The American-European Consensus Conference definition of the acute respiratory distress syndrome is dead, long live positive end-expiratory pressure!

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HUS occurs at the 6th day after diarrhoea in EHEC enteritis; with an overall incidence of 6–9% and in STEC-O104:H4's outbreak of 30%. On the other hand, 70% of HUS cases occur in the context of EHEC enteritis. HUS triad comprises microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and AKI. Patients who develop AKI, 50% will require RRT and 5–10% will remain with renal sequelae. 5–7% of patients with HUS do not survive. EHEC: enterohaemorragic E. coli; HUS: haemolytic–uraemic syndrome; RRT: renal replacement therapies; STEC: Shiga-like toxin producing E. coli; AKI: acute kidney injury." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "B. Borgatta, N. Kmet-Lunaček, J. Rello" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Borgatta" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Kmet-Lunaček" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Rello" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S217357271200135X?idApp=WMIE" "url" => "/21735727/0000003600000008/v1_201212101010/S217357271200135X/v1_201212101010/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S2173572712001312" "issn" => "21735727" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medine.2012.10.007" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-11-01" "aid" => "421" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L. and SEMICYUC" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Med Intensiva. 2012;36:563-70" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3763 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 132 "HTML" => 2867 "PDF" => 764 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original" "titulo" => "Influence of HBcAb positivity in the organ donor in heart transplantation" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "563" "paginaFinal" => "570" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Influencia de la positividad del anti-HBc en el donante de órganos en el trasplante cardiaco" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1565 "Ancho" => 1818 "Tamanyo" => 155333 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Proposed algorithm in the case of a HBcAb (+) donor. HBcAb: anti-core antibodies; HBsAb: anti-surface antigen antibodies; HBsAg: surface antigen; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; HBV: hepatitis B virus." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "C. Chamorro, M. Aparicio" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Chamorro" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Aparicio" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173572712001312?idApp=WMIE" "url" => "/21735727/0000003600000008/v1_201212101010/S2173572712001312/v1_201212101010/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:17 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Point of view" "titulo" => "The American-European Consensus Conference definition of the acute respiratory distress syndrome is dead, long live positive end-expiratory pressure!" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "571" "paginaFinal" => "575" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "J. Villar, R.M. Kacmarek" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Villar" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jesus.villar54@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "¿" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "R.M." "apellidos" => "Kacmarek" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Multidisciplinary Organ Dysfunction Evaluation Research Network, Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrin, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Respiratory Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Anesthesia, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La definición del síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo según la Conferencia de Consenso Americana-Europea está muerta, ¡larga vida a la presión positiva espiratoria final" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "“The King is dead. Long live the King!” is a traditional proclamation made following the accession of a new monarch in various countries. The original phrase was translated from the French Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi!, which was first declared upon the accession to the French throne of Charles VII after the death of his father Charles VI in 1422.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> We were inspired by this proclamation when patients diagnosed with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) according to the American-European Consensus Conference (AECC) criteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> were evaluated under standard ventilatory setting that included a specific level of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and inspired oxygen concentration (FiO2).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3–5</a> We observed that: (i) about half of the ARDS patients were improperly classified as having ARDS, and (ii) ARDS patients could be stratified by lung severity according to their response to a PEEP–FiO2 trial within the first 24h of meeting the AECC ARDS criteria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3–5</a> Based on our reports, a proposal to address the limitations of the AECC definition and to update the AECC ARDS definition has been published recently<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> by a task force panel of experts using terminology similar to that we previously proposed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">5,7,8</a> However, that proposal has several methodological flaws. But first, let us review briefly the short history of the definition of ARDS.Introduction and historical remarksIn August 1967, Ashbaugh et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a> described for the first time a syndrome that they termed the ARDS. They studied a cohort of 272 patients who were receiving respiratory support, and from this cohort they identified 12 patients with a syndrome that was similar to the Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The respiratory distress was defined as sudden, catastrophic, and often associated with a multiorgan system insult which led to tachypnea, hypoxemia, decreased respiratory system compliance, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray due to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The mortality rate was 58% and on pathological examination the lungs of the non-survivors were heavy, atelectatic, with interstitial and alveolar edema, and hyaline membranes. Since that time, the hallmark of this syndrome has included: (i) a risk factor for the development of ARDS, (ii) severe hypoxemia with a relatively high FiO2, (iii) bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, and (iv) no clinical evidence of cardiogenic pulmonary edema, although acute lung injury (ALI) resulting in ARDS can also occur in the setting of left ventricular failure.ARDS is caused by an inflammatory insult to the alveolar-capillary membrane that results in increased permeability and subsequent interstitial and alveolar edema.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> Unlike other forms of acute respiratory failure and like all forms of tissue inflammation, ALI during ARDS represents a complex process in which multiple cellular signaling pathways propagate or attenuate lung damage. Since it is difficult to measure changes in capillary and alveolar permeability at the bedside, diagnosis of ARDS is based on a combination of clinical, oxygenation, hemodynamic and radiographic criteria. These criteria allow the inclusion of a heterogeneous group of critically ill patients since various types of injury can lead to a similar pulmonary response. The original description of ARDS was incapable of identifying a uniform group of patients. Several patients from the original cohort would not be classified as ARDS today, since fluid overload was an important etiological factor. Thus, a precise definition is important for accurate identification and quantification of various aspects of the underlying pathophysiology and to select the best therapeutic approach in selected subgroups of patients.Given that severe hypoxemia is the hallmark of ARDS, hypoxemia is crucial to the assessment of the severity of ARDS, for predicting the evolution in any given patient, and for assessing the response to treatment. In order to better characterize the severity of lung damage, the AECC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a> defined ALI and ARDS as follows: (i) acute and sudden onset of severe respiratory distress; (ii) bilateral infiltrates on frontal chest radiograph; (iii) the absence of left atrial hypertension (a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure <18mmHg or no clinical signs of left ventricular failure); and (iv) severe hypoxemia (assessed by the PaO2/FiO2 ratio). According to these guidelines, ALI exists when the PaO2/FiO2 ratio is ≤300 and >200mmHg regardless of the PEEP and FiO2, and ARDS when the PaO2/FiO2 ratio is ≤200mmHg again regardless of PEEP and FiO2. Although this definition formalized the criteria for the diagnosis of ARDS and is simple to apply in the clinical setting, it has been challenged over the years in several studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3,8,11</a> All patients start off with terrible oxygenation and there is little room for stratifying the patients if there is no further re-evaluation of the hypoxemia. Also, the physiological thresholds of the AECC definition do not require standardized ventilatory support. The use of PEEP can improve oxygenation indices sufficiently to change the physiology of the lung converting patients meeting the definition of ARDS to patients not meeting the ARDS definition. Therefore, a patient could fit the ARDS criteria when the PaO2 is measured with zero PEEP but not when measured at a PEEP of 5 or 10cmH2O, or when measured on FiO2=0.35 but not when measured on FiO2=0.5.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3,5,11</a> These findings illustrate the major problems experienced when trying to compare the results of various clinical trials evaluating ventilatory strategies, since patients with very different levels of lung dysfunction and disease may have been enrolled.An early PEEP/FiO2 trial identifies different degrees of ARDS severityIn 1999, Villar et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> proposed the need for different guidelines, based on a specific, standard method of evaluating oxygenation status, a proposal that was later advocated by others.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> In order to determine the impact of various PEEP and FiO2 levels on the stratification of patients meeting the AECC ARDS definition, Villar et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> evaluated the impact of standard ventilation settings applied on the day patients met the AECC ARDS criteria and 24h later. They studied 170 patients and found that only 58% of them fulfilled ARDS criteria when evaluated on PEEP≥10cmH2O and FiO2≥0.5 at 24h after meeting the AECC ARDS definition. The ICU mortality of those patients was 46%. By contrast, 32% of patients were classified as having ALI (their mortality was 20%), and 10% of patients had a PaO2/FIO2>300mmHg and were simply categorized as having acute respiratory failure (their ICU mortality was 6%). This study demonstrated the large variability in the severity of lung damage in patients who initially meet the AECC definition of ARDS and the strong correlation between oxygenation impairment at 24h after ARDS onset and ICU outcome. The major implication of these findings is that the use of the AECC ARDS definition to enroll patients into clinical trials may result in the inclusion of patients with highly variable severity of lung injury and mortalities. If the subjects in a trial have a very low risk of the condition that the intervention is hypothesized to prevent, the trial – regardless of sample size – will not verify the value of the intervention.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a> For example, in the ARDSnet trial,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a> 17% of enrolled patients did not have ARDS but were included in the overall analysis. Consequently, it can be argued that the ARDSnet trial failed to focus on the highest risk patients.A PEEP and FiO2 trial 24h after ARDS onset is an easy and simple strategy to find or identify subpopulations of ARDS patients at highest risk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> It is not difficult to explain why patients initially meeting AECC ARDS criteria would fail to meet the same criteria on standard ventilator setting. It is well established that changes in PEEP and FiO2 alter the PaO2/FiO2 values in lung-injured patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070">14,15</a> PEEP can improve oxygenation sufficiently to change the physiology of the lung.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a> If PEEP is inadequate, the lung collapses during expiration allowing alveolar derecruitment and causing ventilator-induced lung injury. The lack of a standard PEEP and FiO2 setting in the AECC definitions may explain the negative results of published trials of various therapeutic interventions on patients with ALI/ARDS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">16–18</a> Few of these negative trials used the AECC definition for ARDS, and none required standard ventilator settings to qualify patients for enrollment. Because many patients without sustained ARDS may have been enrolled, it is conceivable that a disproportionate number of patients meeting ALI or ARF criteria ended up in the control arm, negating the beneficial effect of the treatment because of the lower mortality of these patients. This is contrary to published data from Villar et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> From a cohort of 311 patients meeting AECC criteria, only 103 patients (33.1%) qualified as having ARDS on a standard PEEP–FiO2 setting (PEEP≥5cmH2O with FiO2≥0.5) at 24h after screening. This resulted in a homogeneous group of patients in whom the benefit or lack of benefit of a therapy could be appropriately evaluated. Most of the 208 patients (66.9%) who did not qualify as ARDS at 24h had a transient fall of PaO2/FiO2 or the PaO2 was measured while receiving PEEP<5cmH2O and/or FiO2<0.5. Several other patients had a marked improvement of their pulmonary dysfunction within the first 24h.Initial ventilatory settings in the management of patients with ALI and ARDS may affect the prevalence of ARDS. In a recent epidemiological study, Villar et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> found that the current incidence of ARDS in Spain using protective mechanical ventilation (low tidal volume plus moderate to high PEEP levels) before and after the diagnosis of ARDS was very low, and dramatically lower than the incidence values reported in other studies where patients were ventilated with higher tidal volumes and lower levels of PEEP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095">19–21</a> In the Villar et al. study,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> most patients (87%) were treated within the first 24h with PEEP≥10cmH2O and 14% received 15–24cmH2O PEEP. Under these circumstances, when patients were categorized by their initial PaO2/FiO2 range at the time of ARDS identification, almost half of patients (46%) had severe ARDS (PaO2/FiO2≤100) and their mortality was 1.5 times higher than the mortality of patients with a PaO2/FiO2 between >100 and 200mmHg (52.1% vs. 34.8%, p<0.01). López-Fernández et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> recently performed the largest epidemiological study on pediatric ARDS in the Western world and the only one using the AECC criteria in which most children received protective mechanical ventilation. In addition to reporting that the incidence of pediatric ARDS is lower than those reported in adults, the major contribution of their study was that the comparison of PaO2/FiO2 ratios at baseline (≤100mmHg vs. >100mmHg) and the persistence of PaO2/FiO2≤200 in response to PEEP≥10cmH2O on FiO2≥0.5, was a predictor of outcome since it identified subgroups of patients with different lung severity and mortality. Although the overall mortality of the cohort was low (26%), the stratification based on the range of PaO2/FiO2 ratio measured under standard ventilator settings at 24h after ARDS onset, was able to identify four subgroups of patients with markedly different mortalities: only 44.5% of patients had severe ARDS (PaO2/FiO2≤100), 36.3% had moderate ARDS (PaO2/FiO2 101–200), 11.6% had ALI (PaO2/FiO2 201–300); and 7.5% had ARF (PaO2/FiO2>300), while the mortality rates were 38.5%, 20.7%, 11.8%, and 0%, respectively (p<0.001).The “Berlin Definition”A proposal for an update of the AECC ARDS definition has been published recently<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> by a task force panel of experts using a similar terminology as we had previously reported. Using teleconferencing, in-person discussions and retrospective data, they proposed an ARDS classification with three severity categories (mild, moderate, and severe) for empirical evaluation. The term “mild” ARDS was used for defining those patients who are considered as ALI in the AECC definition (300≥PaO2/FiO2>200mmHg). The term “moderate” was used for patients with a PaO2/FiO2>100mmHg but <200, and the term “severe” for those with a PaO2/FiO2≤100mmHg. The panel used 7 datasets: 4 from multicenter studies (enrolling 4188 patients with a PaO2/FiO2≤300mmHg), and 3 from small, single-center studies (enrolling 269 patients). By considering only those patients from the multicenter studies who were managed with PEEP≥5cmH2O at the time of study enrollment, the panel found that hospital mortality increased with every stage of severity (mild 27%, moderate 32%, severe 45%). In the database from the 3 small, single-center studies comprising 269 patients, the hospital mortality increased as well with every stage of ARDS (mild 20%, moderate 41%, severe 52%). Although the authors stated that the purpose of their empirical definition was not to develop a prognostic tool, this exercise should be cautiously generalized for the following methodological reasons.First, none of the patients included in the empirical analysis were prospectively enrolled for the purpose of revising the ARDS definition and/or evaluating risk stratification. Second, the categorization of patients was done based on the PaO2/FiO2 value at the time of inclusion into their respective observational study or randomized clinical trial. There is no information on whether those baseline values of PaO2/FiO2 were calculated at the time of ARDS onset or during any time of their disease process, or whether the PaO2 was measured under a known FiO2 and PEEP level. In our studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3,8</a> PaO2/FiO2 was always calculated from the PaO2 values measured 30min after each standard ventilator setting under a specified FiO2 and PEEP level. Third, 24% of patients included had a PaO2/FiO2>200 at the time of enrollment (classified as non-ARDS by the AECC definition). We did not include those patients in our studies because in many centers they are usually not treated with endotracheal intubation and invasive MV. However, we have reported that in about 40% of ARDS patients, PaO2/FiO2 increased above 200mmHg when they were evaluated on PEEP≥10 and FiO2≥0.5 at 24h after being diagnosed as having ARDS according to the AECC definition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">4,5</a>Fourth, the empirical definition did not consider the level of FiO2 for PaO2/FiO2 categorization despite the fact that changes in the applied FiO2 results in changes in PaO2/FiO2.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">5,22</a> In addition, since it is likely that a significant proportion of patients included in those multicenter studies were on FiO2≤0.4 at the time of study enrollment, there is no information on how many patients could not meet ARDS criteria if they were evaluated at a minimum level of FiO2=0.5. Fifth, 518 patients were eliminated from the empirical analysis because PEEP was missing or was <5cmH2O. In our prospective studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3,8</a> we did not exclude any patient based on the baseline PEEP or FiO2 at the time of ARDS diagnosis. Based on the wide range of FiO2 and PEEP levels at the time of AECC ARDS diagnosis, we found that a standard ventilator setting can improve oxygenation sufficiently to convert patients meeting the AECC ARDS definition on PEEP<5cmH2O and/or on FiO2≤0.4 to non-ARDS patients. Sixth, since there was no standardization of ventilator settings for measuring PaO2, and since more than 50% of patients were on PEEP<10cmH2O at baseline, the experts’ panel only selected a unique level of PEEP (≥5cmH2O) as a requirement for the proposed empirical ARDS definition. We had found that when all patients are evaluated under the same standard ventilator settings, only the evaluation under a PEEP≥10 reached statistical significance for association of PaO2/FiO2 category with ICU mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a>Seventh, among other considerations (strict entry criteria for the trials), those studies do not include all consecutive ARDS patients admitted into the ICU since patients with pre-existent chronic diseases, patients over a certain age, and patients with established organ dysfunction were excluded. Eighth, the 4 multicenter studies were a case-mix of observational studies and clinical trials performed from 1996 to 2000, when patients were ventilated with tidal volumes ≥10ml/kg predicted body weight (currently considered as an injurious tidal volume) and low levels of PEEP, and studies performed after the year 2000 (when patients were ventilated with lower tidal volumes). It has been postulated that the development of ARDS should have decreased because of advances in supportive care, particularly the application of protective mechanical ventilation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">23</a>Ninth, there is a great discrepancy between the number of patients included in the database from the three-single centers and the number of patients reported in the original publications. We have re-examined those publications and have noted that they only studied 75 non-consecutive, selected ALI/ARDS instead of the 269 that are claimed by the experts’ panel. Tenth, the experts’ panel failed to evaluate their patients at 24h after ARDS diagnosis. There is no information about the number of patients who did not meet ARDS criteria at 24h of study entry under the same arbitrary condition (PEEP≥5). Taking into consideration all the above, and based on our previous studies, we postulate that at least 50% of those patients would have a PaO2/FiO2>200mmHg, and at least 25% would have a PaO2/FiO2>300mmHg 24h after ARDS identification on a PEEP≥10 and FiO2≥0.5.In conclusion, we need more specific guidelines based on a standard method of evaluating oxygenation status (i.e. a specific level of PEEP and FiO2) in order to properly classify the severity of patients with and as ARDS. As we have reported in the several studies discussed in this review, a large variability in the severity of lung damage exists in patients meeting the AECC definition of ARDS and a strong correlation exists between oxygenation impairment at 24h after ARDS onset and ICU outcome. The judicious use of PEEP, FiO2 and tidal volume in critically ill patients in the last decade has made ARDS a rare syndrome in today's modern ICUs. However, no matter how infrequently we observe its presence we need to be able to properly classify its severity. The AECC ARDS definition is dead, long live PEEP!FundingSupported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (PI 10/0393) and the Asociación Científica Pulmón y Ventilación Mecánica.Conflict of interestThe authors have no conflict of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres9009" "titulo" => "Abstract" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec10450" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres9010" "titulo" => "Resumen" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec10449" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and historical remarks" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "An early PEEP/FiO trial identifies different degrees of ARDS severity" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "The “Berlin Definition”" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2012-08-22" "fechaAceptado" => "2012-08-27" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec10450" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Acute respiratory distress syndrome" 1 => "Positive end-expiratory pressure" 2 => "Standard ventilatory settings" 3 => "American-European Consensus Conference" 4 => "PaO2/FiO2 ratio" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec10449" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda" 1 => "Positiva al final de la espiración la presión" 2 => "Estándar de parámetros ventilatorios" 3 => "American-European Consensus Conference" 4 => "Relación PaO2/FiO2" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "In 1994, an American-European Consensus Conference (AECC) formalized the criteria for the diagnosis of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although that definition is simple to apply in the clinical setting, it has been challenged over the years in several studies since the assessment of the oxygenation defect does not require standardized ventilatory support. We were the first to propose new guidelines, based on a specific, standard method of evaluating oxygenation status, a proposal that was later advocated by others. To address the limitations of the AECC definition, a modified ARDS definition has been proposed by a task force panel of experts, referred to as the Berlin Defintion, using a terminology similar to that we previously proposed. However, that proposal has several methodological flaws. Since all ARDS patients start off with terrible oxygenation, the Berlin Definition offers no room for stratifying and identifyng true ARDS patients since there is no further re-evaluation of the hypoxemia under standard ventilator setting in a specific time period. In this Point of View, we review the history of the definition of ARDS and discussed the methodological concerns regarding adopting this new, revised ARDS definition." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "En 1994, una Conferencia de Consenso Americana-Europea (CCAE) formalizó los criterios para el diagnóstico del Síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio Agudo (SDRA). Aunque esa definición es sencilla de aplicar en la clínica, ha sido criticada en varios estudios ya que la medida del defecto de oxigenación no requiere de la estandarización del soporte ventilatorio. Nosotros fuimos los primeros en proponer nuevas guías basadas en un método estándar específico para evaluar el estado de la oxigenación, una propuesta que más tarde fue apoyada por otros autores. Para solucionar las limitaciones de la definición de la CCAE del SDRA, una modificación de esta definición ha sido propuesta por un panel de expertos, denominada Definición de Berlín, utilizando una terminología similar a la que nosotros habíamos propuesto previamente. Sin embargo, esta nueva propuesta tiene varios fallos metodológicos. Debido a que todos los pacientes con SDRA presentan inicialmente una oxigenación terrible, la Definición de Berlín no facilita la estratificación e identificación de verdaderos pacientes con SDRA porque no da la posibilidad de volver a evaluar el grado de hipoxemia bajo un patrón estándar de ventilación en un tiempo determinado. 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Andreassen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/cc6174" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Crit Care" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "R118" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17988390" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Is acute respiratory distress syndrome an iatrogenic disease?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J. Villar" 1 => "A.S. Slutsky" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/cc8842" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Crit Care" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "120" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20236490" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735727/0000003600000008/v1_201212101010/S2173572712001373/v1_201212101010/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "402" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Point of view" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735727/0000003600000008/v1_201212101010/S2173572712001373/v1_201212101010/en/main.pdf?idApp=WMIE&text.app=https://medintensiva.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173572712001373?idApp=WMIE"]

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The American-European Consensus Conference definition of the acute respiratory distress syndrome is dead, long live positive end-expiratory pressure!

La definición del síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo según la Conferencia de Consenso Americana-Europea está muerta, ¡larga vida a la presión positiva espiratoria final

J. Villara,b,

Corresponding author

jesus.villar54@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

, R.M. Kacmarekc,d

a CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

b Multidisciplinary Organ Dysfunction Evaluation Research Network, Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrin, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

c Department of Respiratory Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

d Department of Anesthesia, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#8220;The King is dead&#46; Long live the King&#33;&#8221; is a traditional proclamation made following the accession of a new monarch in various countries&#46; The original phrase was translated from the French <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Le Roi est mort&#44; vive le Roi&#33;</span>&#44; which was first declared upon the accession to the French throne of Charles VII after the death of his father Charles VI in 1422&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> We were inspired by this proclamation when patients diagnosed with the acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#41; according to the American-European Consensus Conference &#40;AECC&#41; criteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> were evaluated under standard ventilatory setting that included a specific level of positive end-expiratory pressure &#40;PEEP&#41; and inspired oxygen concentration &#40;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> We observed that&#58; &#40;i&#41; about half of the ARDS patients were improperly classified as having ARDS&#44; and &#40;ii&#41; ARDS patients could be stratified by lung severity according to their response to a PEEP&#8211;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> trial within the first 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of meeting the AECC ARDS criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> Based on our reports&#44; a proposal to address the limitations of the AECC definition and to update the AECC ARDS definition has been published recently<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> by a task force panel of experts using terminology similar to that we previously proposed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;7&#44;8</span></a> However&#44; that proposal has several methodological flaws&#46; But first&#44; let us review briefly the short history of the definition of ARDS&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction and historical remarks</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In August 1967&#44; Ashbaugh et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> described for the first time a syndrome that they termed the ARDS&#46; They studied a cohort of 272 patients who were receiving respiratory support&#44; and from this cohort they identified 12 patients with a syndrome that was similar to the Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome&#46; The respiratory distress was defined as sudden&#44; catastrophic&#44; and often associated with a multiorgan system insult which led to tachypnea&#44; hypoxemia&#44; decreased respiratory system compliance&#44; and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray due to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema&#46; The mortality rate was 58&#37; and on pathological examination the lungs of the non-survivors were heavy&#44; atelectatic&#44; with interstitial and alveolar edema&#44; and hyaline membranes&#46; Since that time&#44; the hallmark of this syndrome has included&#58; &#40;i&#41; a risk factor for the development of ARDS&#44; &#40;ii&#41; severe hypoxemia with a relatively high FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; &#40;iii&#41; bilateral pulmonary infiltrates&#44; and &#40;iv&#41; no clinical evidence of cardiogenic pulmonary edema&#44; although acute lung injury &#40;ALI&#41; resulting in ARDS can also occur in the setting of left ventricular failure&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ARDS is caused by an inflammatory insult to the alveolar-capillary membrane that results in increased permeability and subsequent interstitial and alveolar edema&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Unlike other forms of acute respiratory failure and like all forms of tissue inflammation&#44; ALI during ARDS represents a complex process in which multiple cellular signaling pathways propagate or attenuate lung damage&#46; Since it is difficult to measure changes in capillary and alveolar permeability at the bedside&#44; diagnosis of ARDS is based on a combination of clinical&#44; oxygenation&#44; hemodynamic and radiographic criteria&#46; These criteria allow the inclusion of a heterogeneous group of critically ill patients since various types of injury can lead to a similar pulmonary response&#46; The original description of ARDS was incapable of identifying a uniform group of patients&#46; Several patients from the original cohort would not be classified as ARDS today&#44; since fluid overload was an important etiological factor&#46; Thus&#44; a precise definition is important for accurate identification and quantification of various aspects of the underlying pathophysiology and to select the best therapeutic approach in selected subgroups of patients&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given that severe hypoxemia is the hallmark of ARDS&#44; 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and ARDS when the PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio is &#8804;200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg again regardless of PEEP and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; Although this definition formalized the criteria for the diagnosis of ARDS and is simple to apply in the clinical setting&#44; it has been challenged over the years in several studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;8&#44;11</span></a> All patients start off with terrible oxygenation and there is little room for stratifying the patients if there is no further re-evaluation of the hypoxemia&#46; Also&#44; the physiological thresholds of the AECC definition do not require standardized ventilatory support&#46; The use of PEEP can improve oxygenation indices sufficiently to change the physiology of the lung converting patients meeting the definition of ARDS to patients not meeting the ARDS definition&#46; Therefore&#44; a patient could fit the ARDS criteria when the PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> is measured with zero PEEP but not when measured at a PEEP of 5 or 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; or when measured on FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;35 but not when measured on FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#44;11</span></a> These findings illustrate the major problems experienced when trying to compare the results of various clinical trials evaluating ventilatory strategies&#44; since patients with very different levels of lung dysfunction and disease may have been enrolled&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">An early PEEP&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> trial identifies different degrees of ARDS severity</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 1999&#44; Villar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> proposed the need for different guidelines&#44; based on a specific&#44; standard method of evaluating oxygenation status&#44; a proposal that was later advocated by others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In order to determine the impact of various PEEP and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels on the stratification of patients meeting the AECC ARDS definition&#44; Villar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> evaluated the impact of standard ventilation settings applied on the day patients met the AECC ARDS criteria and 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h later&#46; They studied 170 patients and found that only 58&#37; of them fulfilled ARDS criteria when evaluated on PEEP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5 at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after meeting the AECC ARDS definition&#46; The ICU mortality of those patients was 46&#37;&#46; By contrast&#44; 32&#37; of patients were classified as having ALI &#40;their mortality was 20&#37;&#41;&#44; and 10&#37; of patients had a PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FIO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg and were simply categorized as having acute respiratory failure &#40;their ICU mortality was 6&#37;&#41;&#46; This study demonstrated the large variability in the severity of lung damage in patients who initially meet the AECC definition of ARDS and the strong correlation between oxygenation impairment at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after ARDS onset and ICU outcome&#46; The major implication of these findings is that the use of the AECC ARDS definition to enroll patients into clinical trials may result in the inclusion of patients with highly variable severity of lung injury and mortalities&#46; If the subjects in a trial have a very low risk of the condition that the intervention is hypothesized to prevent&#44; the trial &#8211; regardless of sample size &#8211; will not verify the value of the intervention&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> For example&#44; in the ARDSnet trial&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> 17&#37; of enrolled patients did not have ARDS but were included in the overall analysis&#46; Consequently&#44; it can be argued that the ARDSnet trial failed to focus on the highest risk patients&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A PEEP and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> trial 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after ARDS onset is an easy and simple strategy to find or identify subpopulations of ARDS patients at highest risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> It is not difficult to explain why patients initially meeting AECC ARDS criteria would fail to meet the same criteria on standard ventilator setting&#46; It is well established that changes in PEEP and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> alter the PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values in lung-injured patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> PEEP can improve oxygenation sufficiently to change the physiology of the lung&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> If PEEP is inadequate&#44; the lung collapses during expiration allowing alveolar derecruitment and causing ventilator-induced lung injury&#46; The lack of a standard PEEP and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> setting in the AECC definitions may explain the negative results of published trials of various therapeutic interventions on patients with ALI&#47;ARDS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#8211;18</span></a> Few of these negative trials used the AECC definition for ARDS&#44; and none required standard ventilator settings to qualify patients for enrollment&#46; Because many patients without sustained ARDS may have been enrolled&#44; it is conceivable that a disproportionate number of patients meeting ALI or ARF criteria ended up in the control arm&#44; negating the beneficial effect of the treatment because of the lower mortality of these patients&#46; This is contrary to published data from Villar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> From a cohort of 311 patients meeting AECC criteria&#44; only 103 patients &#40;33&#46;1&#37;&#41; qualified as having ARDS on a standard PEEP&#8211;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> setting &#40;PEEP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O with FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#41; at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after screening&#46; This resulted in a homogeneous group of patients in whom the benefit or lack of benefit of a therapy could be appropriately evaluated&#46; Most of the 208 patients &#40;66&#46;9&#37;&#41; who did not qualify as ARDS at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h had a transient fall of PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> or the PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was measured while receiving PEEP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and&#47;or FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#46; Several other patients had a marked improvement of their pulmonary dysfunction within the first 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initial ventilatory settings in the management of patients with ALI and ARDS may affect the prevalence of ARDS&#46; In a recent epidemiological study&#44; Villar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> found that the current incidence of ARDS in Spain using protective mechanical ventilation &#40;low tidal volume plus moderate to high PEEP levels&#41; before and after the diagnosis of ARDS was very low&#44; and dramatically lower than the incidence values reported in other studies where patients were ventilated with higher tidal volumes and lower levels of PEEP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;21</span></a> In the Villar et al&#46; study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> most patients &#40;87&#37;&#41; were treated within the first 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h with PEEP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and 14&#37; received 15&#8211;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O PEEP&#46; Under these circumstances&#44; when patients were categorized by their initial PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> range at the time of ARDS identification&#44; almost half of patients &#40;46&#37;&#41; had severe ARDS &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#41; and their mortality was 1&#46;5 times higher than the mortality of patients with a PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> between &#62;100 and 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg &#40;52&#46;1&#37; vs&#46; 34&#46;8&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> recently performed the largest epidemiological study on pediatric ARDS in the Western world and the only one using the AECC criteria in which most children received protective mechanical ventilation&#46; In addition to reporting that the incidence of pediatric ARDS is lower than those reported in adults&#44; the major contribution of their study was that the comparison of PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratios at baseline &#40;&#8804;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg vs&#46; &#62;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41; and the persistence of PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200 in response to PEEP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O on FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#44; was a predictor of outcome since it identified subgroups of patients with different lung severity and mortality&#46; Although the overall mortality of the cohort was low &#40;26&#37;&#41;&#44; the stratification based on the range of PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio measured under standard ventilator settings at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after ARDS onset&#44; was able to identify four subgroups of patients with markedly different mortalities&#58; only 44&#46;5&#37; of patients had severe ARDS &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#41;&#44; 36&#46;3&#37; had moderate ARDS &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 101&#8211;200&#41;&#44; 11&#46;6&#37; had ALI &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 201&#8211;300&#41;&#59; and 7&#46;5&#37; had ARF &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300&#41;&#44; while the mortality rates were 38&#46;5&#37;&#44; 20&#46;7&#37;&#44; 11&#46;8&#37;&#44; and 0&#37;&#44; respectively &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">The &#8220;Berlin Definition&#8221;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A proposal for an update of the AECC ARDS definition has been published recently<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> by a task force panel of experts using a similar terminology as we had previously reported&#46; Using teleconferencing&#44; in-person discussions and retrospective data&#44; they proposed an ARDS classification with three severity categories &#40;mild&#44; moderate&#44; and severe&#41; for empirical evaluation&#46; The term &#8220;mild&#8221; ARDS was used for defining those patients who are considered as ALI in the AECC definition &#40;300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#46; The term &#8220;moderate&#8221; was used for patients with a PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg but &#60;200&#44; and the term &#8220;severe&#8221; for those with a PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; The panel used 7 datasets&#58; 4 from multicenter studies &#40;enrolling 4188 patients with a PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41;&#44; and 3 from small&#44; single-center studies &#40;enrolling 269 patients&#41;&#46; By considering only those patients from the multicenter studies who were managed with PEEP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O at the time of study enrollment&#44; the panel found that hospital mortality increased with every stage of severity &#40;mild 27&#37;&#44; moderate 32&#37;&#44; severe 45&#37;&#41;&#46; In the database from the 3 small&#44; single-center studies comprising 269 patients&#44; the hospital mortality increased as well with every stage of ARDS &#40;mild 20&#37;&#44; moderate 41&#37;&#44; severe 52&#37;&#41;&#46; Although the authors stated that the purpose of their empirical definition was not to develop a prognostic tool&#44; this exercise should be cautiously generalized for the following methodological reasons&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">First</span>&#44; none of the patients included in the empirical analysis were prospectively enrolled for the purpose of revising the ARDS definition and&#47;or evaluating risk stratification&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Second</span>&#44; the categorization of patients was done based on the PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value at the time of inclusion into their respective observational study or randomized clinical trial&#46; There is no information on whether those baseline values of PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> were calculated at the time of ARDS onset or during any time of their disease process&#44; or whether the PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was measured under a known FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PEEP level&#46; In our studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;8</span></a> PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was always calculated from the PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values measured 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after each standard ventilator setting under a specified FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PEEP level&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Third</span>&#44; 24&#37; of patients included had a PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200 at the time of enrollment &#40;classified as non-ARDS by the AECC definition&#41;&#46; We did not include those patients in our studies because in many centers they are usually not treated with endotracheal intubation and invasive MV&#46; However&#44; we have reported that in about 40&#37; of ARDS patients&#44; PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> increased above 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg when they were evaluated on PEEP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5 at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after being diagnosed as having ARDS according to the AECC definition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fourth</span>&#44; the empirical definition did not consider the level of FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> for PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> categorization despite the fact that changes in the applied FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> results in changes in PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;22</span></a> In addition&#44; since it is likely that a significant proportion of patients included in those multicenter studies were on FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4 at the time of study enrollment&#44; there is no information on how many patients could not meet ARDS criteria if they were evaluated at a minimum level of FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fifth</span>&#44; 518 patients were eliminated from the empirical analysis because PEEP was missing or was &#60;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#46; In our prospective studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;8</span></a> we did not exclude any patient based on the baseline PEEP or FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at the time of ARDS diagnosis&#46; Based on the wide range of FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PEEP levels at the time of AECC ARDS diagnosis&#44; we found that a standard ventilator setting can improve oxygenation sufficiently to convert patients meeting the AECC ARDS definition on PEEP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and&#47;or on FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4 to non-ARDS patients&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sixth</span>&#44; since there was no standardization of ventilator settings for measuring PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; and since more than 50&#37; of patients were on PEEP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O at baseline&#44; the experts&#8217; panel only selected a unique level of PEEP &#40;&#8805;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#41; as a requirement for the proposed empirical ARDS definition&#46; We had found that when all patients are evaluated under the same standard ventilator settings&#44; only the evaluation under a PEEP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 reached statistical significance for association of PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> category with ICU mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Seventh</span>&#44; among other considerations &#40;strict entry criteria for the trials&#41;&#44; those studies do not include all consecutive ARDS patients admitted into the ICU since patients with pre-existent chronic diseases&#44; patients over a certain age&#44; and patients with established organ dysfunction were excluded&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eighth</span>&#44; the 4 multicenter studies were a case-mix of observational studies and clinical trials performed from 1996 to 2000&#44; when patients were ventilated with tidal volumes &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;kg predicted body weight &#40;currently considered as an injurious tidal volume&#41; and low levels of PEEP&#44; and studies performed after the year 2000 &#40;when patients were ventilated with lower tidal volumes&#41;&#46; It has been postulated that the development of ARDS should have decreased because of advances in supportive care&#44; particularly the application of protective mechanical ventilation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ninth</span>&#44; there is a great discrepancy between the number of patients included in the database from the three-single centers and the number of patients reported in the original publications&#46; We have re-examined those publications and have noted that they only studied 75 non-consecutive&#44; selected ALI&#47;ARDS instead of the 269 that are claimed by the experts&#8217; panel&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tenth</span>&#44; the experts&#8217; panel failed to evaluate their patients at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after ARDS diagnosis&#46; There is no information about the number of patients who did not meet ARDS criteria at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of study entry under the same arbitrary condition &#40;PEEP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#41;&#46; Taking into consideration all the above&#44; and based on our previous studies&#44; we postulate that at least 50&#37; of those patients would have a PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; and at least 25&#37; would have a PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after ARDS identification on a PEEP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we need more specific guidelines based on a standard method of evaluating oxygenation status &#40;i&#46;e&#46; a specific level of PEEP and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; in order to properly classify the severity of patients with and as ARDS&#46; As we have reported in the several studies discussed in this review&#44; a large variability in the severity of lung damage exists in patients meeting the AECC definition of ARDS and a strong correlation exists between oxygenation impairment at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after ARDS onset and ICU outcome&#46; The judicious use of PEEP&#44; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and tidal volume in critically ill patients in the last decade has made ARDS a rare syndrome in today&#39;s modern ICUs&#46; However&#44; no matter how infrequently we observe its presence we need to be able to properly classify its severity&#46; The AECC ARDS definition is dead&#44; long live PEEP&#33;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Funding</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Supported by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor">Instituto de Salud Carlos III&#44; Spain</span> &#40;PI 10&#47;0393&#41; and the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor">Asociaci&#243;n Cient&#237;fica Pulm&#243;n y Ventilaci&#243;n Mec&#225;nica</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "xres9009"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction and historical remarks"
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          "titulo" => "An early PEEP&#47;FiO trial identifies different degrees of ARDS severity"
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        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "The &#8220;Berlin Definition&#8221;"
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          "titulo" => "Funding"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2012-08-22"
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            2 => "Standard ventilatory settings"
            3 => "American-European Consensus Conference"
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            0 => "S&#237;ndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda"
            1 => "Positiva al final de la espiraci&#243;n la presi&#243;n"
            2 => "Est&#225;ndar de par&#225;metros ventilatorios"
            3 => "American-European Consensus Conference"
            4 => "Relaci&#243;n PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In 1994&#44; an American-European Consensus Conference &#40;AECC&#41; formalized the criteria for the diagnosis of the acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#41;&#46; Although that definition is simple to apply in the clinical setting&#44; it has been challenged over the years in several studies since the assessment of the oxygenation defect does not require standardized ventilatory support&#46; We were the first to propose new guidelines&#44; based on a specific&#44; standard method of evaluating oxygenation status&#44; a proposal that was later advocated by others&#46; To address the limitations of the AECC definition&#44; a modified ARDS definition has been proposed by a task force panel of experts&#44; referred to as the Berlin Defintion&#44; using a terminology similar to that we previously proposed&#46; However&#44; that proposal has several methodological flaws&#46; Since all ARDS patients start off with terrible oxygenation&#44; the Berlin Definition offers no room for stratifying and identifyng true ARDS patients since there is no further re-evaluation of the hypoxemia under standard ventilator setting in a specific time period&#46; In this Point of View&#44; we review the history of the definition of ARDS and discussed the methodological concerns regarding adopting this new&#44; revised ARDS definition&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En 1994&#44; una Conferencia de Consenso Americana-Europea &#40;CCAE&#41; formaliz&#243; los criterios para el diagn&#243;stico del S&#237;ndrome de Distr&#233;s Respiratorio Agudo &#40;SDRA&#41;&#46; Aunque esa definici&#243;n es sencilla de aplicar en la cl&#237;nica&#44; ha sido criticada en varios estudios ya que la medida del defecto de oxigenaci&#243;n no requiere de la estandarizaci&#243;n del soporte ventilatorio&#46; Nosotros fuimos los primeros en proponer nuevas gu&#237;as basadas en un m&#233;todo est&#225;ndar espec&#237;fico para evaluar el estado de la oxigenaci&#243;n&#44; una propuesta que m&#225;s tarde fue apoyada por otros autores&#46; Para solucionar las limitaciones de la definici&#243;n de la CCAE del SDRA&#44; una modificaci&#243;n de esta definici&#243;n ha sido propuesta por un panel de expertos&#44; denominada Definici&#243;n de Berl&#237;n&#44; utilizando una terminolog&#237;a similar a la que nosotros hab&#237;amos propuesto previamente&#46; Sin embargo&#44; esta nueva propuesta tiene varios fallos metodol&#243;gicos&#46; Debido a que todos los pacientes con SDRA presentan inicialmente una oxigenaci&#243;n terrible&#44; la Definici&#243;n de Berl&#237;n no facilita la estratificaci&#243;n e identificaci&#243;n de verdaderos pacientes con SDRA porque no da la posibilidad de volver a evaluar el grado de hipoxemia bajo un patr&#243;n est&#225;ndar de ventilaci&#243;n en un tiempo determinado&#46; En este Punto de Vista revisaremos la historia de la definici&#243;n del SDRA y analizaremos los problemas metodol&#243;gicos relacionados con la adopci&#243;n de esta nueva revisi&#243;n de la definici&#243;n del SDRA&#46;</p>"
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                            2 => "T&#46;L&#46; Petty"
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Article information

ISSN: 21735727
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.medine.2012.10.011

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