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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> INTRODUCCI&#211;N</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El s&#237;ndrome de apical <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ballooning</span> o abalonamiento&#44; tambi&#233;n conocido como s&#237;ndrome de discinesia apical transitoria &#40;SDAT&#41; o cardiomiopat&#237;a de Takotsubo ha sido descrito recientemente&#46; Los primeros casos aparecen en la poblaci&#243;n japonesa durante los a&#241;os noventa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span>&#44; aunque es en el a&#241;o 2001 cuando se consolida como entidad independiente&#44; describi&#233;ndose por Tsuchihashi et al de nuevo en Jap&#243;n la primera serie de 88 pacientes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#46; Posteriormente&#44; se han documentado m&#225;s series de casos en EE&#46;UU&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>&#44; B&#233;lgica<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> y en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os tambi&#233;n en otros lugares&#44; de lo que se deduce que no existe asociaci&#243;n con determinadas &#225;reas geogr&#225;ficas o grupos &#233;tnicos<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-20</span>&#46; Del an&#225;lisis de los casos descritos en las principales series publicadas &#40;tabla 1&#41; se infieren las principales caracter&#237;sticas diferenciales del SDAT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-5&#44;7&#44;16-18</span>&#58; tiene lugar en mujeres de mediana edad &#40;entre 50 y 70 a&#241;os&#41; y est&#225; precedido de un estr&#233;s f&#237;sico o ps&#237;quico que act&#250;a como desencadenante&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="64v31n03-13101491tab01.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La disfunci&#243;n apical transitoria se caracteriza por la morfolog&#237;a que adopta el ventr&#237;culo izquierdo&#44; con el &#225;pex redondeado y el cuello estrecho&#44; originada por la hipocinesia&#44; acinesia o discinesia de los segmentos apicales&#44; e hipercontractilidad de los segmentos basales&#46; Debe su nombre a un antiguo recipiente empleado para atrapar pulpos en los mares de Jap&#243;n&#44; que posee la misma forma que la que adopta el ventr&#237;culo izquierdo en la ventriculograf&#237;a<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;19&#44;20</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Su aparici&#243;n es aguda y transitoria&#44; normaliz&#225;ndose la funci&#243;n ventricular de una a tres semanas&#44; aunque se puede retrasar hasta dos meses&#46; La ausencia de enfermedad aterotromb&#243;tica en las arterias coronarias de los pacientes que presentan este s&#237;ndrome es condici&#243;n indispensable para su diagn&#243;stico<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#44;18&#44;19</span>&#46; Este criterio es importante&#44; existiendo autores que consideran que no se puede realizar su diagn&#243;stico si no se cuenta con una coronariograf&#237;a precoz&#44; en las primeras 24 horas de su aparici&#243;n&#44; aunque en la actualidad no existe un acuerdo sobre la obligatoriedad de la realizaci&#243;n de exploraciones invasoras para llevar a cabo su diagn&#243;stico&#46; Unos autores admiten la realizaci&#243;n tard&#237;a&#44; otros preconizan la realizaci&#243;n de ultrasonograf&#237;a intravascular o ventriculograf&#237;a con is&#243;topos y finalmente se describen series que incluyen casos en los que no se realiza angiograf&#237;a&#44; al considerar que la realizaci&#243;n de ecocardiograma o resonancia son tambi&#233;n v&#225;lidos para objetivar las alteraciones descritas<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21-23</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">De etiolog&#237;a parcialmente conocida&#44; se calcula que en nuestro medio aproximadamente el 1-2&#37; de los pacientes con sospecha de infarto agudo de miocardio &#40;IAM&#41; padece en realidad este s&#237;ndrome&#44; pues la presentaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica y electrocardiogr&#225;fica del mismo es similar a la de los pacientes con s&#237;ndrome coronario agudo&#44; con la existencia de elevaci&#243;n del segmento ST m&#225;s acusada en la cara anterior en el 90&#37; de las ocasiones &#173;aunque con mayor elevaci&#243;n en V4-V6 que en V1-V3&#44; a diferencia de los IAM anteriores-&#46; En una cuarta parte de las ocasiones aparecen adem&#225;s ondas Q que desaparecen tras el per&#237;odo agudo&#44; y pr&#225;cticamente todos presentan a partir del segundo d&#237;a ondas T negativas &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41;&#46; El intervalo QT corregido &#40;QTc&#41; se encuentra m&#225;s alargado que en el IAM&#46; Todas estas alteraciones son transitorias&#44; aunque la negatividad de la onda T puede prolongarse durante m&#225;s tiempo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24-32</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="64v31n03-13101491fig02.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> Figura 1&#46; Electrocardiograma &#40;ECG&#41; de una paciente de 57 a&#241;os durante el episodio agudo de disfunci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo&#44; donde se aprecia una elevaci&#243;n del segmento ST en la serie precordial e inferior &#40;trazado ECG en la parte superior&#41; y su evoluci&#243;n con el desarrollo de isquemia subepic&#225;rdica &#40;trazado ECG en la parte inferior&#41; y aparici&#243;n de inversi&#243;n de la onda T&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En el 50&#37; de los pacientes existe tambi&#233;n una ligera elevaci&#243;n de las enzimas card&#237;acas&#44; con gran discrepancia entre su incremento y la extensi&#243;n del &#225;rea acin&#233;tica a juzgar por las alteraciones en el electrocardiograma &#40;ECG&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Aunque las alteraciones son por definici&#243;n reversibles y el pron&#243;stico habitualmente bueno&#44; pueden existir en la evoluci&#243;n complicaciones como arritmias&#44; insuficiencia card&#237;aca&#44; estenosis suba&#243;rtica din&#225;mica&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> shock</span> cardiog&#233;nico&#44; accidente cerebrovascular de origen emb&#243;lico e incluso muerte &#40;tabla 2&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;28-32</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="64v31n03-13101491tab03.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En el presente trabajo se han revisado los art&#237;culos m&#225;s relevantes acerca de la disfunci&#243;n apical transitoria mediante la revisi&#243;n de los mismos en las bases de datos Medline&#44; EMBASE&#44; BIOBASE y Web of Knowledge&#44; deteni&#233;ndonos en las diversas hip&#243;tesis que intentan explicar su fisiopatolog&#237;a&#44; &#40;a&#250;n desconocida&#41;&#44; y en los criterios cl&#237;nicos para su diagn&#243;stico&#44; &#40;no admitidos por todos los autores&#41;&#46; Los t&#233;rminos empleados para la b&#250;squeda han sido&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Takotsubo cardiomyopathy&#44; transient left ventricular apical syndrome&#44; ballooning syndrome&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> CRITERIOS QUE DEFINEN EL S&#205;NDROME</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Se han empleado numerosos y diversos criterios en las diferentes series publicadas&#44; sin embargo&#44; y con las implicaciones terap&#233;uticas que ello supone&#44; a&#250;n no existe una definici&#243;n de consenso del mismo&#46; Conscientes de ello&#44; y para facilitar su r&#225;pido reconocimiento&#44; algunos autores como Abe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;33</span> y posteriormente Bybee de la Cl&#237;nica Mayo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;34</span>&#44; proponen cuatro criterios basados fundamentalmente en su presentaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica &#40;tabla 3&#41;&#44; para discriminar f&#225;cilmente este s&#237;ndrome de otras patolog&#237;as como el IAM&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="64v31n03-13101491tab04.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">1&#41; La discinesia o acinesia transitoria de los segmentos apicales y medios del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo de distribuci&#243;n vascular correspondiente a m&#225;s de una arteria epic&#225;rdica&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">2&#41; La ausencia de enfermedad coronaria obstructiva o evidencia de rotura aguda de placa en la angiograf&#237;a&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">3&#41; La nueva aparici&#243;n de anomal&#237;as en el trazado ECG&#44; como elevaci&#243;n del segmento ST o inversi&#243;n de la onda T&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">4&#41; Ausencia de traumatismo craneoencef&#225;lico reciente o hemorragia subaracnoidea&#44; feocromocitoma&#44; miocarditis&#44; miocardiopat&#237;a hipertr&#243;fica o aturdimiento mioc&#225;rdico de origen isqu&#233;mico&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Dichos criterios pueden ser empleados cuando no existan otras causas evidentes que provoquen similares alteraciones en la funci&#243;n apical ventricular<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span>&#44; aunque para algunos autores la reversibilidad de la disfunci&#243;n ventricular es un argumento suficiente para su diagn&#243;stico<span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span>&#46; Dentro de estos criterios&#44; el grupo de Abe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span> discrimina entre dos criterios mayores &#40;entre los que se encuentran la reversibilidad de los trastornos de la contractilidad del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo y las alteraciones en el ECG&#41; y dos menores &#40;la existencia de un factor precipitante como el estr&#233;s f&#237;sico o emocional y el ligero incremento de las enzimas card&#237;acas&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; otros autores&#44; como el grupo de Segovia et al<span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span>&#44; proponen a&#241;adir otros criterios adem&#225;s de los mencionados&#44; subrayando que la existencia de una coronariograf&#237;a urgente normal es criterio diagn&#243;stico per se&#44; aunque la realizaci&#243;n de la misma no es imprescindible&#44; admitiendo la realizaci&#243;n de exploraciones no invasoras como el ecocardiograma&#44; la resonancia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca o la ventriculograf&#237;a con is&#243;topos asociadas a otras manifestaciones cl&#237;nicas para lograr su diagn&#243;stico<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;21-23</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> ETIOPATOGENIA</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> &#201;ste es otro punto de controversia en el que no existe una &#250;nica teor&#237;a propuesta&#46; Debido a que la etiolog&#237;a de este s&#237;ndrome permanece a&#250;n desconocida&#44; especulativamente se han propuesto varios mecanismos implicados en su g&#233;nesis&#44; como el espasmo de las arterias epic&#225;rdicas&#44; la alteraci&#243;n en la microvascularizaci&#243;n coronaria o la disfunci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica mediada por catecolaminas&#44; entre otros&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Espasmo de las arterias coronarias</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La hip&#243;tesis de un espasmo de las arterias coronarias epic&#225;rdicas como origen de esta entidad ha sido descrita desde las primeras descripciones&#44; debido a la coincidencia del espasmo coronario y aturdimiento mioc&#225;rdico en casos aislados&#46; Sin embargo&#44; el empleo de la coronariograf&#237;a precoz en el SDAT muestra la presencia de espasmo espont&#225;neo difuso en escasas ocasiones&#44; y su reproducci&#243;n mediante la prueba de provocaci&#243;n con ergonovina o acetilcolina &#250;nicamente result&#243; positiva en el 15-30&#37; de los sujetos estudiados<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-4&#44;16&#44;18</span>&#46; Abe et al buscaron la confirmaci&#243;n de este mecanismo realizando Doppler intracoronario de modo prospectivo en la fase aguda del SDAT sin encontrar tampoco lesiones significativas<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Trastorno de la microvascularizaci&#243;n</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En ausencia de obstrucci&#243;n coronaria se pens&#243; en la existencia de un trastorno en la microvascularizaci&#243;n coronaria que ocasionar&#237;a aturdimiento mioc&#225;rdico y que podr&#237;a ser el origen de la cardiomiopat&#237;a de Takotsubo&#46; As&#237;&#44; la funci&#243;n de la microvascularizaci&#243;n coronaria inmediatamente despu&#233;s de la presentaci&#243;n del SDAT se encuentra difusamente afectada&#44; existiendo una disminuci&#243;n en la reserva del flujo coronario&#44; tanto si es medida con t&#233;cnicas invasoras &#40;tromb&#243;lisis en el infarto de miocardio &#91;TIMI&#93;&#41; o no invasoras&#44; mediante Doppler o tomograf&#237;a por emisi&#243;n de fotones &#40;SPECT&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;16&#44;19&#44;38-42</span>&#46; Esta reducci&#243;n transitoria de la reserva coronaria puede ser el mecanismo que produce la reversibilidad de este s&#237;ndrome&#44; aunque no queda claro si dicha disfunci&#243;n en la microvascularizaci&#243;n es el mecanismo primario en la patog&#233;nesis del s&#237;ndrome&#44; o bien si se trata de un fen&#243;meno secundario<span class="elsevierStyleSup">43&#44;44</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Disfunci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica secundaria<br></br> a catecolaminas</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Otra de las hip&#243;tesis considera a esta entidad como un s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico determinado por una hiperactividad aguda del sistema simp&#225;tico local secundaria a la descarga masiva de catecolaminas que provocar&#237;a un aturdimiento mioc&#225;rdico<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;45</span>&#46; La presencia frecuente de un estr&#233;s f&#237;sico &#40;traumatismo&#44; intervenci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica&#44; etc&#46;&#41; o emocional que desencadena el s&#237;ndrome en casi todas las series publicadas parece apoyar esta hip&#243;tesis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;17&#44;20&#44;45-58</span>&#46; La alteraci&#243;n transitoria en la actividad simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca inducida por el estr&#233;s se ha puesto de manifiesto mediante pruebas de imagen como la gammagraf&#237;a card&#237;aca<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;59&#44;60</span>&#46; Se han observado&#44; adem&#225;s&#44; claras similitudes entre el SDAT y el aturdimiento mioc&#225;rdico debido a la descarga de catecolaminas&#44; que se encuentra presente en patolog&#237;as como la hemorragia subaracnoidea o la crisis del feocromocitoma<span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span>&#46; Otro argumento a favor es el descubrimiento de un modelo experimental de SDAT&#44; en el que el estr&#233;s continuado provoca hipocinesia de la regi&#243;n anteroapical del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo&#44; quedando atenuados los cambios en aquellos animales que recib&#237;an estr&#243;genos suplementarios&#44; o normaliz&#225;ndose tras realizar un bloqueo de los adrenorreceptores alfa o beta<span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Esta teor&#237;a&#44; aunque prometedora&#44; no aclara el origen del SDAT&#44; pues no se ha podido comprobar la existencia de una elevada concentraci&#243;n de catecolaminas a nivel local &#40;miocardio apical&#41; durante la fase aguda del SDAT&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se desconoce por qu&#233; la disfunci&#243;n afecta &#250;nicamente a los segmentos apicales&#44; sobre todo si se tiene en cuenta que todo el miocardio recibe inervaci&#243;n simp&#225;tica por igual&#46; Autores como el grupo de Akashi encuentran una distribuci&#243;n de terminaciones nerviosas simp&#225;ticas y una mayor densidad de sus receptores&#44; y un incremento en la respuesta al est&#237;mulo adren&#233;rgico en el &#225;rea apical&#44; pero los resultados no han sido concluyentes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;62&#44;63</span>&#46; El ligero aumento de las catecolaminas en sangre perif&#233;rica durante la fase aguda tampoco explicar&#237;a este fen&#243;meno&#44; al tratarse de un hallazgo absolutamente inespec&#237;fico presente en la mayor&#237;a de enfermedades agudas&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Otras teor&#237;as</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Otra de las hip&#243;tesis que explicar&#237;an esta patolog&#237;a es la existencia de anomal&#237;as en la arquitectura normal del miocardio&#46; As&#237;&#44; Desmet<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> y Kawai<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> observan en algunos pacientes la presencia de un septo o &#171;resalte&#187; en la parte medial del tabique interventricular de morfolog&#237;a sigmoide &#40;fig&#46; 2&#41;&#44; as&#237; como una orientaci&#243;n anormal en la inserci&#243;n de la v&#225;lvula mitral&#46; Ambas variantes de la normalidad suceden con mayor frecuencia en mujeres y se cree que ante una intensa estimulaci&#243;n adren&#233;rgica o una deshidrataci&#243;n condicionan un reducido volumen ventricular&#44; predisponiendo a una obstrucci&#243;n din&#225;mica&#44; grave y transitoria en el tracto de salida del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo &#40;TSVI&#41;&#44; al subdividir este ventr&#237;culo en 2 c&#225;maras funcionalmente diferentes&#44; con marcado aumento de la presi&#243;n intraventricular en la pared ventricular distal de la c&#225;mara apical<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;64-70</span>&#46; Dicha obstrucci&#243;n provoca una isquemia subendoc&#225;rdica secundaria a la reducci&#243;n de la perfusi&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica&#44; que no se corresponde a un territorio espec&#237;fico de una arteria coronaria&#44; y que es el sustrato del aturdimiento mioc&#225;rdico presente en este s&#237;ndrome&#46; Autores como Merli han podido demostrar estos hallazgos mediante el empleo de la ecocardiograf&#237;a de estr&#233;s con dobutamina&#46; Estas investigaciones revisten una gran importancia&#44; ya que el tratamiento con nitratos podr&#237;a aumentar dicho gradiente causando mayor deterioro&#44; mientras que el tratamiento con bloqueadores beta&#44; volumen&#44; o estimulantes alfa-adren&#233;rgicos ser&#237;a beneficioso al reducirlo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">67&#44;70</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="64v31n03-13101491fig05.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> Figura 2&#46; Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico realizado en un plano apical de cuatro c&#225;maras donde se aprecia la geometr&#237;a del tracto de salida de ventr&#237;culo izquierdo &#40;TSVI&#41; con movimiento anterior sist&#243;lico de la v&#225;lvula mitral &#40;parte superior&#41;&#44; insuficiencia mitral significativa y gradiente elevado en el TSVI &#40;parte inferior&#41;&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Otras etiolog&#237;as actualmente en investigaci&#243;n son la gen&#233;tica&#44; existiendo por una parte una agrupaci&#243;n entre personas de la misma familia&#44; y por otra una especial respuesta al estr&#233;s que se encuentra mediada gen&#233;ticamente<span class="elsevierStyleSup">71</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> TRATAMIENTO</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Las implicaciones pron&#243;sticas y terap&#233;uticas del SDAT difieren del IAM y conllevan diferente manejo cl&#237;nico&#46; Con su r&#225;pido reconocimiento se puede evitar la administraci&#243;n f&#250;til de agentes fibrinol&#237;ticos y la realizaci&#243;n de cateterismo en la fase aguda&#46; El tratamiento con bloqueadores beta o con agonistas alfa-adren&#233;rgicos&#44; a&#241;adidos a inhibidores de la enzima conversora de angiotensina &#40;IECA&#41; son de gran utilidad para disminuir o anular el gradiente din&#225;mico que se genera en el TSVI durante la fase aguda&#46; As&#237; mismo&#44; su empleo durante la fase cr&#243;nica&#44; y posiblemente de modo indefinido&#44; ha demostrado ser muy &#250;til para prevenir las recurrencias<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7&#44;65&#44;72</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> CONCLUSIONES</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La cardiomiopat&#237;a de Takotsubo es un s&#237;ndrome de reciente descripci&#243;n caracterizado por la discinesia apical del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo de car&#225;cter transitorio&#44; que tiene lugar con mayor frecuencia en mujeres que se encuentran alrededor de la menopausia&#46; Su presentaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#44; ECG y enzim&#225;tica simula un s&#237;ndrome coronario agudo&#44; aunque la diferencia con el mismo radica en la ausencia de estenosis en las arterias coronarias&#44; lo que le confiere un buen pron&#243;stico&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Su manejo cl&#237;nico y la prevenci&#243;n de las recidivas son dif&#237;ciles&#44; ya que este s&#237;ndrome plantea todav&#237;a muchas inc&#243;gnitas en cuanto a su fisiopatolog&#237;a&#46; Varios son los mecanismos propuestos y es posible que todos participen en la g&#233;nesis del SDAT&#44; aunque es la descarga de catecolaminas el mecanismo inicial que lo desencadena&#46; Parecen necesarias ulteriores investigaciones para lograr el conocimiento del mismo&#46; El empleo de los criterios diagn&#243;sticos basados en su presentaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica facilita su sospecha y r&#225;pido reconocimiento para diferenciarlo del IAM&#44; evitando la administraci&#243;n de tratamiento fibrinol&#237;tico &#40;con su riesgo de complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas&#41; y de nitratos &#40;con probable empeoramiento de la disfunci&#243;n al provocar un aumento del gradiente din&#225;mico&#41;&#46; En la actualidad el empleo de bloqueadores beta ha demostrado ser un tratamiento eficaz tanto en la fase aguda como a largo plazo&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Declaraci&#243;n de conflicto de intereses</span><br></br> Los autores han declarado no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Correspondencia&#58; Dra&#46; B&#46; Ob&#243;n Azuara&#46;<br></br> Servicio de Medicina Intensiva&#46;<br></br> Hospital Cl&#237;nico Universitario&#46;<br></br> Avda&#46; San Juan Bosco&#44; 15&#46;<br></br> 50009 Zaragoza&#46; Espa&#241;a&#46;<br></br> Correo electr&#243;nico&#58; <a href="mailto&#58;blankaobona&#64;yahoo&#46;es" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"> blankaobona&#64;yahoo&#46;es</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Manuscrito aceptado el 1-VI-2006&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "El s&#237;ndrome de disfunci&#243;n apical transitoria&#44; ballooning o cardiomiopat&#237;a de Takotsubo es un s&#237;ndrome de reciente descripci&#243;n&#46; Se trata de una entidad de mecanismo parcialmente conocido&#44; caracterizada por la morfolog&#237;a que adopta el ventr&#237;culo izquierdo secundaria a la hipocinesia o discinesia de los segmentos apicales e hipercontractilidad de los basales&#46; En la mayor&#237;a de los casos publicados se trata de un s&#237;ndrome con elevaci&#243;n del segmento ST en las derivaciones precordiales&#44; cuya forma de presentaci&#243;n es tambi&#233;n el dolor tor&#225;cico o la disnea&#44; pudiendo existir una moderada elevaci&#243;n de los biomarcadores card&#237;acos&#46; A diferencia del s&#237;ndrome coronario agudo&#44; los pacientes con disfunci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo no presentan enfermedad aterotromb&#243;tica en las arterias coronarias&#59; adem&#225;s&#44; las alteraciones descritas poseen un car&#225;cter reversible&#46; Se han propuesto unos criterios cl&#237;nicos diagn&#243;sticos&#44; existiendo en la actualidad cierta controversia en los mismos&#44; as&#237; como en las exploraciones complementarias necesarias para realizar su diagn&#243;stico&#46;"
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        "resumen" => "Transient apical dysfunction syndrome&#44; ballooning or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a recently described syndrome&#46; It is a disease with a partially known mechanism&#44; characterized by the morphology adopted by the left ventricle secondary to hypokinesis and dyskinesis of the apical segments and hypercontractibility of the basal segments&#46; In most of the cases published&#44; it is a syndrome with ST segment elevation in the precordial leads&#44; whose presentation form is also thoracic pain or dyspnea&#44; with the possible existence of moderate elevation of cardiac biomarkers&#46; On the contrary to the acute coronary syndrome&#44; patients with left ventricle dysfunction do not have atherothrombotic disease in the coronary arteries&#46; Furthermore&#44; the alterations described have a reversible character&#46; Some diagnostic clinical criteria have been proposed and there is presently some controversy on them and on the complementary examination needed to diagnose it&#46;"
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                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Ampulla cardiomyopathy &#40;Takotsubo cardiomyopathy&#41; reversible left ventricular dysfunction&#58;with ST segment elevation&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
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                            6 => "et al&#46;"
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                      "titulo" => "Angina Pectoris-Myocardial Infarction Investigations in Japan&#46; Transient left ventricular apical ballooning without coronary artery stenosis&#58; a novel heart syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction&#46;"
                      "idioma" => "en"
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                        0 => array:2 [
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                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "Tsuchihashi K"
                            1 => "Ueshima K"
                            2 => "Uchida T"
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                            4 => "Kimura K"
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                            6 => "et al&#46;"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11451258"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:3 [
                      "titulo" => "Apical ballooning of the left ventricle&#58; first series in white patients&#46;"
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Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo: disfunción transitoria apical de ventrículo izquierdo
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: transient apical dysfunction of the left ventricle
B. Obón Azuaraa, MR. Ortas Nadala, I. Gutiérrez Cíaa, B. Villanueva Anadóna
a Servicio de Medicina Intensiva. Hospital Clínico Universitario. Zaragoza. España.
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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> INTRODUCCI&#211;N</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">El s&#237;ndrome de apical <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ballooning</span> o abalonamiento&#44; tambi&#233;n conocido como s&#237;ndrome de discinesia apical transitoria &#40;SDAT&#41; o cardiomiopat&#237;a de Takotsubo ha sido descrito recientemente&#46; Los primeros casos aparecen en la poblaci&#243;n japonesa durante los a&#241;os noventa<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span>&#44; aunque es en el a&#241;o 2001 cuando se consolida como entidad independiente&#44; describi&#233;ndose por Tsuchihashi et al de nuevo en Jap&#243;n la primera serie de 88 pacientes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#46; Posteriormente&#44; se han documentado m&#225;s series de casos en EE&#46;UU&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>&#44; B&#233;lgica<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> y en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os tambi&#233;n en otros lugares&#44; de lo que se deduce que no existe asociaci&#243;n con determinadas &#225;reas geogr&#225;ficas o grupos &#233;tnicos<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-20</span>&#46; Del an&#225;lisis de los casos descritos en las principales series publicadas &#40;tabla 1&#41; se infieren las principales caracter&#237;sticas diferenciales del SDAT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-5&#44;7&#44;16-18</span>&#58; tiene lugar en mujeres de mediana edad &#40;entre 50 y 70 a&#241;os&#41; y est&#225; precedido de un estr&#233;s f&#237;sico o ps&#237;quico que act&#250;a como desencadenante&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="64v31n03-13101491tab01.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La disfunci&#243;n apical transitoria se caracteriza por la morfolog&#237;a que adopta el ventr&#237;culo izquierdo&#44; con el &#225;pex redondeado y el cuello estrecho&#44; originada por la hipocinesia&#44; acinesia o discinesia de los segmentos apicales&#44; e hipercontractilidad de los segmentos basales&#46; Debe su nombre a un antiguo recipiente empleado para atrapar pulpos en los mares de Jap&#243;n&#44; que posee la misma forma que la que adopta el ventr&#237;culo izquierdo en la ventriculograf&#237;a<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;19&#44;20</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Su aparici&#243;n es aguda y transitoria&#44; normaliz&#225;ndose la funci&#243;n ventricular de una a tres semanas&#44; aunque se puede retrasar hasta dos meses&#46; La ausencia de enfermedad aterotromb&#243;tica en las arterias coronarias de los pacientes que presentan este s&#237;ndrome es condici&#243;n indispensable para su diagn&#243;stico<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#44;18&#44;19</span>&#46; Este criterio es importante&#44; existiendo autores que consideran que no se puede realizar su diagn&#243;stico si no se cuenta con una coronariograf&#237;a precoz&#44; en las primeras 24 horas de su aparici&#243;n&#44; aunque en la actualidad no existe un acuerdo sobre la obligatoriedad de la realizaci&#243;n de exploraciones invasoras para llevar a cabo su diagn&#243;stico&#46; Unos autores admiten la realizaci&#243;n tard&#237;a&#44; otros preconizan la realizaci&#243;n de ultrasonograf&#237;a intravascular o ventriculograf&#237;a con is&#243;topos y finalmente se describen series que incluyen casos en los que no se realiza angiograf&#237;a&#44; al considerar que la realizaci&#243;n de ecocardiograma o resonancia son tambi&#233;n v&#225;lidos para objetivar las alteraciones descritas<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21-23</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">De etiolog&#237;a parcialmente conocida&#44; se calcula que en nuestro medio aproximadamente el 1-2&#37; de los pacientes con sospecha de infarto agudo de miocardio &#40;IAM&#41; padece en realidad este s&#237;ndrome&#44; pues la presentaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica y electrocardiogr&#225;fica del mismo es similar a la de los pacientes con s&#237;ndrome coronario agudo&#44; con la existencia de elevaci&#243;n del segmento ST m&#225;s acusada en la cara anterior en el 90&#37; de las ocasiones &#173;aunque con mayor elevaci&#243;n en V4-V6 que en V1-V3&#44; a diferencia de los IAM anteriores-&#46; En una cuarta parte de las ocasiones aparecen adem&#225;s ondas Q que desaparecen tras el per&#237;odo agudo&#44; y pr&#225;cticamente todos presentan a partir del segundo d&#237;a ondas T negativas &#40;fig&#46; 1&#41;&#46; El intervalo QT corregido &#40;QTc&#41; se encuentra m&#225;s alargado que en el IAM&#46; Todas estas alteraciones son transitorias&#44; aunque la negatividad de la onda T puede prolongarse durante m&#225;s tiempo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24-32</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="64v31n03-13101491fig02.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> Figura 1&#46; Electrocardiograma &#40;ECG&#41; de una paciente de 57 a&#241;os durante el episodio agudo de disfunci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo&#44; donde se aprecia una elevaci&#243;n del segmento ST en la serie precordial e inferior &#40;trazado ECG en la parte superior&#41; y su evoluci&#243;n con el desarrollo de isquemia subepic&#225;rdica &#40;trazado ECG en la parte inferior&#41; y aparici&#243;n de inversi&#243;n de la onda T&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En el 50&#37; de los pacientes existe tambi&#233;n una ligera elevaci&#243;n de las enzimas card&#237;acas&#44; con gran discrepancia entre su incremento y la extensi&#243;n del &#225;rea acin&#233;tica a juzgar por las alteraciones en el electrocardiograma &#40;ECG&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Aunque las alteraciones son por definici&#243;n reversibles y el pron&#243;stico habitualmente bueno&#44; pueden existir en la evoluci&#243;n complicaciones como arritmias&#44; insuficiencia card&#237;aca&#44; estenosis suba&#243;rtica din&#225;mica&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> shock</span> cardiog&#233;nico&#44; accidente cerebrovascular de origen emb&#243;lico e incluso muerte &#40;tabla 2&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;28-32</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="64v31n03-13101491tab03.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En el presente trabajo se han revisado los art&#237;culos m&#225;s relevantes acerca de la disfunci&#243;n apical transitoria mediante la revisi&#243;n de los mismos en las bases de datos Medline&#44; EMBASE&#44; BIOBASE y Web of Knowledge&#44; deteni&#233;ndonos en las diversas hip&#243;tesis que intentan explicar su fisiopatolog&#237;a&#44; &#40;a&#250;n desconocida&#41;&#44; y en los criterios cl&#237;nicos para su diagn&#243;stico&#44; &#40;no admitidos por todos los autores&#41;&#46; Los t&#233;rminos empleados para la b&#250;squeda han sido&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Takotsubo cardiomyopathy&#44; transient left ventricular apical syndrome&#44; ballooning syndrome&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> CRITERIOS QUE DEFINEN EL S&#205;NDROME</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Se han empleado numerosos y diversos criterios en las diferentes series publicadas&#44; sin embargo&#44; y con las implicaciones terap&#233;uticas que ello supone&#44; a&#250;n no existe una definici&#243;n de consenso del mismo&#46; Conscientes de ello&#44; y para facilitar su r&#225;pido reconocimiento&#44; algunos autores como Abe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;33</span> y posteriormente Bybee de la Cl&#237;nica Mayo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;34</span>&#44; proponen cuatro criterios basados fundamentalmente en su presentaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica &#40;tabla 3&#41;&#44; para discriminar f&#225;cilmente este s&#237;ndrome de otras patolog&#237;as como el IAM&#58;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="64v31n03-13101491tab04.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">1&#41; La discinesia o acinesia transitoria de los segmentos apicales y medios del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo de distribuci&#243;n vascular correspondiente a m&#225;s de una arteria epic&#225;rdica&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">2&#41; La ausencia de enfermedad coronaria obstructiva o evidencia de rotura aguda de placa en la angiograf&#237;a&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">3&#41; La nueva aparici&#243;n de anomal&#237;as en el trazado ECG&#44; como elevaci&#243;n del segmento ST o inversi&#243;n de la onda T&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">4&#41; Ausencia de traumatismo craneoencef&#225;lico reciente o hemorragia subaracnoidea&#44; feocromocitoma&#44; miocarditis&#44; miocardiopat&#237;a hipertr&#243;fica o aturdimiento mioc&#225;rdico de origen isqu&#233;mico&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Dichos criterios pueden ser empleados cuando no existan otras causas evidentes que provoquen similares alteraciones en la funci&#243;n apical ventricular<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span>&#44; aunque para algunos autores la reversibilidad de la disfunci&#243;n ventricular es un argumento suficiente para su diagn&#243;stico<span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span>&#46; Dentro de estos criterios&#44; el grupo de Abe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span> discrimina entre dos criterios mayores &#40;entre los que se encuentran la reversibilidad de los trastornos de la contractilidad del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo y las alteraciones en el ECG&#41; y dos menores &#40;la existencia de un factor precipitante como el estr&#233;s f&#237;sico o emocional y el ligero incremento de las enzimas card&#237;acas&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; otros autores&#44; como el grupo de Segovia et al<span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span>&#44; proponen a&#241;adir otros criterios adem&#225;s de los mencionados&#44; subrayando que la existencia de una coronariograf&#237;a urgente normal es criterio diagn&#243;stico per se&#44; aunque la realizaci&#243;n de la misma no es imprescindible&#44; admitiendo la realizaci&#243;n de exploraciones no invasoras como el ecocardiograma&#44; la resonancia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca o la ventriculograf&#237;a con is&#243;topos asociadas a otras manifestaciones cl&#237;nicas para lograr su diagn&#243;stico<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;21-23</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> ETIOPATOGENIA</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> &#201;ste es otro punto de controversia en el que no existe una &#250;nica teor&#237;a propuesta&#46; Debido a que la etiolog&#237;a de este s&#237;ndrome permanece a&#250;n desconocida&#44; especulativamente se han propuesto varios mecanismos implicados en su g&#233;nesis&#44; como el espasmo de las arterias epic&#225;rdicas&#44; la alteraci&#243;n en la microvascularizaci&#243;n coronaria o la disfunci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica mediada por catecolaminas&#44; entre otros&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Espasmo de las arterias coronarias</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La hip&#243;tesis de un espasmo de las arterias coronarias epic&#225;rdicas como origen de esta entidad ha sido descrita desde las primeras descripciones&#44; debido a la coincidencia del espasmo coronario y aturdimiento mioc&#225;rdico en casos aislados&#46; Sin embargo&#44; el empleo de la coronariograf&#237;a precoz en el SDAT muestra la presencia de espasmo espont&#225;neo difuso en escasas ocasiones&#44; y su reproducci&#243;n mediante la prueba de provocaci&#243;n con ergonovina o acetilcolina &#250;nicamente result&#243; positiva en el 15-30&#37; de los sujetos estudiados<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-4&#44;16&#44;18</span>&#46; Abe et al buscaron la confirmaci&#243;n de este mecanismo realizando Doppler intracoronario de modo prospectivo en la fase aguda del SDAT sin encontrar tampoco lesiones significativas<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Trastorno de la microvascularizaci&#243;n</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">En ausencia de obstrucci&#243;n coronaria se pens&#243; en la existencia de un trastorno en la microvascularizaci&#243;n coronaria que ocasionar&#237;a aturdimiento mioc&#225;rdico y que podr&#237;a ser el origen de la cardiomiopat&#237;a de Takotsubo&#46; As&#237;&#44; la funci&#243;n de la microvascularizaci&#243;n coronaria inmediatamente despu&#233;s de la presentaci&#243;n del SDAT se encuentra difusamente afectada&#44; existiendo una disminuci&#243;n en la reserva del flujo coronario&#44; tanto si es medida con t&#233;cnicas invasoras &#40;tromb&#243;lisis en el infarto de miocardio &#91;TIMI&#93;&#41; o no invasoras&#44; mediante Doppler o tomograf&#237;a por emisi&#243;n de fotones &#40;SPECT&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;16&#44;19&#44;38-42</span>&#46; Esta reducci&#243;n transitoria de la reserva coronaria puede ser el mecanismo que produce la reversibilidad de este s&#237;ndrome&#44; aunque no queda claro si dicha disfunci&#243;n en la microvascularizaci&#243;n es el mecanismo primario en la patog&#233;nesis del s&#237;ndrome&#44; o bien si se trata de un fen&#243;meno secundario<span class="elsevierStyleSup">43&#44;44</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Disfunci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica secundaria<br></br> a catecolaminas</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Otra de las hip&#243;tesis considera a esta entidad como un s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico determinado por una hiperactividad aguda del sistema simp&#225;tico local secundaria a la descarga masiva de catecolaminas que provocar&#237;a un aturdimiento mioc&#225;rdico<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;45</span>&#46; La presencia frecuente de un estr&#233;s f&#237;sico &#40;traumatismo&#44; intervenci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica&#44; etc&#46;&#41; o emocional que desencadena el s&#237;ndrome en casi todas las series publicadas parece apoyar esta hip&#243;tesis<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;17&#44;20&#44;45-58</span>&#46; La alteraci&#243;n transitoria en la actividad simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca inducida por el estr&#233;s se ha puesto de manifiesto mediante pruebas de imagen como la gammagraf&#237;a card&#237;aca<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;59&#44;60</span>&#46; Se han observado&#44; adem&#225;s&#44; claras similitudes entre el SDAT y el aturdimiento mioc&#225;rdico debido a la descarga de catecolaminas&#44; que se encuentra presente en patolog&#237;as como la hemorragia subaracnoidea o la crisis del feocromocitoma<span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span>&#46; Otro argumento a favor es el descubrimiento de un modelo experimental de SDAT&#44; en el que el estr&#233;s continuado provoca hipocinesia de la regi&#243;n anteroapical del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo&#44; quedando atenuados los cambios en aquellos animales que recib&#237;an estr&#243;genos suplementarios&#44; o normaliz&#225;ndose tras realizar un bloqueo de los adrenorreceptores alfa o beta<span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Esta teor&#237;a&#44; aunque prometedora&#44; no aclara el origen del SDAT&#44; pues no se ha podido comprobar la existencia de una elevada concentraci&#243;n de catecolaminas a nivel local &#40;miocardio apical&#41; durante la fase aguda del SDAT&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se desconoce por qu&#233; la disfunci&#243;n afecta &#250;nicamente a los segmentos apicales&#44; sobre todo si se tiene en cuenta que todo el miocardio recibe inervaci&#243;n simp&#225;tica por igual&#46; Autores como el grupo de Akashi encuentran una distribuci&#243;n de terminaciones nerviosas simp&#225;ticas y una mayor densidad de sus receptores&#44; y un incremento en la respuesta al est&#237;mulo adren&#233;rgico en el &#225;rea apical&#44; pero los resultados no han sido concluyentes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;62&#44;63</span>&#46; El ligero aumento de las catecolaminas en sangre perif&#233;rica durante la fase aguda tampoco explicar&#237;a este fen&#243;meno&#44; al tratarse de un hallazgo absolutamente inespec&#237;fico presente en la mayor&#237;a de enfermedades agudas&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Otras teor&#237;as</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Otra de las hip&#243;tesis que explicar&#237;an esta patolog&#237;a es la existencia de anomal&#237;as en la arquitectura normal del miocardio&#46; As&#237;&#44; Desmet<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> y Kawai<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> observan en algunos pacientes la presencia de un septo o &#171;resalte&#187; en la parte medial del tabique interventricular de morfolog&#237;a sigmoide &#40;fig&#46; 2&#41;&#44; as&#237; como una orientaci&#243;n anormal en la inserci&#243;n de la v&#225;lvula mitral&#46; Ambas variantes de la normalidad suceden con mayor frecuencia en mujeres y se cree que ante una intensa estimulaci&#243;n adren&#233;rgica o una deshidrataci&#243;n condicionan un reducido volumen ventricular&#44; predisponiendo a una obstrucci&#243;n din&#225;mica&#44; grave y transitoria en el tracto de salida del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo &#40;TSVI&#41;&#44; al subdividir este ventr&#237;culo en 2 c&#225;maras funcionalmente diferentes&#44; con marcado aumento de la presi&#243;n intraventricular en la pared ventricular distal de la c&#225;mara apical<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;64-70</span>&#46; Dicha obstrucci&#243;n provoca una isquemia subendoc&#225;rdica secundaria a la reducci&#243;n de la perfusi&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica&#44; que no se corresponde a un territorio espec&#237;fico de una arteria coronaria&#44; y que es el sustrato del aturdimiento mioc&#225;rdico presente en este s&#237;ndrome&#46; Autores como Merli han podido demostrar estos hallazgos mediante el empleo de la ecocardiograf&#237;a de estr&#233;s con dobutamina&#46; Estas investigaciones revisten una gran importancia&#44; ya que el tratamiento con nitratos podr&#237;a aumentar dicho gradiente causando mayor deterioro&#44; mientras que el tratamiento con bloqueadores beta&#44; volumen&#44; o estimulantes alfa-adren&#233;rgicos ser&#237;a beneficioso al reducirlo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">67&#44;70</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="64v31n03-13101491fig05.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> Figura 2&#46; Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico realizado en un plano apical de cuatro c&#225;maras donde se aprecia la geometr&#237;a del tracto de salida de ventr&#237;culo izquierdo &#40;TSVI&#41; con movimiento anterior sist&#243;lico de la v&#225;lvula mitral &#40;parte superior&#41;&#44; insuficiencia mitral significativa y gradiente elevado en el TSVI &#40;parte inferior&#41;&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Otras etiolog&#237;as actualmente en investigaci&#243;n son la gen&#233;tica&#44; existiendo por una parte una agrupaci&#243;n entre personas de la misma familia&#44; y por otra una especial respuesta al estr&#233;s que se encuentra mediada gen&#233;ticamente<span class="elsevierStyleSup">71</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> TRATAMIENTO</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Las implicaciones pron&#243;sticas y terap&#233;uticas del SDAT difieren del IAM y conllevan diferente manejo cl&#237;nico&#46; Con su r&#225;pido reconocimiento se puede evitar la administraci&#243;n f&#250;til de agentes fibrinol&#237;ticos y la realizaci&#243;n de cateterismo en la fase aguda&#46; El tratamiento con bloqueadores beta o con agonistas alfa-adren&#233;rgicos&#44; a&#241;adidos a inhibidores de la enzima conversora de angiotensina &#40;IECA&#41; son de gran utilidad para disminuir o anular el gradiente din&#225;mico que se genera en el TSVI durante la fase aguda&#46; As&#237; mismo&#44; su empleo durante la fase cr&#243;nica&#44; y posiblemente de modo indefinido&#44; ha demostrado ser muy &#250;til para prevenir las recurrencias<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7&#44;65&#44;72</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> CONCLUSIONES</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">La cardiomiopat&#237;a de Takotsubo es un s&#237;ndrome de reciente descripci&#243;n caracterizado por la discinesia apical del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo de car&#225;cter transitorio&#44; que tiene lugar con mayor frecuencia en mujeres que se encuentran alrededor de la menopausia&#46; Su presentaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#44; ECG y enzim&#225;tica simula un s&#237;ndrome coronario agudo&#44; aunque la diferencia con el mismo radica en la ausencia de estenosis en las arterias coronarias&#44; lo que le confiere un buen pron&#243;stico&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Su manejo cl&#237;nico y la prevenci&#243;n de las recidivas son dif&#237;ciles&#44; ya que este s&#237;ndrome plantea todav&#237;a muchas inc&#243;gnitas en cuanto a su fisiopatolog&#237;a&#46; Varios son los mecanismos propuestos y es posible que todos participen en la g&#233;nesis del SDAT&#44; aunque es la descarga de catecolaminas el mecanismo inicial que lo desencadena&#46; Parecen necesarias ulteriores investigaciones para lograr el conocimiento del mismo&#46; El empleo de los criterios diagn&#243;sticos basados en su presentaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica facilita su sospecha y r&#225;pido reconocimiento para diferenciarlo del IAM&#44; evitando la administraci&#243;n de tratamiento fibrinol&#237;tico &#40;con su riesgo de complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas&#41; y de nitratos &#40;con probable empeoramiento de la disfunci&#243;n al provocar un aumento del gradiente din&#225;mico&#41;&#46; En la actualidad el empleo de bloqueadores beta ha demostrado ser un tratamiento eficaz tanto en la fase aguda como a largo plazo&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> Declaraci&#243;n de conflicto de intereses</span><br></br> Los autores han declarado no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Correspondencia&#58; Dra&#46; B&#46; Ob&#243;n Azuara&#46;<br></br> Servicio de Medicina Intensiva&#46;<br></br> Hospital Cl&#237;nico Universitario&#46;<br></br> Avda&#46; San Juan Bosco&#44; 15&#46;<br></br> 50009 Zaragoza&#46; Espa&#241;a&#46;<br></br> Correo electr&#243;nico&#58; <a href="mailto&#58;blankaobona&#64;yahoo&#46;es" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"> blankaobona&#64;yahoo&#46;es</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Manuscrito aceptado el 1-VI-2006&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "El s&#237;ndrome de disfunci&#243;n apical transitoria&#44; ballooning o cardiomiopat&#237;a de Takotsubo es un s&#237;ndrome de reciente descripci&#243;n&#46; Se trata de una entidad de mecanismo parcialmente conocido&#44; caracterizada por la morfolog&#237;a que adopta el ventr&#237;culo izquierdo secundaria a la hipocinesia o discinesia de los segmentos apicales e hipercontractilidad de los basales&#46; En la mayor&#237;a de los casos publicados se trata de un s&#237;ndrome con elevaci&#243;n del segmento ST en las derivaciones precordiales&#44; cuya forma de presentaci&#243;n es tambi&#233;n el dolor tor&#225;cico o la disnea&#44; pudiendo existir una moderada elevaci&#243;n de los biomarcadores card&#237;acos&#46; A diferencia del s&#237;ndrome coronario agudo&#44; los pacientes con disfunci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo no presentan enfermedad aterotromb&#243;tica en las arterias coronarias&#59; adem&#225;s&#44; las alteraciones descritas poseen un car&#225;cter reversible&#46; Se han propuesto unos criterios cl&#237;nicos diagn&#243;sticos&#44; existiendo en la actualidad cierta controversia en los mismos&#44; as&#237; como en las exploraciones complementarias necesarias para realizar su diagn&#243;stico&#46;"
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