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Review article
Available online 31 January 2025
Tranexamic acid applications in neurocritical patients: A narrative review
Aplicaciones del ácido tranexámico en los pacientes neurocríticos: revisión narrativa
Eva Esther Tejerina Álvareza,c,&#¿;
Corresponding author
evateje@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Irene Cavada Carranzab, Marcos González Bermejob, Teresa Molina Garcíab, José Ángel Lorente Balanzaa,c,d,e
a Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Farmacia Hospitalaria, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
c Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
d Departamento de Bioingeniería, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
e Departamento Clínico, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Received 21 September 2024. Accepted 25 November 2024
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Tables (4)
Table 1. Main meta-analyses evaluating the effect of TXA in patients with traumatic brain injury.
Table 2. Main meta-analyses evaluating the effect of TXA in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Table 3. Main randomized clinical trials evaluating the effect of TXA in patients with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage and identification of the spot sign.
Table 4. Main meta-analyses evaluating the effect of TXA in patients with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage.
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Abstract

In patients with spontaneous or traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, hematoma expansion is associated with poorer neurological outcomes and increased mortality. The administration of an antifibrinolytic agent like tranexamic acid (TXA) may potentially improve clinical outcomes in patients with acute brain injury by preventing such intracranial expansion. However, studies on the impact of TXA in these patients have yielded variable results, and its efficacy, appropriate dosing and optimal timing of administration remain unclear. The present review summarizes the clinical evidence regarding the proper use of tranexamic acid in the treatment of intracranial traumatic and non-traumatic hemorrhage, and its implications for clinical practice.

Keywords:
Tranexamic acid
Acute brain injury
Hematoma expansion
Acute traumatic brain injury
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Intracranial hemorrhage
Resumen

En los pacientes con hemorragia intracraneal, ya sea espontánea o traumática, la expansión del hematoma se asocia con peores resultados neurológicos y mayor mortalidad. La limitación del sangrado intracraneal y su expansión mediante la administración de un agente antifibrinolítico como el ácido tranexámico (ATX) puede mejorar potencialmente los desenlaces clínicos en pacientes con daño cerebral agudo. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre el impacto del ATX en estos pacientes han mostrado resultados variables, y aún no está clara su eficacia, la dosificación adecuada y ni el momento óptimo de administración. El objetivo de esta revisión es resumir la evidencia clínica sobre el uso adecuado de ATX en el tratamiento de hemorragias intracraneales, tanto traumáticas como no traumáticas, y sus implicaciones para la práctica clínica.

Palabras clave:
Ácido tranexámico
Daño cerebral agudo
Expansión del hematoma
Traumatismo craneoencefálico agudo
Hemorragia subaracnoidea
Hemorragia intracraneal

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