Point of view
Cranioplasty with bandaging: New forms of limitation of life support and organ donation
Craneoplastia con vendaje. Nuevas formas de limitación del tratamiento de soporte vital y donación de órganos
D. Escuderoa,
, L. Cofiñoa, D. Graciab, M. Palaciosc, M. Casaresd, L. Cabrée, P. Simónf, P. Mirandag, K. Martínezh, S. Iribarreni, I. Saraleguij, R.M. Simók, B. de Leónl, V. Españolm
Corresponding author
a Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
b Profesor Emérito de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
c Presidente del Comité Científico de la Sociedad Internacional de Bioética – SIBI, Miembro del Comité de Bioética de España, Spain
d Nefrólogo, Magister en Bioética, Presidente del CEAS del Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
e Jefe Servicio Medicina Intensiva Hospital de Barcelona, SCIAS, Presidente de la Associació de Bioètica i Dret de la Universidad de Barcelona, Miembro del Comité de Bioètica de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Presidente del CEA del Hospital de Barcelona, SCIAS, Spain
f Profesor de Bioética, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain
g ex Jefe de Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Máster en Bioética, Spain
h Presidente de la Asociación de Bioética Fundamental y Clínica. Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
i Jefe de Servicio Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario de Araba Sede Txagorritxu, experto en Bioética, Spain
j Presidente Comité Ética Asistencial, Unidad Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Álava-Santiago, Vitoria, Spain
k Presidenta Comité de Ética Asistencial del Área Sanitaria IV, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
l Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Instituto Nacional de Silicosis – HUCA, Miembro del Comité de Ética Asistencial del Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
m Servicio de Medicina Intensiva I HUCA, Miembro del Comité de Ética Asistencial del Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Navarra, Pamplona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">h</span>" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Jefe de Servicio Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario de Araba Sede Txagorritxu, experto en Bioética, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span>" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] 9 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Presidente Comité Ética Asistencial, Unidad Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Álava-Santiago, Vitoria, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">j</span>" "identificador" => "aff0050" ] 10 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Presidenta Comité de Ética Asistencial del Área Sanitaria IV, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">k</span>" "identificador" => "aff0055" ] 11 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Instituto Nacional de Silicosis – HUCA, Miembro del Comité de Ética Asistencial del Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">l</span>" "identificador" => "aff0060" ] 12 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Intensiva I HUCA, Miembro del Comité de Ética Asistencial del Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">m</span>" "identificador" => "aff0065" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Craneoplastia con vendaje. Nuevas formas de limitación del tratamiento de soporte vital y donación de órganos" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0005"><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The fact that things are so does not mean that they have to stay that way”. Bertolt Brecht. The life of Galileo</span>.</p></span></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Organ transplantation is a consolidated treatment for terminal organ failure. It clearly improves patient's quality of life, and in the case of vital organs constitutes the only possible treatment option. Transplantation currently offers excellent results, reaching a survival rate of 48% after 20 years in the case of liver transplantation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and of 53% after 10 years in the case of heart transplantation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Spain, with 35.3 donors per million of population (pmp) in the year 2011,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> has the highest donor rate in the world, while the United States has a rate of 26.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmp and the European Union has an average donor rate of 18.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmp. Up until 1 January 2012, a total of 81,909 organ transplants had been carried out in Spain.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Globally, the main problem facing transplantation is the scarcity of organs—a situation causing the death of about 10% of all patients while on the waiting list. The demand for organs moreover increases every year, since transplantation has become a routine and generalized practice. Approximately 90% of all organs transplanted in Spain come from brain death (BD) donors, but this source has a limited potential for producing candidate organs. In order to satisfy the demand on the part of patients on the transplant waiting list, the Spanish National Transplant Organization (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Organización Nacional de Trasplantes</span>, ONT) and other international organizations have developed strategies designed to increase the donor pool by harvesting organs from non-heart beating donors (Maastricht types II and III) and live donors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The age of BD donors has gradually increased in this country. In the year 2011, 53.7% of the donors were over 60 years of age, 27.9% were between 45 and 59 years of age, and only 18.4% were under 45 years of age.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> This means that a large proportion of donors are of the “expanded” type, resulting in a shortage of thoracic organs in particular, since these are the transplants that prove most demanding in terms of donor age.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intensive Care Units (ICUs) constitute a key element in any transplant program, since it is in the ICU where BD is diagnosed,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and where the multiorgan donor is maintained. In Spain, almost 80% of all transplant coordinators are intensivists.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In neurocritical patients with intracranial hypertension syndrome (ICH), the European Brain Injury Consortium<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and the American Association of Neurological Surgeons<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> propose decompressive craniotomy (DC) as a second level management measure. In recent decades, DC has been the subject of controversy, and although it clearly reduces intracranial pressure (ICP) and shortens the stay in the ICU, there is debate regarding the functional outcome of the technique.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10–15</span></a> In any case, and despite the controversies, extensive DC (frontal-subtemporal-parietal-occipital) is increasingly being used in the ICU. This in turn is one of the explanations given for the decrease in BD donors, which in Spain have dropped from 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmp in the year 2001 to 29.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmp in 2010.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with devastating neurological injuries and an extremely poor prognosis, the maintenance of DC prevents ICP from reaching levels high enough to produce cerebral circulatory arrest and therefore BD. In these cases, life-sustaining treatment limitation (LSTL) may be considered—this being a frequent practice in our ICUs and regarded as a quality standard by the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias</span>, SEMICYUC).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> When LSTL is performed through terminal extubation, the possibility of organ harvesting is exclusively limited to controlled non-heart beating or Maastricht type III donation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> This type of donation is only exceptionally performed in Spain, and because of its inherent limitations, the harvesting of organs for grafting cannot always be guaranteed.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the case of a patient admitted to the ICU of the Central University Hospital of Asturias (Oviedo, Spain), we have postulated suppression of therapeutically futile DC involving cranioplasty with bandage as a form of LSTL. All aspects related to transplantation have an important bioethical dimension,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> and despite the fact that this practice, and withdrawal of ventricular drainage, are performed occasionally, there are no literature references in this respect. Consequently, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a posteriori</span>, we commented the case with the Clinical Ethics Committee of our hospital and consulted reputed national and international experts in bioethics. In order to obtain a broader range of impressions, we consulted experts from different settings. All of them were especially dedicated to medical ethics: Dr. Diego Gracia, Dr. Marcelo Palacios, Dr. Pablo Simón and Dr. Pilar Miranda. Others were specifically ascribed to the world of Intensive Care Medicine, as members of the SEMICYUC and experts in ethics applied to the critical patient: Dr. Luís Cabré, Dr. Iñaki Saralegui, Dr. Koldo Martínez and Dr. Sebastián Iribarren. In turn, another consulted expert, likewise dedicated to medical ethics, was more closely related to organ donation and transplantation: Dr. Miguel Casares.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The consulted experts came from different parts of the country; consultation was therefore made by e-mail. The authors of the present article summarized and structured all the replies obtained. Posteriorly, the manuscript was forwarded to all the consulted experts (as co-authors) for reading and approval. The pertinent modifications were made, and the paper was then again forwarded to the experts with a view to obtaining final consensus. The paper was then submitted for publication.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Clinical case</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 38-year-old male was admitted due to traumatic brain injury. Upon admission, the Glasgow coma score was 3, with bilateral non-reactive mydriasis (6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm) and the absence of corneal reflexes. The brain computed tomography scan showed multiple hemorrhagic contusions, massive brain edema with compression of the peri-mesencephalic cisterns, and left subdural hematoma with mass effect. Given the Glasgow score and the absence of brainstem reflexes, Neurosurgery decided against surgical intervention. After three hours without sedation, the patient remained with bilateral non-reactive mydriasis (6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm) but had recovered the corneal reflexes and showed decerebration rigidity motor responses. Upon re-evaluation by Neurosurgery, and despite the bilateral non-reactive mydriasis and dire prognosis, surgery with evacuation of the subdural hematoma was carried out, with left DC and ICP monitoring with a Camino<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> catheter, in view of the age of the patient. The course proved negative, with a sustained ICP of over 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg, refractory to all kinds of treatment (deep sedation, analgesia, neuromuscular block, controlled hyperventilation, hypertonic saline infusion, mannitol and DC). The computed tomography scan showed ischemic areas in the brainstem, territory of the right anterior cerebral artery and left brain hemisphere (territory of the middle and posterior cerebral arteries). After 5 days, and with the suspicion of BD, sedation was suspended. After 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h without sedation, the patient presented a Glasgow score of 3, bilateral non-reactive mydriasis and the absence of photomotor, cranial, oculocephalic and cough reflexes, maintaining only spontaneous breathing. The electroencephalogram (EEG) showed the absence of brain bioelectrical activity in the left brain hemisphere, and minimum activity with suppression phases in the right hemisphere. The neurological exploration, the computed tomography findings and the EEG tracing confirmed that the patient suffered catastrophic and irreversible brain damage, with no chance of recovery. The supervising physician made the following assessment: the natural course of these injuries is towards BD, though this is impeded by DC initially intended to help save the life of the patient, but which has failed and now artificially prolongs a terminal situation. In this case two options were considered:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(A)</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Decompressive craniotomy no longer improves the situation and only prolongs a terminal condition. It therefore would be acceptable to cancel its effects by means of a cranioplasty with bandage. In this case, death would occur according to neurological criteria.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(B)</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The application of LSTL through terminal extubation, likewise considering that intubation and mechanical ventilation are futile and only prolong a terminal patient condition. In this case, death would occur according to cardiorespiratory criteria.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The case was discussed in clinical session, and since patient recovery was considered impossible, all the physicians in the Department agreed to apply LSTL. Of the two abovementioned options, the supervising physician chose cranioplasty with bandage, with the criterion that this would ensure a course more consistent with the natural evolution of the initial injury. The relatives of the patient were informed in detail of the reasons for this decision and of its possible consequences. Twenty-four hours later, after obtaining consent from the family, and in the absence of prior wills, the patient donated 6 organs (seventh day of admission).</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical consultation</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the consulted experts in medical ethics were asked the following question:</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a patient with catastrophic and irreversible brain damage, in which LSTL is decided, is it ethically correct to perform cranioplasty with bandage in order to facilitate evolution towards BD? Should this option be preferred over other forms of LSTL, taking into account the possibility of organ donation?</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Responses</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The experts agreed on the following points:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(1)</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the scientific and ethical perspective, in the event of catastrophic neurological damage, it is advisable to adapt treatment to the expectations for recovery and the wishes of the patient, if these have been previously expressed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Maintaining futile treatment is regarded as poor clinical practice, since it goes against human dignity. The physician should always avoid unwarranted insistence upon treatment. Limiting life support measures that only serve to artificially prolong life without possibilities for recovery of the patient, having established consensus among the attending physicians and relatives, constitutes correct practice consistent with the recommendations referred to end of life care, Spanish legislation, and the accepted ethical standards.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> LSTL in these situations avoids undue suffering for the family and also the unnecessary consumption of healthcare resources. In the present case, cranioplasty with bandage is considered good medical practice.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(2)</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reverting the effect of decompressive surgery when the latter is no longer effective and indeed proves futile cannot be assumed in terms of surgical replacement of the bone flap, since this would constitute an unjustified consumption of resources. Reverting the effect of decompressive surgery through cranioplasty with bandage may be regarded as ethically similar to other forms of LSTL, since it does not violate the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(3)</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Attending the principle of autonomy, it must be determined whether the patient expressed or left instructions referred to LSTL and organ donation. If not so, then the relatives or legal representatives should make the decisions on the basis of what they know. In this respect, it is necessary to provide the family with exhaustive, detailed and transparent information on the entire process.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(4)</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the patient expressed a wish to donate his or her organs, or in the event of family consent through delegation, the implicated healthcare professionals must do everything possible to satisfy the expressed wish—preserving the principle of autonomy and abiding with the principles of social solidarity. In the present case it would be indicated to apply LSTL involving cranioplasty with bandage, since a fatal outcome under conditions of brain death would facilitate organ donation. In this context it must be remembered that donation under non-heart beating donor conditions (in cases of death according to cardiorespiratory criteria after terminal extubation) is exceptional, and is unable to guarantee organ harvesting for transplantation.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the ethical perspective, we are obliged to contemplate organ donation, since there are many patients on the transplant waiting list who could benefit as a result. Some authors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> have estimated that a multiorgan donation comprising 6 organs generates 55.8 years of life for the different recipients, and thus represents an important social benefit consistent with the principles of justice. The World Health Organization,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> the Spanish national medical organization (article 48 of the Code of Medical Ethics and Deontology<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>), and the ethical code of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> consider it an obligation of all health professionals to encourage and promote organ donation. Moreover, the family members of the patient can find certain consolation in donation, since by doing so, they are contributing to save the life or improve the quality of life of other people. It must be remembered that organ donation contributes greatly to a fairer society, with values such as solidarity, altruism, compassion, or the correction of inequalities. On the other hand, transplantation practice has been shown to be very efficient in terms of healthcare resource utilization.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(5)</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the ICU, the disconnection of mechanical ventilation and/or terminal extubation is a common element in LSTL. The fact that protocolized extubation is traditionally and most frequently decided does not mean that this LSTL modality should prevail over other options such as cranioplasty with bandage, particularly in those cases where there is a possibility for organ donation.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore, cranioplasty with bandage can be regarded as good clinical practice, consistent with the general aims of medical practice as defined by the Hastings Center.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In many cases, decompressive craniotomy can save the life of neurocritical patients, and our obligation as intensivists is to offer our patients all possible opportunities for recovery. Unfortunately, in cases characterized by a very poor course and devastating injuries, DC may prove futile and can moreover impede natural evolution of the patient condition towards brain death.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After pondering this clinical case, it can be concluded that cranioplasty with bandage is an ethically acceptable form of LSTL. Its application is of undeniable social value, since it facilitates organ donation. In these cases, it is necessary to know the existence of prior instructions and to adequately inform the family of the patient with a view to obtaining consent.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Social and professional practices change slowly, and good reasons, profound reflection and broad knowledge are needed to facilitate change. We are therefore obliged to continue our research and specific training of health professionals in relation to the new forms of LSTL and organ donation.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres189728" "titulo" => array:2 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec177068" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres189727" "titulo" => array:2 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec177067" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Clinical case" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Ethical consultation" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Responses" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec177068" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Ethics" 1 => "Organ donation" 2 => "Brain death" 3 => "Life-sustaining treatment limitation" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec177067" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Ética" 1 => "Donación de órganos" 2 => "Muerte encefálica" 3 => "Limitación del tratamiento de soporte vital" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Most of the transplanted organs are obtained from brain death (BD) donors. In neurocritical patients with catastrophic injuries and decompressive craniectomy (DC), which show a dreadful development in spite of this treatment, DC could be a futile tool to avoid natural progress to BD.</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We propose whether cranial compressive bandage (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cranioplasty with bandage</span>) could be an ethically correct practice, similar to other life-sustaining treatment limitation (LSTL) common methods.</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Based on a clinical case, we had contacted the Assistance Ethics Committee and some of the bioethics professionals and asked them two questions: 1) Is ethically correct to perform a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cranioplasty with bandage</span> in those patients with LSTL indication? 2) Thinking in organ donation possibility, is this option preferable?</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(1) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cranioplasty with bandage</span> could be considered an ethically acceptable LSTL practice, similar to other procedures. (2) It facilitates organ donation for transplant, which provides for value-added proposition because of its own social good. (3) In these cases, it is necessary to know previous patient's will or, in absentia, to obtain family consent after a detailed procedure report.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La mayoría de los órganos trasplantados proceden de donantes fallecidos en muerte encefálica (ME). En pacientes neurocríticos con lesiones catastróficas y craniectomía descompresiva (CD) que tienen una pésima evolución a pesar de todo el tratamiento, la CD puede llegar a ser una medida fútil que impida la evolución <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">natural</span> hacia la ME.</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Planteamos si realizar un vendaje compresivo pericraneal (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">craneoplastia con vendaje</span>) puede ser una práctica éticamente correcta y comparable a otras formas habituales de limitación del tratamiento de soporte vital (LTSV).</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A partir de un caso clínico, realizamos una consulta al Comité de Ética Asistencial y a expertos bioéticos, formulando las siguientes cuestiones: 1) En pacientes que se decide la LTSV ¿es éticamente correcto realizar una craneoplastia con vendaje? 2) ¿Es preferible esta opción considerando una posible donación de órganos?</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">1) La <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">craneoplastia con vendaje</span> puede ser considerada una forma de LTSV éticamente aceptable y similar a otros procedimientos 2) Facilita la donación de órganos para trasplante, lo que aporta valor añadido por el bien social correspondiente 3) En estos casos, es necesario conocer las instrucciones previas del paciente y en su ausencia, obtener el consentimiento familiar por delegación tras un informe detallado del procedimiento.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Escudero D, et al. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 4 | 12 | 16 |
| 2024 October | 53 | 61 | 114 |
| 2024 September | 54 | 50 | 104 |
| 2024 August | 65 | 57 | 122 |
| 2024 July | 57 | 34 | 91 |
| 2024 June | 73 | 65 | 138 |
| 2024 May | 67 | 41 | 108 |
| 2024 April | 71 | 45 | 116 |
| 2024 March | 94 | 49 | 143 |
| 2024 February | 84 | 49 | 133 |
| 2024 January | 72 | 41 | 113 |
| 2023 December | 50 | 52 | 102 |
| 2023 November | 59 | 48 | 107 |
| 2023 October | 50 | 41 | 91 |
| 2023 September | 65 | 47 | 112 |
| 2023 August | 39 | 16 | 55 |
| 2023 July | 51 | 31 | 82 |
| 2023 June | 50 | 29 | 79 |
| 2023 May | 70 | 31 | 101 |
| 2023 April | 47 | 20 | 67 |
| 2023 March | 78 | 45 | 123 |
| 2023 February | 79 | 43 | 122 |
| 2023 January | 53 | 32 | 85 |
| 2022 December | 70 | 45 | 115 |
| 2022 November | 96 | 53 | 149 |
| 2022 October | 54 | 52 | 106 |
| 2022 September | 51 | 56 | 107 |
| 2022 August | 35 | 48 | 83 |
| 2022 July | 28 | 55 | 83 |
| 2022 June | 34 | 51 | 85 |
| 2022 May | 37 | 68 | 105 |
| 2022 April | 48 | 48 | 96 |
| 2022 March | 58 | 76 | 134 |
| 2022 February | 43 | 52 | 95 |
| 2022 January | 53 | 51 | 104 |
| 2021 December | 48 | 60 | 108 |
| 2021 November | 38 | 65 | 103 |
| 2021 October | 69 | 92 | 161 |
| 2021 September | 46 | 49 | 95 |
| 2021 August | 33 | 56 | 89 |
| 2021 July | 29 | 45 | 74 |
| 2021 June | 39 | 46 | 85 |
| 2021 May | 46 | 46 | 92 |
| 2021 April | 112 | 84 | 196 |
| 2021 March | 87 | 48 | 135 |
| 2021 February | 50 | 25 | 75 |
| 2021 January | 53 | 41 | 94 |
| 2020 December | 36 | 24 | 60 |
| 2020 November | 38 | 26 | 64 |
| 2020 October | 47 | 37 | 84 |
| 2020 September | 60 | 22 | 82 |
| 2020 August | 28 | 29 | 57 |
| 2020 July | 36 | 31 | 67 |
| 2020 June | 47 | 23 | 70 |
| 2020 May | 22 | 21 | 43 |
| 2020 April | 34 | 23 | 57 |
| 2020 March | 26 | 22 | 48 |
| 2020 February | 94 | 56 | 150 |
| 2020 January | 38 | 36 | 74 |
| 2019 December | 33 | 39 | 72 |
| 2019 November | 26 | 33 | 59 |
| 2019 October | 56 | 21 | 77 |
| 2019 September | 25 | 27 | 52 |
| 2019 August | 25 | 25 | 50 |
| 2019 July | 27 | 39 | 66 |
| 2019 June | 24 | 26 | 50 |
| 2019 May | 40 | 62 | 102 |
| 2019 April | 16 | 30 | 46 |
| 2019 March | 29 | 34 | 63 |
| 2019 February | 33 | 41 | 74 |
| 2019 January | 30 | 31 | 61 |
| 2018 December | 55 | 51 | 106 |
| 2018 November | 122 | 40 | 162 |
| 2018 October | 157 | 21 | 178 |
| 2018 September | 61 | 11 | 72 |
| 2018 August | 24 | 9 | 33 |
| 2018 July | 31 | 9 | 40 |
| 2018 June | 34 | 12 | 46 |
| 2018 May | 16 | 6 | 22 |
| 2018 April | 31 | 16 | 47 |
| 2018 March | 29 | 3 | 32 |
| 2018 February | 23 | 11 | 34 |
| 2018 January | 36 | 13 | 49 |
| 2017 December | 22 | 7 | 29 |
| 2017 November | 39 | 11 | 50 |
| 2017 October | 33 | 6 | 39 |
| 2017 September | 25 | 13 | 38 |
| 2017 August | 32 | 9 | 41 |
| 2017 July | 32 | 9 | 41 |
| 2017 June | 53 | 16 | 69 |
| 2017 May | 48 | 15 | 63 |
| 2017 April | 41 | 16 | 57 |
| 2017 March | 29 | 8 | 37 |
| 2017 February | 26 | 8 | 34 |
| 2017 January | 15 | 3 | 18 |
| 2016 December | 20 | 16 | 36 |
| 2016 November | 41 | 16 | 57 |
| 2016 October | 58 | 28 | 86 |
| 2016 September | 55 | 16 | 71 |
| 2016 August | 44 | 13 | 57 |
| 2016 July | 27 | 11 | 38 |
| 2016 May | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2016 April | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2016 February | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2015 December | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 October | 0 | 11 | 11 |
| 2015 April | 0 | 7 | 7 |
| 2015 February | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2015 January | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2014 December | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2014 November | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2014 October | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2014 August | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2014 July | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2014 June | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2014 May | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2013 September | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2013 August | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2013 July | 4 | 0 | 4 |
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