Intraventricular hemorrhage treated with intraventricular fibrinolysis. A 10-year experience

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A 10-year experience" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "61" "paginaFinal" => "66" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "S. Castaño Ávila, E. Corral Lozano, A. Vallejo De La Cueva, J. Maynar Moliner, A. Martín López, F. Fonseca San Miguel, J.A. Urturi Matos, A. Manzano Ramírez" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Castaño Ávila" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "sergio.castanoavila@osakidetza.net" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "¿" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Corral Lozano" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Vallejo De La Cueva" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Maynar Moliner" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Martín López" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Fonseca San Miguel" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.A." "apellidos" => "Urturi Matos" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Manzano Ramírez" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Santiago, Vitoria, Spain" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Hemorragia intraventricular tratada con fibrinólisis local: experiencia de 10 años" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionIntraventricular haemorrhage in adults (IVH), both in the primary and the more frequent secondary form, is an entity with a poor prognosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1–12</a> with mortality rates estimated at 50–80%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3,5–9</a> and a considerable associated morbidity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1–11</a> By itself it can lead to a communicating hydrocephalus or an obstructive hydrocephalus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,3,10–12</a> It frequently requires treatment by the insertion of a ventricular drain to drain away blood or cerebro-spinal fluid. The insertion of drainage alone has not been shown to reduce morbimortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> and furthermore is not without risks that of ventriculitis being the most important.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065">13–18</a>Studies have been published that indicate the efficacy of treatment with intraventricular fibrinolysis (IVF) in the increased clearance of the blood, lysis of clots, the reduction of hydrocephalus and even of mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,3–7,11,12,20–22</a> Such results have been questioned due to methodological problems in the design and performance of the studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a>Secondary IVH, whose main causes are intraparenchymal haemorrhage (40%) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (15%), has a worse prognosis than the primary.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3,10</a> It has been linked with a greater mortality in advanced age, prior coagulopathy, a score of 8 or less on the Glasgow Coma Scale and the presence of secondary hydrocephalus on admission.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> There is some controversy over whether the extent is correlated with a worse prognosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a>The purpose of our study was to evaluate from the prognosis standpoint the effectiveness and safety of an IVF protocol in the treatment of IVH.Material and methodsWe carried out descriptive retrospective analysis of all the patients admitted to our General Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with a diagnosis of IVH and treated with IVF between the years 2000 and 2009. The unit is located in a tertiary hospital that has a reference population of 400,000 for neurosurgical procedures. The patients were identified through an in depth review of our prospective database of admissions and discharges.Graeb Score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">23</a> was used to stratify the severity of the IVH. For each lateral ventricle the scoring could be from 1 (with traces of blood) to 4 (full of blood and dilated). Scoring from 1 (with blood) to 2 (full of blood and dilated) was used to measure blood volume in the third and fourth ventricles. Maximum score is 12. IVH was classified in three levels, following recommendations: mild (Graeb score 0–5), moderate (Graeb score 6–8) and severe (Graeb score 9–12). Graeb score over 5 was the beginning criteria for IVF. All consecutive patients with a moderate or severe IVH (with or without hydrocephalus) were treated with IVF and included in the study. For the IVF, 10,000IU of intraventricular urokinase were administered every 12h under aseptic conditions. External ventricular drain was only clamped for 1h after urokinase administration. The external ventricular drains were placed by neurosurgeons in operating room or intensive care unit, and connected to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection system (external ventricular drain system EDS 3; Codman®) and an intracranial pressure transductor (Camino® laboratories; NeuroCare San Diego, USA). CSF samples were routinely sent for culture and biochemical test each 24–48h. The IVF time was decided jointly between the intensivist and the neurosurgeon according to the clearance of intraventricular blood (Graeb Score 0–5).Carrying out a review of the clinical histories, we gathered demographic data (age, gender), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">24</a> at admission, clinical risk scores (Acute Physiology Score -APACHE II-,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">25</a> Simplified Acute Physiology Score -SAPS II-<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">26</a>), tomography scores (Graeb Score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">23</a>) and risk factors for developing a cerebral haemorrhage (history of prior treatment with anti-platelet drugs or anticoagulants, or of hypertension). We recorded the cause of the IVH (primary or secondary), the performance and result of arteriography, the time of ventricular drainage and of IVF and the complications that arose in relation to the use of ventricular drains and their manipulation: ventriculitis, colonisation (defined according to the criteria proposed by previously published studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065">13–16</a>), haemorrhage and obstruction. The prognostic outcome was determined using the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">27</a> at three months, and we reviewed the cause of death in those patients who had died.For the statistical analysis, we used the SPSS 11.0 grad pack for Windows (SPSS® Inc., Chicago, IL). The continuous variables are expressed as the mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and range (r) according to their distribution. The categorical variables are presented as frequencies. We compared the deceased patients with the survivors through the relative risk (RR), the Student's t-test, the Chi-square test and Fisher's Exact Test as necessary. A value of p<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.ResultsWe carried out IVF on 42 patients (69% males), 16 of whom had a moderate IVH 38%) and 26 (62%) with a severe IVH according to Graeb's grading system. Almost 19% were primary IVH and the remainder secondary. The aetiology was traumatic in 4.8%, secondary to an SAH in 7.1%, and 88.1% were secondary to other haemorrhagic CVAs. The median Graeb score was 9 (range 6–12). The cerebral arteriography was performed in 21 patients; we found 10 with arteriovenous malformations, 6 with aneurysms and 5 with normal test.Characteristics of the group studiedWe have summarised the general characteristics of the group and the differences between those who died and the survivors in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. The average age was 58.36 years (SD 16.67), with a median of APACHE II of 17.5 (range 3–29), and median SAPS of 39 (range 7–68). We found 16.7% were taking acenocoumarol and 7.1% anti-platelet agents. There was a history of hypertension in 38.1%.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Clinically, at the beginning of IVF, patient's median GCS was 8 (range of 3–13) and received intraventricular fibrinolysis for a median time of 6 days (range 1–21). We placed 57 external ventricular drains (two in 15 patients), with a median shunt time of 12.5 days (range 1–33).Progress and risk factorsDuring the first three months, 21 patients died (50%): 17 in the general ICU (9 of them from neurological causes and the rest due to septic or respiratory complications), 3 in the neurosurgical ward (1 from neurological deterioration, another from bronchoaspiration and the third from pneumonia with multiorganic failure), and lastly, another patient died following neurological deterioration in a centre for chronic patients in the second month after the ICU admission (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>We did not find statistically significant differences between those who died and the survivors in any of the variables studied, although the greater age of those in the first group was close to the significance level (62.62 compared to 54.1 with p=0.059).Secondary IVH, previous changes in coagulation, or coma on admission did not lead to an increase in mortality compared to the rest (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). We found a mortality 1.46 times greater in those patients with a severe IVH compared to those with a moderate IVH, with a tendency to statistical significance (36.84% compared to 53.84%, 95% CI: 0.73–2.91).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>ComplicationsThree patients had a second bleed (one of these died) and 26.2% suffered from ventriculitis (11 patients) predominantly secondary to Gram positive bacteria (63%); two of these had polymicrobial aetiology. The percentage of colonisation of the ventricular shunt systems, and the microbiological agents involved, were similar to that of ventriculitis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>). The development of this complication did not lead to an increase in risk of mortality (RR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.3–2.31).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionAn intraventricular haemorrhage may occur spontaneously or be secondary to an intracerebral haemorrhage or a subarachnoid haemorrhage. Its prognosis depends on the extent of the haemorrhage and the intensity of the initial symptoms,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> with estimated mortality rates of 50–80%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3,5–9</a> and a significant associated morbidity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1–10</a> When secondary to an intraparenchymal haematoma it is an independent mortality factor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3,28</a>Occasionally, it leads to a communicating hydrocephalus or an obstructive hydrocephalus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,3,10</a> that may require drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid or blood through an external ventricular drain. There has been much debate on the usefulness of this measure, as there has been no recorded decrease in morbimortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> and, on the other hand, it has been associated with certain complications, the most important of which is ventriculitis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3,13–18</a> There are studies that suggest the effectiveness of intraventricular fibrinolytic treatment in the increase of blood clearance, lysis of clots,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">5,11,12,19–22</a> the reduction of hydrocephalus and even of mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3–7,11,12,19–22,29</a> However, Lapointe and Haine<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> recently analysed the safety and efficacy of intraventricular thrombolysis for the Cochrane review, concluding that no random trials exist of sufficient quality or size to allow evaluation of the safety and therapeutic usefulness of the use of intraventricular fibrinolytic therapy in adults with IVH. In their review, they document improvements in intraventricular blood clearance and prognosis, published in series of cases, random trials and one quasi-random. The in-depth review that Nyquist<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> published a year before concludes that the fibrinolytic therapy may improve survival rates, reduce the number of patients requiring prolonged EVD and reduce length of stay in medical intensive care units. Following the improved prognosis described in the recent results of the CLEAR IVH trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">30</a> (prospective but non randomized) and while waiting for the final results of the next – CLEAR III<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">31</a> – the use of intraventricular thrombolytics seems justified in the treatment of IVH.We present a retrospective analysis of 42 patients with IVF used in the treatment of IVH. The majority of articles published on this subject refer to smaller sample sizes. Our protocol for fibrinolysis, also used by other authors,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3,5,6,11</a> has not undergone modifications in its application since use of this therapy was begun in our centre. For reasons of economy and formulation of the preparations, we chose urokinase rather than r-TPA for intraventricular administration. Both therapies have given good results in clearance and clot lysis with a similar rate of complications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3–5,9</a>Prognosis and associated complicationsIn our study, the severity of the patient's state was assessed by specific quantitative scales, enabling an analysis to be made of the prognosis and the risk factors associated with mortality. Advanced age, secondary IVH, comatose state and hydrocephalus on admission and previous coagulopathy seem to worsen intraventricular haemorrhage's prognosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> The possible implication of a greater extent of the haemorrhage in increased mortality has not been clarified.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3,8,10</a> In our series, none of the variables showed statistically significant differences between the patients who died and those who did not, although the data suggest that advanced age, Graeb's scale over 8 and a change in haemostasis due to acenocoumarol or antiaggregants, worsen prognosis. It is possible that through analysis of wider series, the statistic potential may be improved. The design of the study we present assessed hydrocephalus according to the Graeb scoring, and we were not able to obtain data on its implication in isolation in the IVH prognosis.The mortality we have found at 3 months was 50% and is in agreement with the data published for IVH.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">5–9</a> Vereecken<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> reports studies with a mortality close to 100%; some authors relate this to the extent of occupation of the ventricle by the bleed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> In our series, almost 62% of the patients had a severe IVH (Graeb greater than 8); the estimated mortality for this grading is much higher than we have found in our patients. Having a protocol for neurocritical patient care, the use fibrinolytic therapy and the fact that our review has not analysed the prognosis beyond the first three months may explain this difference. The prognosis we have observed is encouraging; in the survivors, the neurological situation at three months is favourable in over 50%, 28.57% suffered a severe disability and 23.8% were in a persistent vegetative state. Huttner et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> with a smaller series, do not report statistically significant better prognoses with the use of intraventricular rt-PA. Their comparative analysis with non-fibrinolysed patients includes intraventricular bleeds measured by Graeb as being less serious than those we have analysed. It is worth noting the disproportionate number of changes of the ventricular drainages carried out in their patients because of clotting in the system (59% in the fibrinolysed patients against 32% in the rest, with p=0.08).The need for external ventricular drains to control intracranial pressure, for removal of blood and the administration of local treatments has been questioned because of the risk of complications, ventriculitis being the most important.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065">13–18,29</a> Its incidence varies according to the diagnostic criteria,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> with figures published of around 20%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065">13–18</a> In this series, 26.2% of the patients developed ventriculitis; however, this did not imply a worse prognosis (RR 0.83, CI 95%: 0.3–2.31). According to our data on infection associated with ventriculostomy,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">32</a> intraventricular haemorrhage and intraventricular fibrinolysis carry with them a significant risk of infection associated with ventriculostomy, with an RR compared to the rest of patients with ventricular drainage of 1.44 (CI 95%: 0.91–2.28) for IVH and of 2.33 (CI 95%: 1.33–4.2) for IVF. The predominant infectious agents were the Gram positive cocci, already described by other authors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065">13–18</a> Fountas et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a> published an incidence of ventriculitis in patients with IVF of 14.3%, but with different diagnostic criteria.Published haemorrhagic complications (recurrent IVH or intracerebral haemorrhage) with IVF vary from 8 to 20%,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> although some often exclude IVH resulting from arteriovenous malformations or aneurysms. In our review, 7.1% of the patients bled after beginning IVF although we treated sixteen patients with vascular anomalies; the cerebral arteriography was only made in 50% of the patients, so it was not possible to establish a direct relationship between the two factors, and they did not entail an increase in mortality risk.Limitations of the studyWe identified various limitations in our study; its retrospective character is associated with possible errors in the collection and interpretation of the data from the clinical history. We did not record the time taken to clear the ventricles of blood content as the time of IVF was decided jointly with the neurosurgeon depending on the clinical progress and the clearance of intraventricular blood and was suspended in those patients with a bad neurological outcome, life sustaining-treatment limitation or improvement shown by tomography in the ventricular contamination with blood with a Graeb Score under 5. We cannot present data of the patients with mild IVH (Graeb under 5) as they were not an objective of our study.ConclusionsIn our patients, IVH is an entity with a high morbimortality. Intraventricular fibrinolysis is associated with the development of certain complications that do not worsen the prognosis. While we await the results of the CLEAR III study, care protocols for the neurocritical patient that include the appropriate management of ventricular drainage and the administration of IVF in moderate or serious IVH, would appear to contribute to lower mortality rates and better functional results at three months than those described in the bibliographic references.Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of financial interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:16 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres194426" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Purpose" 2 => "Material and methods" 3 => "Results" 4 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec180999" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres194427" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Objetivo" 2 => "Ámbito de aplicación y métodos" 3 => "Resultados" 4 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec181000" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Characteristics of the group studied" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Progress and risk factors" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Complications" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Prognosis and associated complications" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Limitations of the study" ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 14 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 15 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec180999" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Intracranial hemorrhage" 1 => "Ventriculostomy" 2 => "Fibrinolysis" 3 => "Urokinase" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec181000" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Hemorragia intracraneal" 1 => "Ventriculostomía" 2 => "Fibrinólisis" 3 => "Urocinasa" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "PurposeWe evaluate the results and complications of our intraventricular fibrinolysis protocol. Material and methodsA retrospective analysis was made of the cases of intraventricular hemorrhage with 13-bed Intensive Care Unit. Graeb score 6 or above subjected to intraventricular fibrinolysis. We gathered demographic parameters, clinical risk scores, tomography data and case histories showing neurological status and complications related to intraventricular treatment. The results between those who died and the survivors were compared. ResultsIntraventricular fibrinolysis was performed in 42 patients (69% males) with intraventricular hemorrhage. The average age was 58.36 years (SD 16.67), with a median APACHE II score of 17.5 (r 3–29). A total of 16.7% were receiving acenocoumarol, and 7.1% were on antiplatelet drugs. The median Glasgow Coma Score at the start of treatment was 8 (r 3–13). The median Graeb score was 9 (r 6–12), and was severe (Graeb 9–12) in almost 62%. In turn, 26.2% of the patients developed ventriculitis, and there was further bleeding in 7.1%. Death occurred in 50% of the cases. None of the analyzed variables were significantly related to increased mortality. In the 21 survivors, the Glasgow Outcome Score at 3 months was 2 in 23.8% of the cases, 3 in 28.57%, 4 in 23.8% and 5 in 28.57% of the patients. ConclusionsIntraventricular fibrinolysis does not appear to involve a high rate of complications, and may result in lesser mortality, with a better functional outcome after three months than that estimated and published in the literature in reference to intraventricular hemorrhage." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "ObjetivoEvaluar los resultados y complicaciones de un protocolo de fibrinólisis intraventricular empleado durante 10 años. Ámbito de aplicación y métodosServicio de Medicina Intensiva de 13 camas. Análisis retrospectivo de nuestra base prospectiva de pacientes con hemorragia intraventricular con Graeb mayor de 5 tratados con fibrinólisis intraventricular. Registramos datos demográficos, escalas de gravedad, datos tomográficos y evolutivos neurológicos, y complicaciones relacionadas con la fibrinólisis. Comparamos los resultados entre fallecidos y supervivientes. ResultadosRecibieron fibrinolíticos intraventriculares 42 pacientes (69% varones) con hemorragia intraventricular. La edad media fue 58,36 años (DE 16,67), con una mediana de APACHE II de 17,5 (rango 3-29). El 16,7% tomaban acenocumarol y el 7,1% estaban en tratamiento antiagregante. La mediana del Glasgow Coma Score en el momento de inicio de la fibrinólisis fue de 8 (rango 3-13), y la mediana de Graeb fue 9 (rango 6-12). Más del 62% de las hemorragias fueron clasificadas como graves (Graeb 9-12). Se complicaron con ventriculitis el 26,2% y con sangrado el 7,1%. Falleció el 50% de la serie. Ninguna de las variables analizadas se relacionó de modo significativo con la mortalidad. De los 21 supervivientes, el Glasgow Outcome Score a los 3 meses fue de 2 en el 23,8%, de 3 en el 28,57%, de 4 en el 23,8% y de 5 en el 28,57%. ConclusionesLa fibrinólisis intraventricular no parece asociar una alta tasa de complicaciones, y puede contribuir a una menor mortalidad con mejor resultado funcional a los 3 meses que la estimada y publicada en la hemorragia intraventricular." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Castaño Ávila S., et al. Hemorragia intraventricular tratada con fibrinólisis local: experiencia de 10 años. Med Intensiva. 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medine.2012.02.012\." ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "m: men; w: women. GCS: Glasgow Coma Score; IVF: intraventricular fibrinolysis; Time EVD: days with external ventricular drainage; Alt haemostasis: treatment with acenocoumarol or with anti-platelet drugs; IVH: intraventricular haemorrhage; Context of IVH: with relation to IP/IV CVA: intraparenchymal/intraventricular cerebrovascular accident, SAH: subarachnoid haemorrhage.Comparison tests (Student's t-test, Pearson’ Chi-square test, and Fisher's Exact Test according to the type of variable) of averages or frequencies with a significance level of p<0.05." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">21 Deceased \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">21 Survivors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gender (m:w) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29:13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17:4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12:9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AGE (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">58.36 (16.67) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62.62 (15.13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54.1 (17.18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.059 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">APACHE II score \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.76 (5.68) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.52 (5.99) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (5.39) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SAPS II \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37.07 (12.38) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39 (13.46) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35.14 (11.19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">GCS start of IVF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.07 (2.61) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.29 (2.61) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.86 (2.67) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">GRAEB score \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.98 (1.66) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.05 (1.39) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.9 (1.92) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Time EVD (days) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.93 (7.19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.19 (5.91) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15.67 (8.05) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Number EVD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.36 (0.48) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.29 (0.46) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.43 (0.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Days de IVF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.74 (4.17) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.1 (3.59) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.38 (4.75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Alt haemostasis (n) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">IVH: primary/secondary \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8/34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4/17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4/17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Context of IVH (n) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">IP/IV CVA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SAH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Trauma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab332499.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Characteristics of the group studied." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cause of death \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequency (percentage) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Brain death (B.D.) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (9.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Neurological deterioration without B.D. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (19.04) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Life sustaining-treatment limitation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (23.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pneumonia with multiorganic failure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (38.09) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bronchoaspiration \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (4.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Intestinal perforation with peritonitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (4.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab332501.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Progress." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "GCS: Glasgow Coma Score; IVH: intraventricular haemorrhage; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factor \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Relative risk \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95% CI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">GCS≤8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.71–1.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Coagulopathy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.70–7.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Secondary IVH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.75–1.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Severe IVH (Graeb>8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.73–2.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab332502.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Risk factors linked with greater mortality." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Microbe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">11 Ventriculitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10 Colonisations \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">S. epidermidis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">S. aureus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">E. faecalis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">S. maltophilia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No microbe identified \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pseudomonas \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">A. fumigates \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab332500.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Miocrobiological agents involved in ventriculitis and colonisations." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:32 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fibrinolytic therapy for intraventricular hemorrhage in adults" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M. 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Intraventricular hemorrhage treated with intraventricular fibrinolysis. A 10-year experience

Hemorragia intraventricular tratada con fibrinólisis local: experiencia de 10 años

S. Castaño Ávila

Corresponding author

sergio.castanoavila@osakidetza.net

Corresponding author.

, E. Corral Lozano, A. Vallejo De La Cueva, J. Maynar Moliner, A. Martín López, F. Fonseca San Miguel, J.A. Urturi Matos, A. Manzano Ramírez

Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Santiago, Vitoria, Spain

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        "titulo" => "Hemorragia intraventricular tratada con fibrin&#243;lisis local&#58; experiencia de 10 a&#241;os"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intraventricular haemorrhage in adults &#40;IVH&#41;&#44; both in the primary and the more frequent secondary form&#44; is an entity with a poor prognosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;12</span></a> with mortality rates estimated at 50&#8211;80&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#8211;9</span></a> and a considerable associated morbidity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;11</span></a> By itself it can lead to a communicating hydrocephalus or an obstructive hydrocephalus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;10&#8211;12</span></a> It frequently requires treatment by the insertion of a ventricular drain to drain away blood or cerebro-spinal fluid&#46; The insertion of drainage alone has not been shown to reduce morbimortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and furthermore is not without risks that of ventriculitis being the most important&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;18</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies have been published that indicate the efficacy of treatment with intraventricular fibrinolysis &#40;IVF&#41; in the increased clearance of the blood&#44; lysis of clots&#44; the reduction of hydrocephalus and even of mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#8211;7&#44;11&#44;12&#44;20&#8211;22</span></a> Such results have been questioned due to methodological problems in the design and performance of the studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Secondary IVH&#44; whose main causes are intraparenchymal haemorrhage &#40;40&#37;&#41; and subarachnoid haemorrhage &#40;15&#37;&#41;&#44; has a worse prognosis than the primary&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;10</span></a> It has been linked with a greater mortality in advanced age&#44; prior coagulopathy&#44; a score of 8 or less on the Glasgow Coma Scale and the presence of secondary hydrocephalus on admission&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> There is some controversy over whether the extent is correlated with a worse prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of our study was to evaluate from the prognosis standpoint the effectiveness and safety of an IVF protocol in the treatment of IVH&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We carried out descriptive retrospective analysis of all the patients admitted to our General Intensive Care Unit &#40;ICU&#41; with a diagnosis of IVH and treated with IVF between the years 2000 and 2009&#46; The unit is located in a tertiary hospital that has a reference population of 400&#44;000 for neurosurgical procedures&#46; The patients were identified through an in depth review of our prospective database of admissions and discharges&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Graeb Score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> was used to stratify the severity of the IVH&#46; For each lateral ventricle the scoring could be from 1 &#40;with traces of blood&#41; to 4 &#40;full of blood and dilated&#41;&#46; Scoring from 1 &#40;with blood&#41; to 2 &#40;full of blood and dilated&#41; was used to measure blood volume in the third and fourth ventricles&#46; Maximum score is 12&#46; IVH was classified in three levels&#44; following recommendations&#58; mild &#40;Graeb score 0&#8211;5&#41;&#44; moderate &#40;Graeb score 6&#8211;8&#41; and severe &#40;Graeb score 9&#8211;12&#41;&#46; Graeb score over 5 was the beginning criteria for IVF&#46; All consecutive patients with a moderate or severe IVH &#40;with or without hydrocephalus&#41; were treated with IVF and included in the study&#46; For the IVF&#44; 10&#44;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU of intraventricular urokinase were administered every 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h under aseptic conditions&#46; External ventricular drain was only clamped for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after urokinase administration&#46; The external ventricular drains were placed by neurosurgeons in operating room or intensive care unit&#44; and connected to cerebrospinal fluid &#40;CSF&#41; collection system &#40;external ventricular drain system EDS 3&#59; Codman<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41; and an intracranial pressure transductor &#40;Camino<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> laboratories&#59; NeuroCare San Diego&#44; USA&#41;&#46; CSF samples were routinely sent for culture and biochemical test each 24&#8211;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; The IVF time was decided jointly between the intensivist and the neurosurgeon according to the clearance of intraventricular blood &#40;Graeb Score 0&#8211;5&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carrying out a review of the clinical histories&#44; we gathered demographic data &#40;age&#44; gender&#41;&#44; Glasgow Coma Score &#40;GCS&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> at admission&#44; clinical risk scores &#40;Acute Physiology Score -APACHE II-&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Simplified Acute Physiology Score -SAPS II-<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#41;&#44; tomography scores &#40;Graeb Score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#41; and risk factors for developing a cerebral haemorrhage &#40;history of prior treatment with anti-platelet drugs or anticoagulants&#44; or of hypertension&#41;&#46; We recorded the cause of the IVH &#40;primary or secondary&#41;&#44; the performance and result of arteriography&#44; the time of ventricular drainage and of IVF and the complications that arose in relation to the use of ventricular drains and their manipulation&#58; ventriculitis&#44; colonisation &#40;defined according to the criteria proposed by previously published studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;16</span></a>&#41;&#44; haemorrhage and obstruction&#46; The prognostic outcome was determined using the Glasgow Outcome Score &#40;GOS&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> at three months&#44; and we reviewed the cause of death in those patients who had died&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the statistical analysis&#44; we used the SPSS 11&#46;0 grad pack for Windows &#40;SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#41;&#46; The continuous variables are expressed as the mean and standard deviation &#40;SD&#41; or median and range &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#41; according to their distribution&#46; The categorical variables are presented as frequencies&#46; We compared the deceased patients with the survivors through the relative risk &#40;RR&#41;&#44; the Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test&#44; the Chi-square test and Fisher&#39;s Exact Test as necessary&#46; A value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 was considered to be statistically significant&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We carried out IVF on 42 patients &#40;69&#37; males&#41;&#44; 16 of whom had a moderate IVH 38&#37;&#41; and 26 &#40;62&#37;&#41; with a severe IVH according to Graeb&#39;s grading system&#46; Almost 19&#37; were primary IVH and the remainder secondary&#46; The aetiology was traumatic in 4&#46;8&#37;&#44; secondary to an SAH in 7&#46;1&#37;&#44; and 88&#46;1&#37; were secondary to other haemorrhagic CVAs&#46; The median Graeb score was 9 &#40;range 6&#8211;12&#41;&#46; The cerebral arteriography was performed in 21 patients&#59; we found 10 with arteriovenous malformations&#44; 6 with aneurysms and 5 with normal test&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Characteristics of the group studied</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have summarised the general characteristics of the group and the differences between those who died and the survivors in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; The average age was 58&#46;36 years &#40;SD 16&#46;67&#41;&#44; with a median of APACHE II of 17&#46;5 &#40;range 3&#8211;29&#41;&#44; and median SAPS of 39 &#40;range 7&#8211;68&#41;&#46; We found 16&#46;7&#37; were taking acenocoumarol and 7&#46;1&#37; anti-platelet agents&#46; There was a history of hypertension in 38&#46;1&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; at the beginning of IVF&#44; patient&#39;s median GCS was 8 &#40;range of 3&#8211;13&#41; and received intraventricular fibrinolysis for a median time of 6 days &#40;range 1&#8211;21&#41;&#46; We placed 57 external ventricular drains &#40;two in 15 patients&#41;&#44; with a median shunt time of 12&#46;5 days &#40;range 1&#8211;33&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Progress and risk factors</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the first three months&#44; 21 patients died &#40;50&#37;&#41;&#58; 17 in the general ICU &#40;9 of them from neurological causes and the rest due to septic or respiratory complications&#41;&#44; 3 in the neurosurgical ward &#40;1 from neurological deterioration&#44; another from bronchoaspiration and the third from pneumonia with multiorganic failure&#41;&#44; and lastly&#44; another patient died following neurological deterioration in a centre for chronic patients in the second month after the ICU admission &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We did not find statistically significant differences between those who died and the survivors in any of the variables studied&#44; although the greater age of those in the first group was close to the significance level &#40;62&#46;62 compared to 54&#46;1 with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;059&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Secondary IVH&#44; previous changes in coagulation&#44; or coma on admission did not lead to an increase in mortality compared to the rest &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; We found a mortality 1&#46;46 times greater in those patients with a severe IVH compared to those with a moderate IVH&#44; with a tendency to statistical significance &#40;36&#46;84&#37; compared to 53&#46;84&#37;&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;73&#8211;2&#46;91&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Complications</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three patients had a second bleed &#40;one of these died&#41; and 26&#46;2&#37; suffered from ventriculitis &#40;11 patients&#41; predominantly secondary to Gram positive bacteria &#40;63&#37;&#41;&#59; two of these had polymicrobial aetiology&#46; The percentage of colonisation of the ventricular shunt systems&#44; and the microbiological agents involved&#44; were similar to that of ventriculitis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46; The development of this complication did not lead to an increase in risk of mortality &#40;RR 0&#46;83&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;3&#8211;2&#46;31&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An intraventricular haemorrhage may occur spontaneously or be secondary to an intracerebral haemorrhage or a subarachnoid haemorrhage&#46; Its prognosis depends on the extent of the haemorrhage and the intensity of the initial symptoms&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> with estimated mortality rates of 50&#8211;80&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#8211;9</span></a> and a significant associated morbidity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;10</span></a> When secondary to an intraparenchymal haematoma it is an independent mortality factor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;28</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Occasionally&#44; it leads to a communicating hydrocephalus or an obstructive hydrocephalus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;10</span></a> that may require drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid or blood through an external ventricular drain&#46; There has been much debate on the usefulness of this measure&#44; as there has been no recorded decrease in morbimortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and&#44; on the other hand&#44; it has been associated with certain complications&#44; the most important of which is ventriculitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;13&#8211;18</span></a> There are studies that suggest the effectiveness of intraventricular fibrinolytic treatment in the increase of blood clearance&#44; lysis of clots&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;11&#44;12&#44;19&#8211;22</span></a> the reduction of hydrocephalus and even of mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;7&#44;11&#44;12&#44;19&#8211;22&#44;29</span></a> However&#44; Lapointe and Haine<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> recently analysed the safety and efficacy of intraventricular thrombolysis for the Cochrane review&#44; concluding that no random trials exist of sufficient quality or size to allow evaluation of the safety and therapeutic usefulness of the use of intraventricular fibrinolytic therapy in adults with IVH&#46; In their review&#44; they document improvements in intraventricular blood clearance and prognosis&#44; published in series of cases&#44; random trials and one quasi-random&#46; The in-depth review that Nyquist<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> published a year before concludes that the fibrinolytic therapy may improve survival rates&#44; reduce the number of patients requiring prolonged EVD and reduce length of stay in medical intensive care units&#46; Following the improved prognosis described in the recent results of the CLEAR IVH trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> &#40;prospective but non randomized&#41; and while waiting for the final results of the next &#8211; CLEAR III<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> &#8211; the use of intraventricular thrombolytics seems justified in the treatment of IVH&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present a retrospective analysis of 42 patients with IVF used in the treatment of IVH&#46; The majority of articles published on this subject refer to smaller sample sizes&#46; Our protocol for fibrinolysis&#44; also used by other authors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#44;6&#44;11</span></a> has not undergone modifications in its application since use of this therapy was begun in our centre&#46; For reasons of economy and formulation of the preparations&#44; we chose urokinase rather than r-TPA for intraventricular administration&#46; Both therapies have given good results in clearance and clot lysis with a similar rate of complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5&#44;9</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Prognosis and associated complications</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; the severity of the patient&#39;s state was assessed by specific quantitative scales&#44; enabling an analysis to be made of the prognosis and the risk factors associated with mortality&#46; Advanced age&#44; secondary IVH&#44; comatose state and hydrocephalus on admission and previous coagulopathy seem to worsen intraventricular haemorrhage&#39;s prognosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The possible implication of a greater extent of the haemorrhage in increased mortality has not been clarified&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;8&#44;10</span></a> In our series&#44; none of the variables showed statistically significant differences between the patients who died and those who did not&#44; although the data suggest that advanced age&#44; Graeb&#39;s scale over 8 and a change in haemostasis due to acenocoumarol or antiaggregants&#44; worsen prognosis&#46; It is possible that through analysis of wider series&#44; the statistic potential may be improved&#46; The design of the study we present assessed hydrocephalus according to the Graeb scoring&#44; and we were not able to obtain data on its implication in isolation in the IVH prognosis&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mortality we have found at 3 months was 50&#37; and is in agreement with the data published for IVH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;9</span></a> Vereecken<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> reports studies with a mortality close to 100&#37;&#59; some authors relate this to the extent of occupation of the ventricle by the bleed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In our series&#44; almost 62&#37; of the patients had a severe IVH &#40;Graeb greater than 8&#41;&#59; the estimated mortality for this grading is much higher than we have found in our patients&#46; Having a protocol for neurocritical patient care&#44; the use fibrinolytic therapy and the fact that our review has not analysed the prognosis beyond the first three months may explain this difference&#46; The prognosis we have observed is encouraging&#59; in the survivors&#44; the neurological situation at three months is favourable in over 50&#37;&#44; 28&#46;57&#37; suffered a severe disability and 23&#46;8&#37; were in a persistent vegetative state&#46; Huttner et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> with a smaller series&#44; do not report statistically significant better prognoses with the use of intraventricular rt-PA&#46; Their comparative analysis with non-fibrinolysed patients includes intraventricular bleeds measured by Graeb as being less serious than those we have analysed&#46; It is worth noting the disproportionate number of changes of the ventricular drainages carried out in their patients because of clotting in the system &#40;59&#37; in the fibrinolysed patients against 32&#37; in the rest&#44; with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;08&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The need for external ventricular drains to control intracranial pressure&#44; for removal of blood and the administration of local treatments has been questioned because of the risk of complications&#44; ventriculitis being the most important&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;18&#44;29</span></a> Its incidence varies according to the diagnostic criteria&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> with figures published of around 20&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;18</span></a> In this series&#44; 26&#46;2&#37; of the patients developed ventriculitis&#59; however&#44; this did not imply a worse prognosis &#40;RR 0&#46;83&#44; CI 95&#37;&#58; 0&#46;3&#8211;2&#46;31&#41;&#46; According to our data on infection associated with ventriculostomy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> intraventricular haemorrhage and intraventricular fibrinolysis carry with them a significant risk of infection associated with ventriculostomy&#44; with an RR compared to the rest of patients with ventricular drainage of 1&#46;44 &#40;CI 95&#37;&#58; 0&#46;91&#8211;2&#46;28&#41; for IVH and of 2&#46;33 &#40;CI 95&#37;&#58; 1&#46;33&#8211;4&#46;2&#41; for IVF&#46; The predominant infectious agents were the Gram positive cocci&#44; already described by other authors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;18</span></a> Fountas et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> published an incidence of ventriculitis in patients with IVF of 14&#46;3&#37;&#44; but with different diagnostic criteria&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Published haemorrhagic complications &#40;recurrent IVH or intracerebral haemorrhage&#41; with IVF vary from 8 to 20&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> although some often exclude IVH resulting from arteriovenous malformations or aneurysms&#46; In our review&#44; 7&#46;1&#37; of the patients bled after beginning IVF although we treated sixteen patients with vascular anomalies&#59; the cerebral arteriography was only made in 50&#37; of the patients&#44; so it was not possible to establish a direct relationship between the two factors&#44; and they did not entail an increase in mortality risk&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Limitations of the study</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We identified various limitations in our study&#59; its retrospective character is associated with possible errors in the collection and interpretation of the data from the clinical history&#46; We did not record the time taken to clear the ventricles of blood content as the time of IVF was decided jointly with the neurosurgeon depending on the clinical progress and the clearance of intraventricular blood and was suspended in those patients with a bad neurological outcome&#44; life sustaining-treatment limitation or improvement shown by tomography in the ventricular contamination with blood with a Graeb Score under 5&#46; We cannot present data of the patients with mild IVH &#40;Graeb under 5&#41; as they were not an objective of our study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our patients&#44; IVH is an entity with a high morbimortality&#46; Intraventricular fibrinolysis is associated with the development of certain complications that do not worsen the prognosis&#46; While we await the results of the CLEAR III study&#44; care protocols for the neurocritical patient that include the appropriate management of ventricular drainage and the administration of IVF in moderate or serious IVH&#44; would appear to contribute to lower mortality rates and better functional results at three months than those described in the bibliographic references&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of financial interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            1 => "Ventriculostom&#237;a"
            2 => "Fibrin&#243;lisis"
            3 => "Urocinasa"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Purpose</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We evaluate the results and complications of our intraventricular fibrinolysis protocol&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective analysis was made of the cases of intraventricular hemorrhage with 13-bed Intensive Care Unit&#46; Graeb score 6 or above subjected to intraventricular fibrinolysis&#46; We gathered demographic parameters&#44; clinical risk scores&#44; tomography data and case histories showing neurological status and complications related to intraventricular treatment&#46; The results between those who died and the survivors were compared&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Intraventricular fibrinolysis was performed in 42 patients &#40;69&#37; males&#41; with intraventricular hemorrhage&#46; The average age was 58&#46;36 years &#40;SD 16&#46;67&#41;&#44; with a median APACHE II score of 17&#46;5 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> 3&#8211;29&#41;&#46; A total of 16&#46;7&#37; were receiving acenocoumarol&#44; and 7&#46;1&#37; were on antiplatelet drugs&#46; The median Glasgow Coma Score at the start of treatment was 8 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> 3&#8211;13&#41;&#46; The median Graeb score was 9 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> 6&#8211;12&#41;&#44; and was severe &#40;Graeb 9&#8211;12&#41; in almost 62&#37;&#46; In turn&#44; 26&#46;2&#37; of the patients developed ventriculitis&#44; and there was further bleeding in 7&#46;1&#37;&#46; Death occurred in 50&#37; of the cases&#46; None of the analyzed variables were significantly related to increased mortality&#46; In the 21 survivors&#44; the Glasgow Outcome Score at 3 months was 2 in 23&#46;8&#37; of the cases&#44; 3 in 28&#46;57&#37;&#44; 4 in 23&#46;8&#37; and 5 in 28&#46;57&#37; of the patients&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Intraventricular fibrinolysis does not appear to involve a high rate of complications&#44; and may result in lesser mortality&#44; with a better functional outcome after three months than that estimated and published in the literature in reference to intraventricular hemorrhage&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar los resultados y complicaciones de un protocolo de fibrin&#243;lisis intraventricular empleado durante 10 a&#241;os&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">&#193;mbito de aplicaci&#243;n y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Servicio de Medicina Intensiva de 13 camas&#46; An&#225;lisis retrospectivo de nuestra base prospectiva de pacientes con hemorragia intraventricular con Graeb mayor de 5 tratados con fibrin&#243;lisis intraventricular&#46; Registramos datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; escalas de gravedad&#44; datos tomogr&#225;ficos y evolutivos neurol&#243;gicos&#44; y complicaciones relacionadas con la fibrin&#243;lisis&#46; Comparamos los resultados entre fallecidos y supervivientes&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recibieron fibrinol&#237;ticos intraventriculares 42 pacientes &#40;69&#37; varones&#41; con hemorragia intraventricular&#46; La edad media fue 58&#44;36 a&#241;os &#40;DE 16&#44;67&#41;&#44; con una mediana de APACHE II de 17&#44;5 &#40;rango 3-29&#41;&#46; El 16&#44;7&#37; tomaban acenocumarol y el 7&#44;1&#37; estaban en tratamiento antiagregante&#46; La mediana del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Glasgow Coma Score</span> en el momento de inicio de la fibrin&#243;lisis fue de 8 &#40;rango 3-13&#41;&#44; y la mediana de Graeb fue 9 &#40;rango 6-12&#41;&#46; M&#225;s del 62&#37; de las hemorragias fueron clasificadas como graves &#40;Graeb 9-12&#41;&#46; Se complicaron con ventriculitis el 26&#44;2&#37; y con sangrado el 7&#44;1&#37;&#46; Falleci&#243; el 50&#37; de la serie&#46; Ninguna de las variables analizadas se relacion&#243; de modo significativo con la mortalidad&#46; De los 21 supervivientes&#44; el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Glasgow Outcome Score</span> a los 3 meses fue de 2 en el 23&#44;8&#37;&#44; de 3 en el 28&#44;57&#37;&#44; de 4 en el 23&#44;8&#37; y de 5 en el 28&#44;57&#37;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La fibrin&#243;lisis intraventricular no parece asociar una alta tasa de complicaciones&#44; y puede contribuir a una menor mortalidad con mejor resultado funcional a los 3 meses que la estimada y publicada en la hemorragia intraventricular&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as&#58; Casta&#241;o &#193;vila S&#46;&#44; et al&#46; Hemorragia intraventricular tratada con fibrin&#243;lisis local&#58; experiencia de 10 a&#241;os&#46; Med Intensiva&#46; 2011&#46; http&#58;&#47;&#47;dx&#46;doi&#46;org&#47;10&#46;1016&#47;j&#46;medine&#46;2012&#46;02&#46;012&#92;&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:4 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">m&#58; men&#59; w&#58; women&#46; GCS&#58; Glasgow Coma Score&#59; IVF&#58; intraventricular fibrinolysis&#59; Time EVD&#58; days with external ventricular drainage&#59; Alt haemostasis&#58; treatment with acenocoumarol or with anti-platelet drugs&#59; IVH&#58; intraventricular haemorrhage&#59; Context of IVH&#58; with relation to IP&#47;IV CVA&#58; intraparenchymal&#47;intraventricular cerebrovascular accident&#44; SAH&#58; subarachnoid haemorrhage&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison tests &#40;Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test&#44; Pearson&#8217; Chi-square test&#44; and Fisher&#39;s Exact Test according to the type of variable&#41; of averages or frequencies with a significance level of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">21 Deceased&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">21 Survivors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender &#40;m&#58;w&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">29&#58;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#58;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&#58;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AGE &#40;years&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">58&#46;36 &#40;16&#46;67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&#46;62 &#40;15&#46;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">54&#46;1 &#40;17&#46;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;059&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APACHE II score</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;76 &#40;5&#46;68&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;52 &#40;5&#46;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;5&#46;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SAPS II</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37&#46;07 &#40;12&#46;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;13&#46;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&#46;14 &#40;11&#46;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GCS start of IVF</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;07 &#40;2&#46;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;29 &#40;2&#46;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;86 &#40;2&#46;67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GRAEB score</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;98 &#40;1&#46;66&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;05 &#40;1&#46;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;9 &#40;1&#46;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Time EVD &#40;days&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;93 &#40;7&#46;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;19 &#40;5&#46;91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;67 &#40;8&#46;05&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Number EVD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;36 &#40;0&#46;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;29 &#40;0&#46;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;43 &#40;0&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Days de IVF</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;74 &#40;4&#46;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;1 &#40;3&#46;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;38 &#40;4&#46;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alt haemostasis &#40;n&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IVH&#58; primary&#47;secondary</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#47;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#47;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#47;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Context of IVH &#40;n&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IP&#47;IV CVA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SAH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Trauma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab332499.png"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of the group studied&#46;</p>"
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      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cause of death&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequency &#40;percentage&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Brain death &#40;B&#46;D&#46;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;9&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Neurological deterioration without B&#46;D&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;19&#46;04&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Life sustaining-treatment limitation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;23&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pneumonia with multiorganic failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;38&#46;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bronchoaspiration&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;4&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Intestinal perforation with peritonitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;4&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab332501.png"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Progress&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
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        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">GCS&#58; Glasgow Coma Score&#59; IVH&#58; intraventricular haemorrhage&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 95&#37; confidence interval&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Relative risk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GCS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;71&#8211;1&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Coagulopathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;70&#8211;7&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Secondary IVH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;75&#8211;1&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Severe IVH &#40;Graeb<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;73&#8211;2&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab332502.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Risk factors linked with greater mortality&#46;</p>"
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      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Microbe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; epidermidis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; maltophilia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">No microbe identified&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigates</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Miocrobiological agents involved in ventriculitis and colonisations&#46;</p>"
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        0 => array:2 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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Article information

ISSN: 21735727
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.medine.2012.02.012

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2020 November	64	23	87
2020 October	54	38	92
2020 September	58	23	81
2020 August	42	22	64
2020 July	31	28	59
2020 June	46	25	71
2020 May	41	25	66
2020 April	44	30	74
2020 March	28	19	47
2020 February	107	42	149
2020 January	47	33	80
2019 December	151	28	179
2019 November	53	28	81
2019 October	55	26	81
2019 September	32	45	77
2019 August	40	35	75
2019 July	25	30	55
2019 June	29	31	60
2019 May	39	33	72
2019 April	23	29	52
2019 March	28	49	77
2019 February	32	40	72
2019 January	37	38	75
2018 December	69	42	111
2018 November	119	63	182
2018 October	128	25	153
2018 September	37	12	49
2018 August	35	6	41
2018 July	37	14	51
2018 June	49	11	60
2018 May	15	3	18
2018 April	59	7	66
2018 March	59	6	65
2018 February	95	8	103
2018 January	42	16	58
2017 December	93	5	98
2017 November	30	13	43
2017 October	24	10	34
2017 September	26	5	31
2017 August	25	12	37
2017 July	22	14	36
2017 June	48	25	73
2017 May	26	14	40
2017 April	32	13	45
2017 March	27	20	47
2017 February	17	6	23
2017 January	15	5	20
2016 December	42	6	48
2016 November	28	11	39
2016 October	44	14	58
2016 September	41	13	54
2016 August	31	8	39
2016 July	15	8	23
2015 December	2	0	2
2014 June	1	0	1
2014 April	1	0	1
2014 February	1	0	1
2014 January	1	0	1
2013 December	5	0	5
2013 September	1	0	1
2013 August	2	0	2
2013 July	2	0	2

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