about compliance of sepsis bundle&#44; nor a validation patient cohort&#46; Third&#44; we have not determined blood anti-caspase-8 antibodies&#44; which have been described in patients with type 1 diabetes&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> patients with systemic sclerosis&#44; systemic lupus erythematosus&#44; silicosis&#44; as well as in healthy individuals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Fourth&#44; we do not know whether the mortality prognostic ability of serum caspase-8 levels is generalizable to all septic patients due to exclusion criteria&#46; In addition&#44; although the AUC was statistically significant&#59; however&#44; the AUC &#40;67&#37;&#41; and the lower limit of 95&#37; CI &#40;60&#37;&#41; were low&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Besides&#44; there were no differences in the prediction of mortality between serum caspase-8 levels&#44; SOFA and APACHE-II score&#59; however&#44; the objective of our study was to determine whether serum caspase-8 levels could add in the mortality prediction and not replace other severity scores&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conclusions</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the best of our knowledge&#44; our study is the first series reporting data on blood caspase-8 concentrations in septic patients&#46; The new findings from our study were that blood caspase-8 concentrations were higher in non-survivor than in survivor patients and there is an association between blood caspase-8 concentrations and mortality in septic patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LLo conceived&#44; designed and coordinated the study&#44; participated in acquisition and interpretation of data&#44; and drafted the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MMM&#44; RO&#44; MM&#44; VG&#44; AP and MR participated in acquisition of data&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AGC and APC carried out the determinations of serum caspase-8 concentrations&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AJ participated in the interpretation of data&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All authors revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content and made the final approval of the version to be published&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Funding</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was supported by a grant from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Instituto de Salud Carlos III</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">PI-18-00500</span>&#41; &#40;Madrid&#44; Spain&#41; and co-financed with <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional &#40;FEDER&#41;</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no competing interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No data are available on blood caspase-8 concentrations &#40;the initiator caspase in the extrinsic apoptosis pathway&#41; in septic patients&#46; The present study thus describes the blood caspase-8 concentrations in survivors and non-survivors&#44; and examines the possible association between blood caspase-8 concentrations and mortality in septic patients&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A prospective observational study was carried out&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Setting</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Three Spanish Intensive Care Units&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Patients</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Septic patients&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Interventions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Serum caspase-8 concentrations were determined at the diagnosis of sepsis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Main variable of interest</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mortality after 30 days&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients not surviving at day 30 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>81&#41; compared to surviving patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>140&#41; showed higher serum caspase-8 levels &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Multiple logistic regression analysis found an association between serum caspase-8 levels<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml and mortality &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;306&#59; 95&#37;CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;619&#8211;6&#46;753&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; The area under the curve &#40;AUC&#41; for mortality predicted by serum caspase-8 levels was 67&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#8211;73&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The novel findings of our study were that blood caspase-8 concentrations are higher in non-survivors than in survivors&#44; and that there is an association between blood caspase-8 concentrations and mortality in septic patients&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Objective"
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            "titulo" => "Design"
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            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Setting"
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            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Patients"
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Interventions"
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            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Main variable of interest"
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            "titulo" => "Results"
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            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No existen datos publicados sobre los niveles sangu&#237;neos de caspasa-8 &#40;la caspasa iniciadora en la v&#237;a extr&#237;nseca de apoptosis&#41; en pacientes s&#233;pticos&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; los objetivos del estudio fueron describir los niveles sangu&#237;neos de caspasa-8 en pacientes supervivientes y fallecidos y determinar si existe una asociaci&#243;n entre los niveles sangu&#237;neos de caspasa-8 y la mortalidad de los pacientes s&#233;pticos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional y prospectivo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">&#193;mbito</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tres unidades de cuidados intensivos espa&#241;olas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes s&#233;pticos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Intervenciones</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se determinaron las concentraciones s&#233;ricas de caspasa-8 al diagn&#243;stico de la sepsis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Variable de inter&#233;s principal</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mortalidad a los 30 d&#237;as&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Encontramos que los pacientes fallecidos en los primeros 30 d&#237;as &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>81&#41; comparados con los pacientes supervivientes &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>140&#41; presentaban niveles s&#233;ricos mayores de caspasa-8 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; En el an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica m&#250;ltiple encontramos una asociaci&#243;n entre los niveles s&#233;ricos de caspasa-8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml y la mortalidad &#40;OR&#58; 3&#44;306&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;619-6&#44;753&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; El &#225;rea bajo la curva para predecir la mortalidad por los niveles s&#233;ricos de caspasa-8 fue del 67&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 60-73&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los nuevos hallazgos de nuestro estudio fueron que los niveles s&#233;ricos mayores de caspasa-8 eran superiores en los pacientes fallecidos en los primeros 30 d&#237;as&#44; y que existe una asociaci&#243;n entre los niveles s&#233;ricos de caspasa-8 y la mortalidad&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "&#193;mbito"
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            "titulo" => "Variable de inter&#233;s principal"
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            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;38&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ischemic heart disease</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;7&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bilirubin &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median &#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;90 &#40;0&#46;43&#8211;1&#46;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;85 &#40;0&#46;50&#8211;2&#46;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leukocytes &#40;cells&#47;mm</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median&#42;10</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;0 &#40;10&#46;2&#8211;19&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;3 &#40;8&#46;5&#8211;20&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PaO</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#47;FIO</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ratio</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median &#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">173 &#40;120&#8211;263&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">172 &#40;101&#8211;239&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Creatinine &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median &#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;10 &#40;0&#46;80&#8211;1&#46;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;45 &#40;0&#46;93&#8211;2&#46;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">aPTT &#40;seconds&#41;</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median &#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;28&#8211;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;30&#8211;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">INR</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median &#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;27 &#40;1&#46;10&#8211;1&#46;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;41 &#40;1&#46;13&#8211;1&#46;91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Platelets &#40;cells&#47;mm</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median&#42;10</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">197 &#40;135&#8211;296&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">136 &#40;76&#8211;223&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lactic acid &#40;mmol&#47;L&#41;</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median &#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;80 &#40;1&#46;08&#8211;3&#46;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;50 &#40;1&#46;55&#8211;6&#46;00&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Septic shock</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;44&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;69&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bloodstream infection</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;15&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;12&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caspase-8 &#40;ng&#47;mL&#41;</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median &#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;8 &#40;4&#46;2&#8211;35&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&#46;7 &#40;6&#46;7&#8211;206&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sepsis focus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Respiratory &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79 &#40;56&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48 &#40;59&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Abdominal &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;26&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;25&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Neurological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urinary &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;5&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;4&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Skin &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;5&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Endocarditis &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;4&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;4&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Osteomyelitis &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Empiric antimicrobial treatment adequate</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unknown due to negative cultures &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74 &#40;52&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44 &#40;54&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adequate &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57 &#40;40&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;37&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Inadequate &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unknown due to antigenuria diagnosis &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;3&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;4&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Odds ratio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; confidence interval&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;034&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;009&#8211;1&#46;060&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SOFA score &#40;points&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;188&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;071&#8211;1&#46;317&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Lactic acid &#40;mmol&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;120&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;963&#8211;1&#46;303&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Septic shock &#40;yes vs non&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;483&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;614&#8211;3&#46;584&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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Original
Blood caspase-8 concentrations and mortality among septic patients
Niveles sanguíneos de caspasa-8 y mortalidad de los pacientes sépticos
L. Lorentea,
Autor para correspondencia
lorentemartin@msn.com

Corresponding author.
, M.M. Martínb, R. Ortiz-Lópezc, A.F. González-Riverod, A. Pérez-Cejase, M. Martínf, V. Gonzalezf, A. Pérezf, M. Rodinf, A. Jiménezg
a Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra, s/n., La Laguna 38320, Tenerife, Spain
b Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora Candelaria, Crta Rosario s/n., Santa Cruz Tenerife 38010, Spain
c Intensive Care Unit, Hospital General de La Palma, Buenavista de Arriba s/n, Breña Alta, La Palma 38713, Spain
d Laboratory Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra, s/n., La Laguna 38320, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
e Laboratory Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra, s/n., La Laguna 38320, Tenerife, Spain
f Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra s/n., La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38320, Spain
g Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra, s/n., La Laguna 38320, Tenerife, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sepsis contributes to many deaths and healthcare system costs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Apoptosis&#44; the process in which cells are programmedly and actively eliminated&#44; that occurs in physiological processes &#40;during morphogenesis and tissue remodeling&#41; and also in different diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In addition&#44; in animal models has been found an increase of apoptosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Apoptotic cell death occurs mainly through the extrinsic pathway &#40;or death receptor pathway&#41; and the intrinsic pathway &#40;or mitochondrial pathway&#41;&#46; The extrinsic pathway is activated when tumor necrosis factor membrane receptors superfamily &#40;TNFRSF&#41; binding to its ligands of the tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily &#40;TNFSF&#41;&#46; The main ligands and receptors in this pathway are the ligand FasL &#40;which bind to its Fas antigen&#41; and the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand &#40;TRAIL&#41; &#40;which bind to its different receptors &#40;TRAILR1&#8211;4&#41;&#46; When TNFRSF and its ligand TNFSF binding is generated a death signal that adheres to pro-caspase-8 and appears active caspase-8 &#40;initiator caspase&#41;&#44; which activates caspase-3 &#40;the main effector caspase&#41; leading to cellular apoptotic changes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in septic patients has been scarcely explored and only in studies of small sample size&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> In one study higher blood Fas levels in septic patients than in controls and in non-survivor than in survivor septic patients&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and the same findings for TRAIL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> However&#44; there are not data on blood caspase-8 concentrations in septic patients&#46; Increased blood caspase-8 concentrations have been found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> and with in patients with metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> We have chosen the study of blood caspase-8 concentrations in our research due to that the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in septic patients has been scarcely explored and that caspase-8 is the initiator caspase of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway&#46; We hypothesized that non-survivor septic patients could have higher blood caspase-8 concentrations than survivor ones&#46; Therefore&#44; the objectives of this study were to describe blood caspase-8 concentrations in survivor and non-survivor patients and to determine whether there is an association between blood caspase-8 concentrations and mortality in septic patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Design and subjects</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This prospective and observational study was conducted in the polyvalent Intensive Care Unit from 3 Spanish hospitals&#58; H&#46; Universitario de Canarias&#44; H&#46; Universitario Nuestra Se&#241;ora de Candelaria and H&#46; General de la Palma&#46; The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of all hospitals&#46; The informed and signed consent from patients or their relatives was obtained to participate in the study&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was conducted between 2013 and 2014&#46; We included patients with sepsis according to the Sepsis-3 Consensus criteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#59; thus&#44; the patients were recoded according to those sepsis criteria&#46; We excluded patients with white solid tumor&#44; blood cell count &#60;1000&#47;&#956;l&#44; hematological tumor&#44; human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41;&#44; immunosuppressive therapy&#44; radiation therapy&#44; steroid agents&#44; breastfeeding&#44; or pregnancy&#44; or age &#60;18 years&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Age&#44; sex&#44; and the history of chronic renal failure&#44; ischemic heart disease&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#44; sepsis focus and appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy were registered&#46; We also registered creatinine&#44; leukocytes&#44; bilirubin&#44; activated partial thromboplastin time&#44; international normalized ratio&#44; platelets&#44; lactic acid&#44; pressure of arterial oxygen&#44; fraction inspired of oxygen&#44; site of infection&#44; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation &#40;APACHE&#41;-II score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment &#91;SOFA&#93; score&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Besides&#44; we registered the appearance of bloodstream infection and septic shock&#46; Mortality at 30 days was considered our endpoint study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Determination of serum caspase-8 concentrations</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We freeze patient sera at moment of sepsis diagnosis at &#8722;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C until the determination of serum caspase-8 levels&#46; We used the Human Caspase 8 ELISA Kit &#40;Elabscience&#44; Houston&#44; Texas&#44; United States&#41; for the determination of serum caspase-8 concentrations&#46; The detection limit of the assay was 0&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL&#44; the intra-assay coefficient of variation &#40;CV&#41; was &#60;6&#37;&#44; and the inter-assay CV was &#60;8&#37;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Statistical methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used medians &#40;percentile 25&#8211;75&#41; and frequencies &#40;percentages&#41; to describe continuous and categorical variables&#46; Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test and chi-square test were used to compare continuous and categorical variables between surviving and non-surviving patients&#46; We carried out receiver operating characteristic &#40;ROC&#41; analyses using 30-day mortality&#44; serum caspase-8 concentrations&#44; SOFA and APACHE-II&#46; Comparison of ROC curves&#160;to test the statistical significance of the difference between the areas&#160;under curves &#40;derived from the same cases&#41; was carried out with the method of DeLong et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> We reported sensitivity&#44; specificity&#44; positive and negative likelihood ratios&#44; and positive and negative predictive values and its 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;CI&#41; of serum caspase-8 levels cut-off selected in basis to Youden J index&#46; We constructed Kaplan&#8211;Meier 30-day survival curves using survival at 30 days and the cut-off of serum caspase-8 concentrations estimated by Youden J index&#44; and Hazard Ratio was calculated for this cut-off&#46; To explore the association between serum caspase-8 concentrations and 30-day mortality controlling for possible confounds was performed a multiple logistic regression analysis&#59; and to estimate the clinical impact of prognostic variables were reported odds ratio &#40;OR&#41; and its 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;CI&#41;&#46; For statistical analyses were used the programs NCSS 2000 &#40;Kaysville&#44; Utah&#41; and SPSS 17&#46;0 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#44; and for the establishment of significant differences was used the point <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Results</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We included a total of 221 patients&#44; 140 &#40;63&#46;3&#37;&#41; surviving at 30 days and 81 &#40;36&#46;7&#37;&#41; deaths in the following 30 days&#46; The number of patients included in each hospital were 121&#44; 68 and 32 patients respectively&#46; 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and lower platelet count &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; non-surviving patients had higher serum caspase-8 levels &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Patients with septic shock showed median lactate of 4&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmol&#47;L &#40;percentile 25&#8211;75 of 2&#46;70&#8211;6&#46;35&#44; and range of 2&#8211;20&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiple logistic regression analysis found an association between serum caspase-8 levels<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;306&#59; 95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;619&#8211;6&#46;753&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; after controlling for age&#44; lactic acid&#44; septic shock&#44; SOFA&#44; aPTT and INR &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness test of the logistic model had a chi-square of 11&#46;4 and a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value of 0&#46;18&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The area under the curve for mortality prediction was of 67&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#8211;73&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; by serum caspase-8 levels &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; of 69&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>63&#8211;77&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; by SOFA&#44; and of 71&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65&#8211;77&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; by APACHE-II score&#46; No significant differences were found in the area under the curve between serum caspase-8 levels and SOFA &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;64&#41;&#44; serum caspase-8 levels and APACHE-II score &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;38&#41;&#44; and SOFA and APACHE-II &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;57&#41;&#46; We found that the point of serum caspase-8 levels<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL showed a sensitivity of 49&#37; &#40;38&#8211;61&#37;&#41;&#44; specificity 82&#37; &#40;75&#8211;88&#37;&#41;&#44; positive likelihood ratio 2&#46;8 &#40;1&#46;8&#8211;4&#46;2&#41;&#44; negative likelihood ratio 0&#46;6 &#40;0&#46;5&#8211;0&#46;8&#41;&#44; positive predictive value 62&#37; &#40;51&#8211;71&#37;&#41; and negative predictive value 74&#37; &#40;69&#8211;78&#37;&#41; for mortality prediction&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Kaplan&#8211;Meier analysis was found that patients with serum caspase-8 levels<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL had a higher mortality rate &#40;Hazard ratio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;4&#59; 95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;6&#8211;7&#46;3&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">That we know this is the study reporting data on blood caspase-8 concentrations in septic patients and the main novelty of our study is that blood caspase-8 concentrations could have a role in the mortality prediction of septic patients&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found in the multiple logistic regression analysis an association between serum caspase-8 levels and mortality after controlling for age&#44; lactic acid&#44; septic shock&#44; SOFA&#44; aPTT and INR&#46; We did not include in the regression model APACHE due to that we included SOFA&#44; other severity score&#46; In addition&#44; we neither include creatinine and platelet count due that both are included in SOFA&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are different types of programmed cell death&#44; as apoptosis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> autophagy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a> and Pyroptosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#8211;18</span></a> Autophagy is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the activation of Toll-like receptor &#40;TLR&#41;-2 and TLR-4&#44; then 5&#8242; adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase &#40;MAPK&#41; and c-Jun&#160;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>-terminal kinase &#40;JNK&#41; are activated and produce the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 &#40;mTORC1&#41; that lead to cell death by autophagy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a> Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death&#44; in which participate caspase-1&#44; caspase-4&#44; caspase-5 and caspase-11&#44; and is characterized by the release of inflammatory cytokines as IL-1&#946; and IL-18&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#8211;18</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apoptotic cell death occurs through death receptor pathway or mitochondrial pathway&#46; The apoptotic extrinsic pathway is activated when some membrane receptor superfamily binding to its ligand superfamily generating a death signal that active caspase-8&#46; Afterwards&#44; caspase-8 will activate caspase-3&#44; the main effector caspase of cellular changes by apoptosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Therefore&#44; our findings could mean that the non-surviving patients showed a higher activation of apoptosis extrinsic pathway that lead to higher activation of effector caspases and finally to a higher apoptotic state&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The blockade of extrinsic apoptosis pathway in septic mice has been associated with reduction of apoptosis and improvement of survival&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;23</span></a> Treatment with small interfering RNA &#40;siRNA&#41; against caspase-8 or Fas increased survival and decreased active caspase-3 and apoptosis in the liver and spleen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Treatment with caspase-8 or caspase-3 siRNA reduced apoptosis in aortic endothelium and increased survival&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Treatment with Fas-associated death domain &#40;FADD&#41; siRNA increased survival and reduced acute lung injury<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> and caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in aortic endothelium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Treatment with a caspase-8 inhibitor increased survival&#44; and decreased monocyte activation&#44; induced necroptotic cell death of activated monocytes&#44; and release of interleukin-1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Thus&#44; in all those studies with septic mice has been found a reduction of apoptosis and an increase of survival decreasing extrinsic apoptosis pathway by the block of caspase-8&#44; the main executor caspase of that apoptosis pathway&#46; Thus&#44; it is possible that according the results of our study &#40;association between blood caspase-8 levels and mortality in septic patients&#41; and those in animal models &#40;increase of survival with the agents that block caspase-8 activation&#41; could be interesting to research about the use of agents that block extrinsic apoptosis pathway in septic patients&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We must recognize some limitations of our study&#46; First&#44; we have not assessed cellular damage by apoptosis with some biochemical &#40;Annexin V&#41; or histological assay as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling &#40;TUNEL&#41;&#44; and neither proinflammatory cytokines &#40;as IL-1&#41;&#46; Second&#44; we have not data about compliance of sepsis bundle&#44; nor a validation patient cohort&#46; Third&#44; we have not determined blood anti-caspase-8 antibodies&#44; which have been described in patients with type 1 diabetes&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> patients with systemic sclerosis&#44; systemic lupus erythematosus&#44; silicosis&#44; as well as in healthy individuals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Fourth&#44; we do not know whether the mortality prognostic ability of serum caspase-8 levels is generalizable to all septic patients due to exclusion criteria&#46; In addition&#44; although the AUC was statistically significant&#59; however&#44; the AUC &#40;67&#37;&#41; and the lower limit of 95&#37; CI &#40;60&#37;&#41; were low&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Besides&#44; there were no differences in the prediction of mortality between serum caspase-8 levels&#44; SOFA and APACHE-II score&#59; however&#44; the objective of our study was to determine whether serum caspase-8 levels could add in the mortality prediction and not replace other severity scores&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conclusions</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the best of our knowledge&#44; our study is the first series reporting data on blood caspase-8 concentrations in septic patients&#46; The new findings from our study were that blood caspase-8 concentrations were higher in non-survivor than in survivor patients and there is an association between blood caspase-8 concentrations and mortality in septic patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LLo conceived&#44; designed and coordinated the study&#44; participated in acquisition and interpretation of data&#44; and drafted the manuscript&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MMM&#44; RO&#44; MM&#44; VG&#44; AP and MR participated in acquisition of data&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AGC and APC carried out the determinations of serum caspase-8 concentrations&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AJ participated in the interpretation of data&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All authors revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content and made the final approval of the version to be published&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Funding</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was supported by a grant from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Instituto de Salud Carlos III</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">PI-18-00500</span>&#41; &#40;Madrid&#44; Spain&#41; and co-financed with <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional &#40;FEDER&#41;</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no competing interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No data are available on blood caspase-8 concentrations &#40;the initiator caspase in the extrinsic apoptosis pathway&#41; in septic patients&#46; The present study thus describes the blood caspase-8 concentrations in survivors and non-survivors&#44; and examines the possible association between blood caspase-8 concentrations and mortality in septic patients&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A prospective observational study was carried out&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Setting</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Three Spanish Intensive Care Units&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Patients</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Septic patients&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Interventions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Serum caspase-8 concentrations were determined at the diagnosis of sepsis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Main variable of interest</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mortality after 30 days&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients not surviving at day 30 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>81&#41; compared to surviving patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>140&#41; showed higher serum caspase-8 levels &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Multiple logistic regression analysis found an association between serum caspase-8 levels<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml and mortality &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;306&#59; 95&#37;CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;619&#8211;6&#46;753&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; The area under the curve &#40;AUC&#41; for mortality predicted by serum caspase-8 levels was 67&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#8211;73&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The novel findings of our study were that blood caspase-8 concentrations are higher in non-survivors than in survivors&#44; and that there is an association between blood caspase-8 concentrations and mortality in septic patients&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No existen datos publicados sobre los niveles sangu&#237;neos de caspasa-8 &#40;la caspasa iniciadora en la v&#237;a extr&#237;nseca de apoptosis&#41; en pacientes s&#233;pticos&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; los objetivos del estudio fueron describir los niveles sangu&#237;neos de caspasa-8 en pacientes supervivientes y fallecidos y determinar si existe una asociaci&#243;n entre los niveles sangu&#237;neos de caspasa-8 y la mortalidad de los pacientes s&#233;pticos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional y prospectivo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">&#193;mbito</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tres unidades de cuidados intensivos espa&#241;olas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes s&#233;pticos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Intervenciones</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se determinaron las concentraciones s&#233;ricas de caspasa-8 al diagn&#243;stico de la sepsis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Variable de inter&#233;s principal</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mortalidad a los 30 d&#237;as&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Encontramos que los pacientes fallecidos en los primeros 30 d&#237;as &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>81&#41; comparados con los pacientes supervivientes &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>140&#41; presentaban niveles s&#233;ricos mayores de caspasa-8 &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; En el an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica m&#250;ltiple encontramos una asociaci&#243;n entre los niveles s&#233;ricos de caspasa-8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml y la mortalidad &#40;OR&#58; 3&#44;306&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;619-6&#44;753&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; El &#225;rea bajo la curva para predecir la mortalidad por los niveles s&#233;ricos de caspasa-8 fue del 67&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 60-73&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los nuevos hallazgos de nuestro estudio fueron que los niveles s&#233;ricos mayores de caspasa-8 eran superiores en los pacientes fallecidos en los primeros 30 d&#237;as&#44; y que existe una asociaci&#243;n entre los niveles s&#233;ricos de caspasa-8 y la mortalidad&#46;</p></span>"
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            "identificador" => "abst0045"
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          1 => array:2 [
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          2 => array:2 [
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          3 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Pacientes"
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          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0065"
            "titulo" => "Intervenciones"
          ]
          5 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0070"
            "titulo" => "Variable de inter&#233;s principal"
          ]
          6 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0075"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          7 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0080"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Survival curves at 30 days using blood caspase-8 concentrations lower or equal vs higher than 43&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;14&#8211;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;7&#8211;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">COPD</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;11&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diabetes mellitus</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;27&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;38&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ischemic heart disease</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;7&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bilirubin &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median &#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;90 &#40;0&#46;43&#8211;1&#46;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;85 &#40;0&#46;50&#8211;2&#46;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;0 &#40;10&#46;2&#8211;19&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;3 &#40;8&#46;5&#8211;20&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PaO</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#47;FIO</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ratio</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median &#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">173 &#40;120&#8211;263&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">172 &#40;101&#8211;239&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Creatinine &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median &#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;10 &#40;0&#46;80&#8211;1&#46;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;45 &#40;0&#46;93&#8211;2&#46;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">aPTT &#40;seconds&#41;</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median &#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;28&#8211;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;30&#8211;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">INR</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median &#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;27 &#40;1&#46;10&#8211;1&#46;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;41 &#40;1&#46;13&#8211;1&#46;91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Platelets &#40;cells&#47;mm</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median&#42;10</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">197 &#40;135&#8211;296&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">136 &#40;76&#8211;223&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lactic acid &#40;mmol&#47;L&#41;</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median &#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;80 &#40;1&#46;08&#8211;3&#46;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;50 &#40;1&#46;55&#8211;6&#46;00&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Septic shock</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;44&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;69&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bloodstream infection</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;15&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;12&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caspase-8 &#40;ng&#47;mL&#41;</span> &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">median &#40;p 25</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">75&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;8 &#40;4&#46;2&#8211;35&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&#46;7 &#40;6&#46;7&#8211;206&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sepsis focus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Respiratory &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79 &#40;56&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48 &#40;59&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Abdominal &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;26&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;25&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Neurological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urinary &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;5&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;4&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Skin &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;5&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Endocarditis &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;4&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;4&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Osteomyelitis &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Empiric antimicrobial treatment adequate</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unknown due to negative cultures &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74 &#40;52&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44 &#40;54&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Adequate &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57 &#40;40&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;37&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Inadequate &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unknown due to antigenuria diagnosis &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;3&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;4&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SOFA&#44; Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment&#59; aPTT&#44; activated partial thromboplastin time&#59; INR&#44; international normalized ratio&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Odds ratio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; confidence interval&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;034&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;009&#8211;1&#46;060&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SOFA score &#40;points&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;188&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;071&#8211;1&#46;317&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lactic acid &#40;mmol&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;120&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;963&#8211;1&#46;303&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Septic shock &#40;yes vs non&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;483&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;614&#8211;3&#46;584&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Serum caspase-8 level<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL &#40;yes vs non&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;306&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;619&#8211;6&#46;753&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">aPTT &#40;seconds&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;991&#8211;1&#46;043&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">INR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;879&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;551&#8211;1&#46;404&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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