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en lo referente a la manera de ir disminuyendo el soporte ventilatorio con la SIMV y la presi&#243;n de soporte&#44; y en los criterios de extubaci&#243;n&#44; hace que en esta revisi&#243;n no haya sido posible identificar una t&#233;cnica superior entre los 3 modos comparados&#44; pero lo que s&#237; parece confirmarse es que la SIMV puede prolongar la desconexi&#243;n m&#225;s que el tubo en T o la reducci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n de soporte &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#44; se han descrito nuevas aplicaciones de t&#233;cnicas habituales y nuevos m&#233;todos de ventilaci&#243;n que pudieran tener alg&#250;n papel en la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica en los enfermos con desconexi&#243;n dif&#237;cil o prolongada&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Modos alternativos y nuevos modos para la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En un intento de disminuir las complicaciones asociadas a la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica prolongada&#44; algunos autores han explorado el papel de la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva en la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46; En esencia&#44; el proceso consiste en que los enfermos que fracasan una prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea son extubados e inmediatamente conectados a ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva&#46; Desde la primera experiencia descrita por Udwadia et al&#46; en 1992<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> se han publicado varios ensayos cl&#237;nicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;33</span></a> evaluando esta t&#233;cnica como modo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46; Las limitaciones de estos estudios para su aplicabilidad y generalizaci&#243;n son varias&#46; En primer lugar&#44; el peque&#241;o tama&#241;o muestral de casi todos los estudios&#46; En segundo lugar&#44; muchos de los estudios publicados incluyen mayoritariamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;25</span></a> o exclusivamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;24&#44;26&#44;31&#8211;33</span></a> pacientes con una enfermedad pulmonar cr&#243;nica&#44; poblaci&#243;n donde est&#225; especialmente indicada la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva por su capacidad para disminuir la fatiga respiratoria&#44; aumentar el volumen corriente y disminuir la presi&#243;n positiva al final de la inspiraci&#243;n &#40;PEEP&#41; intr&#237;nseca&#46; Si otras causas de insuficiencia respiratoria se podr&#237;an beneficiar de la desconexi&#243;n con ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva estar&#237;a pendiente de determinar&#46; En tercer lugar&#44; hubo una gran heterogeneidad en las estrategias utilizadas para la desconexi&#243;n tanto en el grupo de desconexi&#243;n invasiva como en el grupo de desconexi&#243;n no invasiva&#46; Los pacientes asignados a desconexi&#243;n invasiva fueron desconectados preferentemente con presi&#243;n de soporte pero con diferentes estrategias en la reducci&#243;n gradual de la misma&#58; 2 observaciones diarias con una prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea opcional<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; disminuci&#243;n de 2 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O cada 4 h seg&#250;n tolerancia cl&#237;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#44; disminuci&#243;n de 2-4 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O diarios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#44; disminuci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n de soporte hasta una presi&#243;n de soporte de 7 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; En la mayor&#237;a de los estudios se intercalaron o alternaron pruebas de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T de diferente duraci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;26&#44;31&#44;33</span></a>&#46; Igualmente&#44; en los enfermos asignados a desconexi&#243;n con ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva&#44; la aplicaci&#243;n de la misma y los criterios para la desconexi&#243;n total de la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva fueron heterog&#233;neos&#46; Tras la extubaci&#243;n&#44; la aplicaci&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva fue continua en 5 estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;23&#8211;25&#44;32</span></a>&#44; en un estudio intermitente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; en otro estudio durante al menos 2 h<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> y&#44; en otro&#44; dependiendo de la tolerancia durante 20-22 h con periodos de descanso para la comida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; El nivel de soporte y la duraci&#243;n de los periodos de ventilaci&#243;n fueron gradualmente reducidos pero tambi&#233;n con diferentes protocolos&#58; disminuci&#243;n de la presi&#243;n de soporte 2 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O cada 4 h<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> o disminuci&#243;n 2-4 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O diarios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> seg&#250;n la tolerancia de los enfermos hasta una presi&#243;n inspiratoria de 8 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O y una espiratoria de 4 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> o un presi&#243;n inspiratoria menor de 10 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span></a> o hasta que la diferencia entre presi&#243;n inspiratoria y espiratoria fuese menor de 5 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; los resultados reportados &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0010">tablas 2 y 3</a>&#41; en el grupo control de algunos de los estudios no reflejan la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; Teniendo en cuenta estas limitaciones&#44; la conclusi&#243;n de los estudios es que la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva puede ser una t&#233;cnica prometedora para la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; pero se necesitar&#237;an m&#225;s estudios para evaluar completamente los beneficios cl&#237;nicos y los riesgos asociados al fracaso de la extubaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Compensaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica del tubo</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El tubo endotraqueal impone una resistencia inspiratoria durante la prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Para su compensaci&#243;n se ha propuesto el uso de niveles bajos de presi&#243;n de soporte &#40;5-8 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; Desafortunadamente&#44; no es f&#225;cil determinar o predecir el nivel exacto de presi&#243;n de soporte requerido para compensar la carga inspiratoria impuesta en un paciente individual&#46; Con el mismo nivel de soporte&#44; se puede producir un fracaso de la prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea por una insuficiente compensaci&#243;n del trabajo impuesto o una sobrecompensaci&#243;n que puede permitir a un paciente pasar con &#233;xito una prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea pero no permite calibrar con exactitud si el paciente es verdaderamente capaz de respirar sin apoyo&#46; Todo ello depende del tama&#241;o del tubo endotraqueal y del flujo inspiratorio &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La compensaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica del tubo &#40;ATC&#41;&#44; disponible en los ventiladores Evita 4&#44; Evita XL &#40;Draeger Medical&#41; y 840 Puritan Bennett &#40;Covidien&#41;&#44; es un modo donde el ventilador realiza de manera continua la medida de la ca&#237;da de presi&#243;n que ocurre a trav&#233;s del tubo endotraqueal programando&#44; a continuaci&#243;n&#44; el nivel de presi&#243;n de soporte que compensa esa ca&#237;da de presi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39&#44;40</span></a>&#46; Los estudios que han comparado ATC con presi&#243;n de soporte sugieren que la ATC es m&#225;s efectiva en la compensaci&#243;n del trabajo respiratorio&#44; m&#225;s comoda y con menos asincron&#237;as paciente-ventilador<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39&#44;41</span></a>&#46; Para su programaci&#243;n es necesario introducir el tama&#241;o del tubo endotraqueal y el porcentaje de compensaci&#243;n deseado &#40;generalmente 100&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ATC ha sido evaluada&#44; como m&#233;todo para la prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#44; en varios ensayos cl&#237;nicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42&#8211;45</span></a> con resultados muy favorables en la tasa de &#233;xito en la primera prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea pero con tasas de reintubaci&#243;n similares a los del grupo control &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 4</a>&#41;&#46; Por otra parte&#44; otro estudio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> ha evaluado el tiempo de desconexi&#243;n comparando la reducci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n de soporte con ATC frente a la reducci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n de soporte en solitario&#46; Este trabajo incluye a 41 pacientes que requieren ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica por insuficiencia respiratoria aguda secundaria a envenenamiento por mordedura de serpiente&#46; En el grupo de presi&#243;n de soporte con ATC la mediana de tiempo de desconexi&#243;n fue de 8 h &#40;rango intercuart&#237;lico 7-12&#41; vs&#46; 12 h &#40;rango intercuart&#237;lico 7-17&#41; en el grupo de presi&#243;n de soporte &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;12&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A pesar de los buenos resultados observados en los estudios publicados hasta el momento&#44; ser&#237;an necesarios estudios con un mayor n&#250;mero de enfermos y&#44; sobre todo&#44; con enfermos con dificultad para pasar la primera prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea para poder recomendar la ATC como el m&#233;todo de elecci&#243;n para la realizaci&#243;n de la prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47&#44;48</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Weaning autom&#225;tico con sistemas de circuito cerrado</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ventilaci&#243;n minuto mandatoria</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este modo de ventilaci&#243;n&#44; descrito por Hewlett et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&#44; fue el primero en el cual el ventilador modificaba el soporte basado en la respuesta del paciente o el primer modo de control computarizado de la ventilaci&#243;n&#46; Actualmente&#44; este modo de ventilaci&#243;n se encuentra disponible en los ventiladores Evita 4&#44; Evita XL &#40;Draeger Medical&#41;&#44; CPU-1 Intensive Care ventilator &#40;Ohmeda Medical&#41;&#44; Sechrist IV-100B &#40;Sechrist Industries Inc&#41; y Hamilton Veolar ventilator &#40;Hamilton Medical&#41;&#46; En esta modalidad&#44; se programa el volumen tidal y una frecuencia mandatoria definiendo&#44; por lo tanto&#44; un objetivo de ventilaci&#243;n minuto&#46; El ventilador adapta la frecuencia mandatoria al objetivo de ventilaci&#243;n minuto teniendo en cuenta la frecuencia respiratoria espont&#225;nea del paciente&#46; La diferencia con la SIMV es que mientras en esta modalidad la frecuencia mandatoria es fija en la MMV la frecuencia mandatoria es variable&#46; Si la respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea de un paciente&#44; que se realiza con una presi&#243;n de soporte previamente fijada&#44; alcanza o sobrepasa el objetivo prefijado&#44; el ventilador no da ninguna respiraci&#243;n mandatoria&#46; Por el contrario&#44; si la ventilaci&#243;n minuto del paciente cae por debajo del nivel pedeterminado el ventilador ofrece las respiraciones necesarias para alcanzar el objetivo&#46; Una de las principales limitaciones es que el ventilador hace los ajustes solo de acuerdo a la ventilaci&#243;n minuto determinada&#46; Esto es&#44; no diferencia un volumen tidal de 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml con una frecuencia respiratoria de 12 respiraciones por min &#40;patr&#243;n ventilatorio normal&#41; de un volumen tidal de 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml con una frecuencia respiratoria de 30 respiraciones por min &#40;patr&#243;n de respiraci&#243;n r&#225;pida y superficial&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hay muy pocos trabajos&#44; la mayor&#237;a de ellos realizados en la poblaci&#243;n de neonatos&#44; que hayan evaluado la MMV como m&#233;todo alternativo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46; En adultos solo hay un ensayo cl&#237;nico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#46; En este estudio&#44; se asignaron de forma aleatoria a 22 pacientes a desconexi&#243;n con MMV y a 18 pacientes a desconexi&#243;n con IMV&#46; La MMV disminuy&#243; significativamente el tiempo de desconexi&#243;n &#40;5 h vs&#46; 33 h&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; sin aumento en la tasa de fracaso de extubaci&#243;n a las 4 h de la extubaci&#243;n &#40;89 vs&#46; 86&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ventilaci&#243;n adaptativa de soporte</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esta modalidad fue descrita inicialmente&#44; como ventilaci&#243;n adaptativa pulmonar&#44; por Laubscher en 1994<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51&#44;52</span></a>&#46; Se trata de un modo asistido&#44; controlado por presi&#243;n&#44; con un sistema autom&#225;tico de regulaci&#243;n de los par&#225;metros ventilatorios en respuesta a cambios en la mec&#225;nica del sistema respiratorio y del patr&#243;n de ventilaci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#46; Se encuentra disponible en los respiradores Galileo&#44; Raphael&#44; Hamilton S1&#44; Hamilton C2&#44; Hamilton G5 &#40;Hamilton Medical&#41;&#46; El principio b&#225;sico de su funcionamiento se basa en la f&#243;rmula de Otis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46; Mediante esta ecuaci&#243;n se calcula la frecuencia respiratoria ideal&#44; que es la que se asocia con un menor gasto energ&#233;tico&#44; para lo que se tiene en cuenta el espacio muerto&#44; la ventilaci&#243;n minuto y la constante de tiempo espiratoria&#46; Inicialmente se introduce en el ventilador los datos de peso del paciente&#44; el porcentaje deseado de ventilaci&#243;n minuto &#40;100&#37; es igual a 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;kg&#47;min&#41;&#44; la fracci&#243;n inspirada de ox&#237;geno&#44; la presi&#243;n al final de la espiraci&#243;n &#40;PEEP&#41; y la presi&#243;n m&#225;xima inspiratoria &#40;Pimax&#41;&#46; A continuaci&#243;n&#44; el sistema determina la constante de tiempo espiratoria mediante el an&#225;lisis de la curva de flujo-volumen espiratoria&#46; Posteriormente&#44; el algoritmo autom&#225;tico ajusta la presi&#243;n inspiratoria&#44; la relaci&#243;n de tiempo inspiratorio&#47;espiratorio y la frecuencia respiratoria para mantener el objetivo de ventilaci&#243;n minuto &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; dentro de un rango establecido para evitar la respiraci&#243;n r&#225;pida y superficial o un volumen de inflaci&#243;n excesivo&#46; Para la determinaci&#243;n de la frecuencia respiratoria &#243;ptima&#44; el ventilador asume un espacio muerto&#44; seg&#250;n el nomograma de Radford<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a>&#44; de 2&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;kg&#46; En los pacientes en fase de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; el algoritmo de la ASV ir&#225; reduciendo progresivamente y autom&#225;ticamente la presi&#243;n inspiratoria&#46; La desconexi&#243;n es completa cuando todas las respiraciones sean espont&#225;neas y el enfermo mantenga un adecuado interecambio gaseoso durante unas horas con una presi&#243;n inspiratoria menor de 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los estudios que han evaluado la ASV como m&#233;todo de desconexi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56&#8211;60</span></a> sugieren que podr&#237;a simplificar el manejo ventilatorio y reducir el tiempo hasta la extubaci&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46; Las limitaciones de estos estudios son que se han realizado en grupos peque&#241;os de enfermos predominantemente postoperatorios con una duraci&#243;n corta de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Sistemas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">weaning</span> automatizados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A diferencia de los 2 m&#233;todos previamente descritos los sistemas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">weaning</span> automatizados disponibles no son nuevos modos de ventilaci&#243;n sino estrategias autom&#225;ticas de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica basadas en un modo de ventilaci&#243;n ya existente como es la presi&#243;n de soporte&#46; Actualmente disponemos de 2 sistemas de weaning automatizados&#58; SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a> disponible en el ventilador Evita XL &#40;Draeger Medical&#41; y el sistema mandatory rate ventilation &#40;MRV&#41; disponible en el ventilador Taema Horus &#40;Air Liquid&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El sistema SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> aplica continuamente un protocolo de desconexi&#243;n con cambios en la presi&#243;n de soporte basados en mediciones de la frecuencia respiratoria&#44; del volumen tidal y de la presi&#243;n parcial de CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> al final de la espiraci&#243;n &#40;etCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#46; Para iniciar el funcionamiento del sistema&#44; el m&#233;dico introduce informaci&#243;n del paciente &#40;peso&#44; antecedentes de enfermedad pulmonar cr&#243;nica y&#47;o enfermedad neurol&#243;gica&#41;&#44; tipo de v&#237;a a&#233;rea artificial &#40;tubo endotraqueal o traqueostom&#237;a&#41; y tipo de humidificaci&#243;n &#40;intercambiador de calor-humedad o humidificados de calor activo&#41;&#46; Tras ello se inicia el proceso de desconexi&#243;n&#44; inicialmente el sistema se adapta para mantener al paciente en un estado de confort respiratorio &#40;ventilaci&#243;n normal&#41; para lo cual adapta la presi&#243;n de soporte&#44; aumentando o disminuyendo entre 2 y 4 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; seg&#250;n los datos de frecuencia respiratoria &#40;l&#237;mites normales 15-30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm&#44; en enfermos con patolog&#237;a neurol&#243;gica aumenta el l&#237;mite superior a 34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm&#41;&#44; volumen tidal &#40;l&#237;mites normales<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#41; y etCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;l&#237;mites normales<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; en enfemos con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica sube el l&#237;mite a 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41; cuyo promedio se calcula cada 2-5 min&#46; Una vez que el paciente se encuentra en la situaci&#243;n de ventilaci&#243;n normal&#44; el sistema reduce o aumenta la presi&#243;n de soporte&#44; dependiendo de las necesidades del enfermo&#44; cada 15&#44; 30 o 60 min dependiendo del nivel previo de presi&#243;n de soporte hasta llegar a una presi&#243;n de soporte variable dependiendo del tipo de v&#237;a a&#233;rea artificial y del tipo de humidificaci&#243;n &#40;5 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O para humidificador de calor activo y traqueotom&#237;a&#44; 7 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O para humificador de calor activo y tubo endotraqueal&#44; 9 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O para humificador de calor-humedad y traqueotom&#237;a&#44; 12 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O para humificador de calor-humedad y tubo endotraqueal&#41;&#46; Una vez que se llega a este nivel de soporte se considera que el enfermo inicia una prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea cuya duraci&#243;n es determinada por el patr&#243;n respiratorio y el nivel de presi&#243;n de soporte al que inici&#243; el proceso de desconexi&#243;n&#46; Si durante ese tiempo el enfermo presenta un patr&#243;n respiratorio diferente a la ventilaci&#243;n normal o a la hiperventilaci&#243;n el sistema considera que ha fracasado la prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea y aumenta la presi&#243;n de soporte hasta obtener un patr&#243;n de ventilaci&#243;n normal&#46; En caso de estabilidad del patr&#243;n respiratorio&#44; el respirador mostrar&#225; un mensaje indicando que el enfermo est&#225; preparado para ser extubado&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este sistema&#44; que no se recomienda en enfermos con patolog&#237;a neurol&#243;gica que afecte al control de la respiraci&#243;n&#44; en enfermos sobre-sedados&#44; en pacientes con broncoespasmo grave&#44; en enfermos con delirio&#47;agitaci&#243;n y en enfermos con polineuropatia&#47;miopatia grave&#44; ha sido evaluado en varios ensayos cl&#237;nicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62&#8211;65</span></a> con diferentes resultados &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 6</a>&#41; debido a la evaluaci&#243;n de diferentes desenlaces y a diferencias en el protocolo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica en el grupo de desconexi&#243;n no-autom&#225;tica&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por su parte&#44; el sistema MRV va disminuyendo progresivamente la presi&#243;n de soporte bas&#225;ndose en un objetivo de frecuencia respiratoria&#46; Esta frecuencia respiratoria representa la frecuencia respiratoria que se espera realice el enfermo&#46; En cada ciclo&#44; el ventilador compara la frecuencia respiratoria deseada con el promedio de frecuencia respiratoria realizado en los 4 ciclos previos&#46; Si el promedio es mayor que el objetivo de frecuencia respiratoria&#44; la presi&#243;n de soporte aumenta autom&#225;ticamente 1 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#46; Si el promedio de frecuencia respiratoria es menor que la frecuencia respiratoria deseada&#44; el sistema disminuir&#225; la presi&#243;n de soporte 1 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#46; Este sistema solo ha sido evaluado en un estudio <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> que incluye a 106 pacientes en el postoperatorio que son asignados a desconexi&#243;n con reducci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n soporte &#40;53 pacientes&#41; o a desconexi&#243;n con el sistema MRV &#40;53 pacientes&#41;&#46; En el an&#225;lisis por intenci&#243;n de tratar la duraci&#243;n media hasta la extubaci&#243;n fue de 221<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>192 min en el grupo de reducci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n soporte vs&#46; 271<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>369 min en el grupo de MRV &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;375&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En resumen&#44; aunque los sistemas autom&#225;ticos de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica suponen un importante avance&#44; ser&#225;n necesarios m&#225;s estudios para poder precisar qu&#233; poblaci&#243;n de enfermos ventilados se pueden beneficiar de estos sistemas frente a los modos convencionales de desconexi&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Otros modos</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Basados en el mismo concepto que algunos de los modos previamente descritos &#40;&#8216;el ventilador se adapta al paciente en lugar del paciente al ventilador&#8217;&#41; existen otros nuevos modos de ventilaci&#243;n como el patr&#243;n espont&#225;neo amplificado &#40;PEA&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a>&#44; la ventilaci&#243;n asistida proporcional &#40;PAV&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68</span></a>&#44; la ventilaci&#243;n asistida ajustada neuralmente &#40;NAVA&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">69</span></a>&#44; automode<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a>&#44; sin estudios suficientes para poder establecer su posible papel en la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; parece que&#44; por el momento&#44; todos los modos que est&#225;n apareciendo para la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica son m&#233;todos alternativos&#46; Por ello&#44; nosotros pensamos que lo m&#225;s eficaz y sencillo es la realizaci&#243;n de una prueba diaria de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#44; de unos treinta minutos de duraci&#243;n&#44; con tubo en T&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Modos alternativos y nuevos modos para la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0010"
              "titulo" => "Ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva"
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            1 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Compensaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica del tubo"
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          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Weaning autom&#225;tico con sistemas de circuito cerrado"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Ventilaci&#243;n minuto mandatoria"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Ventilaci&#243;n adaptativa de soporte"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Sistemas de weaning automatizados"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Otros modos"
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          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
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        7 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2012-07-07"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-08-06"
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            0 => "Destete"
            1 => "Desconexi&#243;n ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica"
            2 => "Ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva"
            3 => "Compensaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica del tubo"
            4 => "Sistemas de weaning autom&#225;tico"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
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            1 => "Disconnecting mechanical ventilation"
            2 => "Noninvasive ventilation"
            3 => "Automatic tube compensation"
            4 => "Automatic weaning systems"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La mayor&#237;a de los pacientes que requieren ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica durante m&#225;s de 24 h y que mejoran de la causa que motiv&#243; el soporte ventilatorio pueden ser extubados tras una primera prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#46; El reto es c&#243;mo mejorar la desconexi&#243;n de los pacientes que fracasan en esa prueba&#46; Hasta el momento dispon&#237;amos de los m&#233;todos&#44; que podemos denominar tradicionales&#44; como son el tubo en T&#44; la presi&#243;n de soporte o la ventilaci&#243;n mandatoria intermitente sincronizada &#40;SIMV&#41;&#46; En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os se han descrito nuevas aplicaciones de t&#233;cnicas habituales como la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva&#44; nuevos m&#233;todos de ventilaci&#243;n como la compensaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica del tubo &#40;ATC&#41;&#44; la ventilaci&#243;n minuto mandatoria &#40;MMV&#41;&#44; la ventilaci&#243;n adaptativa de soporte &#40;ASV&#41; o estrategias autom&#225;ticas de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica basadas en la presi&#243;n de soporte&#46; Queda por definir su posible papel en la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica en los enfermos con desconexi&#243;n dif&#237;cil o prolongada&#46;</p>"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Most patients who require mechanical ventilation for longer than 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#44; and who improve the condition leading to the indication of ventilatory support&#44; can be weaned after passing a first spontaneous breathing test&#46; The challenge is to improve the weaning of patients who fail that first test&#46; We have methods that can be referred to as traditional&#44; such as the T-tube&#44; pressure support or synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation &#40;SIMV&#41;&#46; In recent years&#44; however&#44; new applications of usual techniques as noninvasive ventilation&#44; new ventilation methods such as automatic tube compensation &#40;ATC&#41;&#44; mandatory minute ventilation &#40;MMV&#41;&#44; adaptive support ventilation or automatic weaning systems based on pressure support have been described&#46; Their possible role in weaning from mechanical ventilation among patients with difficult or prolonged weaning remains to be established&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Este art&#237;culo de revisi&#243;n pertenece a la serie &#171;Puesta al d&#237;a en Ventilaci&#243;n Mec&#225;nica&#187; del Grupo de Trabajo de Insuficiencia respiratoria aguda &#40;GT-IRA&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algoritmo para la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">mec&#225;nica</a>&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Curva flujo&#47;presi&#243;n inspiratoria en un enfermo con un tubo endotraqueal de 7&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de di&#225;metro interno &#40;modificada de referencias <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">38 y 39</a>&#41;&#46; Debido a las variaciones en el patr&#243;n del flujo en respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#44; la resistencia impuesta por el tubo es variable&#46; Si aplicamos una presi&#243;n de soporte constante de 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH2O &#40;l&#237;nea horizontal&#41; nos podemos encontrar con 3 situaciones&#58; 1&#41; con flujos inspiratorios bajos&#44; la presi&#243;n de soporte infra-compensa la resistencia del tubo&#44; 2&#41; con flujos inspiratorios medios&#44; la presi&#243;n de soporte compensa la resistencia &#40;intersecci&#243;n entre la curva de la presi&#243;n de resistencia del tubo &#40;&#916;P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">tubo</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">endotraqueal</span>&#41; y la l&#237;nea de presi&#243;n de soporte&#41;&#44; y 3&#41; con flujos altos la presi&#243;n de soporte sobre-compensa la resistencia&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Representaci&#243;n esquem&#225;tica de los principios b&#225;sicos de funcionamiento de la ventilaci&#243;n adaptativa de soporte &#40;ASV&#41;&#46; &#40;Modificado de referencia <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">54</a>&#41;&#46;</p> <p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abreviaturas</p> <p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Crs&#58; compliance del sistema respiratorio&#59; f&#58; frecuencia respiratoria&#59; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; fracci&#243;n inspirada de ox&#237;geno&#59; MV&#58; ventilaci&#243;n minuto&#59; PEEP&#58; presi&#243;n positiva al final de la espiraci&#243;n&#59; PEEPi&#58; presi&#243;n positiva intr&#237;nseca al final de la espiraci&#243;n&#59; PiMax&#58; presi&#243;n inspiratoria m&#225;xima&#59; Rce&#58; constante tiempo espiratoria&#59; Rrs&#58; Resistencia del sistema respiratorio&#59; VD&#58; espacio muerto anat&#243;mico&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptada de<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; SIMV&#58; ventilaci&#243;n mandatoria sincronizada intermitente&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tubo en T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tomlinson&#44;1989<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Esen&#44; 1992<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#47;20 &#40;85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&#47;20 &#40;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;&#8722;15&#44;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Brochard&#44; 1994<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&#47;35 &#40;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">24&#47;31 &#40;77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25&#47;43 &#40;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;20 &#40;&#8722;42&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1 &#40;&#8722;23&#44;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;&#8722;2&#44;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Esteban&#44; 1995<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">47&#47;62 &#40;76&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23&#47;37 &#40;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&#47;29 &#40;69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;&#8722;5&#44;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;&#8722;13&#44;27&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;7 &#40;&#8722;20&#44;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mediana 3 P25&#44;75&#58;1&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Mediana 4 P25&#44;75&#58;1&#46;1&#44; 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Mediana 5 P25&#44;75&#58;3&#46;1&#44; 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Agrupaci&#243;n de la diferencia en el riesgo para destete con &#233;xito</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;3 &#40;&#8722;36&#44;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;&#8722;11&#44;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;&#8722;7&#44; 23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Las diferencias de riesgo se expresan como la diferencia en los porcentajes de pacientes desconectados con &#233;xito entre los diferentes modos&#46; Los n&#250;meros negativos indican una tasa de &#233;xito menor y los n&#250;meros positivos una tasa de &#233;xito mayor&#46; Entre par&#233;ntesis se indica el intervalo de confianza al 95&#37;&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparaci&#243;n de los resultados de los ensayos cl&#237;nicos donde se comparan los modos tradicionales de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abreviaturas&#58; BiPAP&#58; Bilevel positive airway pressure&#59; SIMV&#58; Ventilaci&#243;n mandatoria sincronizada intermitente&#59; PS&#58; presi&#243;n de soporte&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Poblaci&#243;n incluida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estrategias comparadas</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo experimental</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Nava&#44; 1998<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 25Presi&#243;n de soporte invasivaPrueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T o CPAP menor de 5 cmH2O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 25Presi&#243;n de soporte no invasiva aplicada a trav&#233;s de mascara facial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Girault&#44; 1999<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de enfermedad pulmonar cr&#243;nica &#40;obstructiva&#44; restrictiva o mixta&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 16Presi&#243;n de soporte invasiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 17Presi&#243;n de soporte no invasiva aplicada a trav&#233;s de mascara facial o nasal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Hill&#44; 2000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 9Presi&#243;n de soporte invasivaPrueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 12Ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva utilizando un ventilador espec&#237;fico &#40;VPAP&#174;&#41; en modo ST-A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Chen&#44; 2001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 12Presi&#243;n de soporte invasivaPrueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 12BiPAP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Ferrer&#44; 2003<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con Insuficiencia respiratoria aguda que fracasan tres pruebas de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#40;77&#37; enfermos con patolog&#237;a pulmonar cr&#243;nica&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 22Presi&#243;n de soporte invasivaPrueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T o CPAP menor de 5 cmH2O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 21Ventilacion no invasiva en modo S&#47;T aplicada a trav&#233;s de mascara facial o nasal&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Rabie&#44; 2004<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 18Presi&#243;n de soporte invasiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 19<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Proportional Assist Ventilation&#47;Timed Mode</span> a trav&#233;s de mascara facial o nasal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Wang&#44; 2004<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica e infecci&#243;n broncopulmonar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 14SIMV&#43;PSPrueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 14Presi&#243;n de soporte no invasiva aplicada a trav&#233;s de m&#225;scara no especificada&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Zheng&#44; 2005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica e infecci&#243;n broncopulmonar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 16Presi&#243;n de soporte invasiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 17BiPAP aplicada a trav&#233;s de mascara facial o nasal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Zou&#44; 2006<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica e infecci&#243;n broncopulmonar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 38SIMV&#43;PS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 38BIPAP en modo ST aplicada a trav&#233;s de mascara facial o oronasal&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Wang&#44; 2005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica e infecci&#243;n broncopulmonar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 43SIMV&#43;PS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 47BiPAP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Trevisan&#44; 2008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica mayor de 48 horas &#40;35&#37; enfermos con patolog&#237;a pulmonar cr&#243;nica&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 37Presi&#243;n de soporte invasivaPrueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 28BiPAP a trav&#233;s de m&#225;scara facial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Prasad&#44; 2009<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 15Presi&#243;n desoporte invasiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 15BiPAP a trav&#233;s de m&#225;scara facial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Girault&#44; 2011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de enfermedad pulmonar cr&#243;nica &#40;obstructiva&#44; restrictiva o mixta&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 69Presi&#243;n de soporte invasivaPrueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T o presi&#243;n de soporte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&#61;70 Oxigenoterapia sin soporte ventilatorio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N &#61; 70Presi&#243;n de soporte no invasiva a trav&#233;s de m&#225;scara facial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0050"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Estudios publicados s&#243;lo como comunicaci&#243;n a congreso&#46;</p>"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios que han evaluado la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva como m&#233;todo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46; Poblaci&#243;n y estrategias comparadas</p>"
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      5 => array:7 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Neumon&#237;a adquirida en la UCI&#44; &#37;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Duraci&#243;n ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; d&#237;as&#44; media &#40;desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reintubaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&#44; &#37;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&#44; &#37;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo experimental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo experimental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo experimental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo experimental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nava&#44; 1998<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#40;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Girault&#44;1999<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hill&#44; 2000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Chen&#44; 2001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ferrer&#44; 2003<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">24&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&#40;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28&#44;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rabie&#44; 2004<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Wang&#44; 2004<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Zheng&#44; 2005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Zou&#44; 2006<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">39&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;5 &#40;9&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">34&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">29&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Wang&#44; 2005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Trevisan&#44; 2008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">32&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Prasad&#44;2009<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">33&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">60&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Girault&#44; 2011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">32&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diferencia ponderada de medias efectos</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">19&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">22&#44;5&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">13&#44;5&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Riesgo relativo efectos aleatorios&#40;intervalo de confianza para el 95&#37;&#41;0&#44;37 &#40;0&#44;23 a 0&#44;61&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">aleatorios&#8722;4&#44;61 &#40;&#8722;5&#44;97 a &#8722;3&#44;25&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Riesgo relativo efectos aleatorios&#40;intervalo de confianza para el 95&#37;&#41;0&#44;74 &#40;0&#44;52 a 1&#44;21&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Riesgo relativo efectos aleatorios&#40;intervalo de confianza para el 95&#37;&#41;0&#44;64 &#40;0&#44;40 a 1&#44;03&#41;</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">En el estudio de Girault et al &#40;33&#41; s&#243;lo se muestran los resultados correspondientes al grupo experimental de ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abreviaturas&#58; ATC&#58; compensaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica del tubo&#59; CPAP&#58; presi&#243;n positiva continua en la v&#237;a a&#233;rea&#59; PS&#58; presi&#243;n de soporte&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Poblaci&#243;n incluida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Estrategias comparadas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fracaso en la primera prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reintubaci&#243;n</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ATC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Otros m&#233;todos</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ATC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Otros m&#233;todos</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Haberth&#252;r&#44; 2002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica m&#225;s de 24 h por insuficiencia respiratoria aguda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con&#58;ATC &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#41;PS 5 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#41;Tubo en T &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PS 5 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#58; 17&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tubo en T&#58; 20&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PS 5 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#58; 23&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tubo en T&#58; 17&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cohen&#44; 2006<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica m&#225;s de 24 h por cualquier indicaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con&#58;ATC &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#41;CPAP &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPAP&#58; 15&#37;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPAP&#58; 24&#37;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cohen&#44; 2009<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica m&#225;s de 24 hpor cualquier indicaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con&#58;ATC &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>87&#41;PS 7 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>93&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PS 7 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#58; 14&#37;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PS 7 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#58; 15&#37;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Figueroa-Casas&#44; 2010<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica m&#225;s de 24 h por cualquier indicaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con&#58;ATC &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>58&#41;CPAP &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPAP&#58; 13&#37;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPAP&#58; 7&#37;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">15&#37;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">14&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">16&#37;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Riesgo relativo efectos aleatorios &#40;intervalo de confianza para el 95&#37;&#41;0&#44; 33 &#40;0&#44;18 a 0&#44;62&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Riesgo relativo efectos aleatorios &#40;intervalo de confianza para el 95&#37;&#41;0&#44;86 &#40;0&#44;56 a 1&#44;32&#41;</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ensayos cl&#237;nicos donde se compara la compensaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica del tubo &#40;ATC&#41; con otros m&#233;todos para la prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea</p>"
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      7 => array:7 [
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ASV&#58; ventilaci&#243;n adaptativa de soporte&#59; CVPR&#58; ventilaci&#243;n controlada por volumen regulada por presi&#243;n&#59; PS&#58; presi&#243;n de soporte&#59; PCV&#58; ventilaci&#243;n controlada por presi&#243;n&#59; SIMV&#58; ventilaci&#243;n mandatoria sincronizada intermitente&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Poblaci&#243;n incluida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estrategias comparadas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Desenlace principal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados desenlace principal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Otros resultados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sulzer&#44; 2001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes en el postoperatorio de revascularizaci&#243;n coronaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#41; vs&#46;SIMV &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Duraci&#243;n de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica postoperatoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV&#58; 193 min&#40;149 &#8211; 273&#41;SIMV&#58; 243 min&#40;186 -516&#41;&#40;P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Petter&#44; 2003<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes en el postoperatorio de cirug&#237;a cardiaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#41; vs&#46;SIMV&#47;PS &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Duraci&#243;n de intubaci&#243;n postoperatoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV&#58; 2&#44;7 h&#40;2&#44;1 &#8211; 4&#44;2&#41;SIMV&#47;PS&#58; 3&#44;2 h&#40;2&#44;7 &#8211; 4&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Gruber&#44; 2008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes en el postoperatorio de revascularizaci&#243;n coronaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#41; vs&#46; CVPR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>automode &#40;N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Duraci&#243;n de intubaci&#243;n postoperatoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV&#58; 300 min&#40;205 &#8211; 365&#41;CVPR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>automode&#58; 540 min&#40;462 &#8211; 580&#41;&#40;P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Extubaci&#243;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8 horas&#58;ASV&#58; 1&#37;CVPR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>automode&#58; 68&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dongelmans&#44; 2009<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes en el postoperatorio de revascularizaci&#243;n coronaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>64&#41; vs&#46;PCV&#47;PS &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Duraci&#243;n de intubaci&#243;n postoperatoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV&#58; 16&#44;4 h&#40;12&#44;5 &#8211; 20&#44;8&#41;PCV&#47;PS&#58; 16&#44;3 horas &#40;13&#44;7 &#8211; 19&#44;3&#41;&#40;P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;97&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Kirakli&#44; 2011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de una enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>49&#41; vs&#46;PCV&#47;PS &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tiempo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV&#58; 24 h&#40;20 &#8211; 62&#41;PCV&#47;PS&#58; 72 horas&#40;24 &#8211; 144&#41;P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;041&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fracaso de weaningASV&#58; 28&#44;5&#37;PCV&#47;PS&#58; 31&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Todos los resultados est&#225;n expresados en mediana &#40;rango intercuart&#237;lico&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ensayos cl&#237;nicos que han evaluado la ventiaci&#243;n adaptativa de soporte &#40;ASV&#41; como m&#233;todo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica</p>"
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        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Poblaci&#243;n incluida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estrategias comparadas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Desenlace principal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados desenlace principal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Otros resultados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lellouche&#44; 2006<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica por cualquier indicaci&#243;n m&#225;s de 24 h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Desconexi&#243;n con SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>74&#41;Desconexi&#243;n est&#225;ndar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tiempo hasta extubaci&#243;n exitosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#58; 3 d&#237;as&#40;2-8&#41;Desconexi&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#58;5 d&#237;as&#40;2-12&#41;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reintubaci&#243;n en las primeras 72 h&#58;SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#58; 16&#37;Desconexi&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#58; 23&#37;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Jiang&#44; 2006<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Desconexi&#243;n con SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#41;Prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Extubaci&#243;n exitosa en los primeros 7 d&#237;as de desconexi&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#58; 77&#37;Prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#58; 40&#37;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;031&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tiempo de desconexi&#243;nMedia &#40;DE&#41;SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#58; 8&#44;5 d&#237;as &#40;2&#41;Prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#58; 13 d&#237;as &#40;2&#41;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rose&#44; 2008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica por cualquier indicaci&#243;n m&#225;s de 24 h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Desconexi&#243;n con SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#41;Reducci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n de soporte &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tiempo hasta que cumple criterios para extubaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#58; 20 horas&#40;2-40&#41;Reducci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n de soporte&#58; 8 h&#40;2-43&#41;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sch&#228;dler&#44; 2012<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica por cualquier indicaci&#243;n m&#225;s de 9 h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Desconexi&#243;n con SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>74&#41;Desconexi&#243;n est&#225;ndar <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span></a>&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tiempo total de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Desconexi&#243;n con SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#58; 31 horas &#40;19-101&#41;Desconexi&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#58; 39 h &#40;20-118&#41;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;178&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tiempo hasta primera extubaci&#243;n&#58;Mediana &#40;P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25</span>-P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">75</span>&#41;Desconexi&#243;n con SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#58; 8 h &#40;3-29&#41;Desconexi&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#58; 10 h &#40;3-49&#41;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;687&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Todos los resultados de variables continuas est&#225;n expresados en mediana &#40;rango intercuart&#237;lico&#41;</p>"
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            1 => array:3 [
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0035"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Art&#237;culo en chino&#44; datos obtenidos del abstract en ingl&#233;s</p>"
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0040"
              "etiqueta" => "d"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Definido en el art&#237;culo original como &#8216;tiempo hasta separaci&#243;n&#8217; que es el tiempo desde que se randomiza al enfermo &#40;inmediatamente despu&#233;s de pasar con &#233;xito una prueba de 30 min con presi&#243;n de soporte de hasta 20 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#41; hasta que pasan una prueba de 1 h de duraci&#243;n con presi&#243;n de soporte de 7 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O y PEEP de 5 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#46;</p>"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ensayos cl&#237;nicos que han evaluado el sistema SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> como m&#233;todo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica</p>"
        ]
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Revisión
Desconexión de la ventilación mecánica. ¿Por qué seguimos buscando métodos alternativos?
Weaning from mechanical ventilation: Why are we still looking for alternative methods?
F. Frutos-Vivar
Autor para correspondencia
ffrutos@ucigetafe.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, A. Esteban
Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
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algunos autores han explorado el papel de la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva en la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46; En esencia&#44; el proceso consiste en que los enfermos que fracasan una prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea son extubados e inmediatamente conectados a ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva&#46; Desde la primera experiencia descrita por Udwadia et al&#46; en 1992<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> se han publicado varios ensayos cl&#237;nicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;33</span></a> evaluando esta t&#233;cnica como modo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46; Las limitaciones de estos estudios para su aplicabilidad y generalizaci&#243;n son varias&#46; En primer lugar&#44; el peque&#241;o tama&#241;o muestral de casi todos los estudios&#46; En segundo lugar&#44; muchos de los estudios publicados incluyen mayoritariamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;25</span></a> o exclusivamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;24&#44;26&#44;31&#8211;33</span></a> pacientes con una enfermedad pulmonar cr&#243;nica&#44; poblaci&#243;n donde est&#225; especialmente indicada la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva por su capacidad para disminuir la fatiga respiratoria&#44; aumentar el volumen corriente y disminuir la presi&#243;n positiva al final de la inspiraci&#243;n &#40;PEEP&#41; intr&#237;nseca&#46; Si otras causas de insuficiencia respiratoria se podr&#237;an beneficiar de la desconexi&#243;n con ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva estar&#237;a pendiente de determinar&#46; En tercer lugar&#44; hubo una gran heterogeneidad en las estrategias utilizadas para la desconexi&#243;n tanto en el grupo de desconexi&#243;n invasiva como en el grupo de desconexi&#243;n no invasiva&#46; Los pacientes asignados a desconexi&#243;n invasiva fueron desconectados preferentemente con presi&#243;n de soporte pero con diferentes estrategias en la reducci&#243;n gradual de la misma&#58; 2 observaciones diarias con una prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea opcional<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; disminuci&#243;n de 2 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O cada 4 h seg&#250;n tolerancia cl&#237;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#44; disminuci&#243;n de 2-4 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O diarios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#44; disminuci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n de soporte hasta una presi&#243;n de soporte de 7 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; En la mayor&#237;a de los estudios se intercalaron o alternaron pruebas de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T de diferente duraci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;26&#44;31&#44;33</span></a>&#46; Igualmente&#44; en los enfermos asignados a desconexi&#243;n con ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva&#44; la aplicaci&#243;n de la misma y los criterios para la desconexi&#243;n total de la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva fueron heterog&#233;neos&#46; Tras la extubaci&#243;n&#44; la aplicaci&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva fue continua en 5 estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;23&#8211;25&#44;32</span></a>&#44; en un estudio intermitente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#44; en otro estudio durante al menos 2 h<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> y&#44; en otro&#44; dependiendo de la tolerancia durante 20-22 h con periodos de descanso para la comida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; El nivel de soporte y la duraci&#243;n de los periodos de ventilaci&#243;n fueron gradualmente reducidos pero tambi&#233;n con diferentes protocolos&#58; disminuci&#243;n de la presi&#243;n de soporte 2 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O cada 4 h<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> o disminuci&#243;n 2-4 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O diarios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> seg&#250;n la tolerancia de los enfermos hasta una presi&#243;n inspiratoria de 8 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O y una espiratoria de 4 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> o un presi&#243;n inspiratoria menor de 10 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span></a> o hasta que la diferencia entre presi&#243;n inspiratoria y espiratoria fuese menor de 5 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; los resultados reportados &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0010">tablas 2 y 3</a>&#41; en el grupo control de algunos de los estudios no reflejan la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; Teniendo en cuenta estas limitaciones&#44; la conclusi&#243;n de los estudios es que la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva puede ser una t&#233;cnica prometedora para la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; pero se necesitar&#237;an m&#225;s estudios para evaluar completamente los beneficios cl&#237;nicos y los riesgos asociados al fracaso de la extubaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Compensaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica del tubo</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El tubo endotraqueal impone una resistencia inspiratoria durante la prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Para su compensaci&#243;n se ha propuesto el uso de niveles bajos de presi&#243;n de soporte &#40;5-8 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; Desafortunadamente&#44; no es f&#225;cil determinar o predecir el nivel exacto de presi&#243;n de soporte requerido para compensar la carga inspiratoria impuesta en un paciente individual&#46; Con el mismo nivel de soporte&#44; se puede producir un fracaso de la prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea por una insuficiente compensaci&#243;n del trabajo impuesto o una sobrecompensaci&#243;n que puede permitir a un paciente pasar con &#233;xito una prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea pero no permite calibrar con exactitud si el paciente es verdaderamente capaz de respirar sin apoyo&#46; Todo ello depende del tama&#241;o del tubo endotraqueal y del flujo inspiratorio &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La compensaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica del tubo &#40;ATC&#41;&#44; disponible en los ventiladores Evita 4&#44; Evita XL &#40;Draeger Medical&#41; y 840 Puritan Bennett &#40;Covidien&#41;&#44; es un modo donde el ventilador realiza de manera continua la medida de la ca&#237;da de presi&#243;n que ocurre a trav&#233;s del tubo endotraqueal programando&#44; a continuaci&#243;n&#44; el nivel de presi&#243;n de soporte que compensa esa ca&#237;da de presi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39&#44;40</span></a>&#46; Los estudios que han comparado ATC con presi&#243;n de soporte sugieren que la ATC es m&#225;s efectiva en la compensaci&#243;n del trabajo respiratorio&#44; m&#225;s comoda y con menos asincron&#237;as paciente-ventilador<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39&#44;41</span></a>&#46; Para su programaci&#243;n es necesario introducir el tama&#241;o del tubo endotraqueal y el porcentaje de compensaci&#243;n deseado &#40;generalmente 100&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La ATC ha sido evaluada&#44; como m&#233;todo para la prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#44; en varios ensayos cl&#237;nicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42&#8211;45</span></a> con resultados muy favorables en la tasa de &#233;xito en la primera prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea pero con tasas de reintubaci&#243;n similares a los del grupo control &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 4</a>&#41;&#46; Por otra parte&#44; otro estudio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> ha evaluado el tiempo de desconexi&#243;n comparando la reducci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n de soporte con ATC frente a la reducci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n de soporte en solitario&#46; Este trabajo incluye a 41 pacientes que requieren ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica por insuficiencia respiratoria aguda secundaria a envenenamiento por mordedura de serpiente&#46; En el grupo de presi&#243;n de soporte con ATC la mediana de tiempo de desconexi&#243;n fue de 8 h &#40;rango intercuart&#237;lico 7-12&#41; vs&#46; 12 h &#40;rango intercuart&#237;lico 7-17&#41; en el grupo de presi&#243;n de soporte &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;12&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A pesar de los buenos resultados observados en los estudios publicados hasta el momento&#44; ser&#237;an necesarios estudios con un mayor n&#250;mero de enfermos y&#44; sobre todo&#44; con enfermos con dificultad para pasar la primera prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea para poder recomendar la ATC como el m&#233;todo de elecci&#243;n para la realizaci&#243;n de la prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47&#44;48</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Weaning autom&#225;tico con sistemas de circuito cerrado</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ventilaci&#243;n minuto mandatoria</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este modo de ventilaci&#243;n&#44; descrito por Hewlett et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&#44; fue el primero en el cual el ventilador modificaba el soporte basado en la respuesta del paciente o el primer modo de control computarizado de la ventilaci&#243;n&#46; Actualmente&#44; este modo de ventilaci&#243;n se encuentra disponible en los ventiladores Evita 4&#44; Evita XL &#40;Draeger Medical&#41;&#44; CPU-1 Intensive Care ventilator &#40;Ohmeda Medical&#41;&#44; Sechrist IV-100B &#40;Sechrist Industries Inc&#41; y Hamilton Veolar ventilator &#40;Hamilton Medical&#41;&#46; En esta modalidad&#44; se programa el volumen tidal y una frecuencia mandatoria definiendo&#44; por lo tanto&#44; un objetivo de ventilaci&#243;n minuto&#46; El ventilador adapta la frecuencia mandatoria al objetivo de ventilaci&#243;n minuto teniendo en cuenta la frecuencia respiratoria espont&#225;nea del paciente&#46; La diferencia con la SIMV es que mientras en esta modalidad la frecuencia mandatoria es fija en la MMV la frecuencia mandatoria es variable&#46; Si la respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea de un paciente&#44; que se realiza con una presi&#243;n de soporte previamente fijada&#44; alcanza o sobrepasa el objetivo prefijado&#44; el ventilador no da ninguna respiraci&#243;n mandatoria&#46; Por el contrario&#44; si la ventilaci&#243;n minuto del paciente cae por debajo del nivel pedeterminado el ventilador ofrece las respiraciones necesarias para alcanzar el objetivo&#46; Una de las principales limitaciones es que el ventilador hace los ajustes solo de acuerdo a la ventilaci&#243;n minuto determinada&#46; Esto es&#44; no diferencia un volumen tidal de 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml con una frecuencia respiratoria de 12 respiraciones por min &#40;patr&#243;n ventilatorio normal&#41; de un volumen tidal de 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml con una frecuencia respiratoria de 30 respiraciones por min &#40;patr&#243;n de respiraci&#243;n r&#225;pida y superficial&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hay muy pocos trabajos&#44; la mayor&#237;a de ellos realizados en la poblaci&#243;n de neonatos&#44; que hayan evaluado la MMV como m&#233;todo alternativo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46; En adultos solo hay un ensayo cl&#237;nico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#46; En este estudio&#44; se asignaron de forma aleatoria a 22 pacientes a desconexi&#243;n con MMV y a 18 pacientes a desconexi&#243;n con IMV&#46; La MMV disminuy&#243; significativamente el tiempo de desconexi&#243;n &#40;5 h vs&#46; 33 h&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; sin aumento en la tasa de fracaso de extubaci&#243;n a las 4 h de la extubaci&#243;n &#40;89 vs&#46; 86&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ventilaci&#243;n adaptativa de soporte</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esta modalidad fue descrita inicialmente&#44; como ventilaci&#243;n adaptativa pulmonar&#44; por Laubscher en 1994<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51&#44;52</span></a>&#46; Se trata de un modo asistido&#44; controlado por presi&#243;n&#44; con un sistema autom&#225;tico de regulaci&#243;n de los par&#225;metros ventilatorios en respuesta a cambios en la mec&#225;nica del sistema respiratorio y del patr&#243;n de ventilaci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#46; Se encuentra disponible en los respiradores Galileo&#44; Raphael&#44; Hamilton S1&#44; Hamilton C2&#44; Hamilton G5 &#40;Hamilton Medical&#41;&#46; El principio b&#225;sico de su funcionamiento se basa en la f&#243;rmula de Otis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46; Mediante esta ecuaci&#243;n se calcula la frecuencia respiratoria ideal&#44; que es la que se asocia con un menor gasto energ&#233;tico&#44; para lo que se tiene en cuenta el espacio muerto&#44; la ventilaci&#243;n minuto y la constante de tiempo espiratoria&#46; Inicialmente se introduce en el ventilador los datos de peso del paciente&#44; el porcentaje deseado de ventilaci&#243;n minuto &#40;100&#37; es igual a 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;kg&#47;min&#41;&#44; la fracci&#243;n inspirada de ox&#237;geno&#44; la presi&#243;n al final de la espiraci&#243;n &#40;PEEP&#41; y la presi&#243;n m&#225;xima inspiratoria &#40;Pimax&#41;&#46; A continuaci&#243;n&#44; el sistema determina la constante de tiempo espiratoria mediante el an&#225;lisis de la curva de flujo-volumen espiratoria&#46; Posteriormente&#44; el algoritmo autom&#225;tico ajusta la presi&#243;n inspiratoria&#44; la relaci&#243;n de tiempo inspiratorio&#47;espiratorio y la frecuencia respiratoria para mantener el objetivo de ventilaci&#243;n minuto &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; dentro de un rango establecido para evitar la respiraci&#243;n r&#225;pida y superficial o un volumen de inflaci&#243;n excesivo&#46; Para la determinaci&#243;n de la frecuencia respiratoria &#243;ptima&#44; el ventilador asume un espacio muerto&#44; seg&#250;n el nomograma de Radford<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a>&#44; de 2&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;kg&#46; En los pacientes en fase de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; el algoritmo de la ASV ir&#225; reduciendo progresivamente y autom&#225;ticamente la presi&#243;n inspiratoria&#46; La desconexi&#243;n es completa cuando todas las respiraciones sean espont&#225;neas y el enfermo mantenga un adecuado interecambio gaseoso durante unas horas con una presi&#243;n inspiratoria menor de 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los estudios que han evaluado la ASV como m&#233;todo de desconexi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56&#8211;60</span></a> sugieren que podr&#237;a simplificar el manejo ventilatorio y reducir el tiempo hasta la extubaci&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 5</a>&#41;&#46; Las limitaciones de estos estudios son que se han realizado en grupos peque&#241;os de enfermos predominantemente postoperatorios con una duraci&#243;n corta de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Sistemas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">weaning</span> automatizados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A diferencia de los 2 m&#233;todos previamente descritos los sistemas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">weaning</span> automatizados disponibles no son nuevos modos de ventilaci&#243;n sino estrategias autom&#225;ticas de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica basadas en un modo de ventilaci&#243;n ya existente como es la presi&#243;n de soporte&#46; Actualmente disponemos de 2 sistemas de weaning automatizados&#58; SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a> disponible en el ventilador Evita XL &#40;Draeger Medical&#41; y el sistema mandatory rate ventilation &#40;MRV&#41; disponible en el ventilador Taema Horus &#40;Air Liquid&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El sistema SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> aplica continuamente un protocolo de desconexi&#243;n con cambios en la presi&#243;n de soporte basados en mediciones de la frecuencia respiratoria&#44; del volumen tidal y de la presi&#243;n parcial de CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> al final de la espiraci&#243;n &#40;etCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#46; Para iniciar el funcionamiento del sistema&#44; el m&#233;dico introduce informaci&#243;n del paciente &#40;peso&#44; antecedentes de enfermedad pulmonar cr&#243;nica y&#47;o enfermedad neurol&#243;gica&#41;&#44; tipo de v&#237;a a&#233;rea artificial &#40;tubo endotraqueal o traqueostom&#237;a&#41; y tipo de humidificaci&#243;n &#40;intercambiador de calor-humedad o humidificados de calor activo&#41;&#46; Tras ello se inicia el proceso de desconexi&#243;n&#44; inicialmente el sistema se adapta para mantener al paciente en un estado de confort respiratorio &#40;ventilaci&#243;n normal&#41; para lo cual adapta la presi&#243;n de soporte&#44; aumentando o disminuyendo entre 2 y 4 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; seg&#250;n los datos de frecuencia respiratoria &#40;l&#237;mites normales 15-30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm&#44; en enfermos con patolog&#237;a neurol&#243;gica aumenta el l&#237;mite superior a 34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm&#41;&#44; volumen tidal &#40;l&#237;mites normales<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#41; y etCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;l&#237;mites normales<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; en enfemos con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica sube el l&#237;mite a 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41; cuyo promedio se calcula cada 2-5 min&#46; Una vez que el paciente se encuentra en la situaci&#243;n de ventilaci&#243;n normal&#44; el sistema reduce o aumenta la presi&#243;n de soporte&#44; dependiendo de las necesidades del enfermo&#44; cada 15&#44; 30 o 60 min dependiendo del nivel previo de presi&#243;n de soporte hasta llegar a una presi&#243;n de soporte variable dependiendo del tipo de v&#237;a a&#233;rea artificial y del tipo de humidificaci&#243;n &#40;5 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O para humidificador de calor activo y traqueotom&#237;a&#44; 7 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O para humificador de calor activo y tubo endotraqueal&#44; 9 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O para humificador de calor-humedad y traqueotom&#237;a&#44; 12 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O para humificador de calor-humedad y tubo endotraqueal&#41;&#46; Una vez que se llega a este nivel de soporte se considera que el enfermo inicia una prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea cuya duraci&#243;n es determinada por el patr&#243;n respiratorio y el nivel de presi&#243;n de soporte al que inici&#243; el proceso de desconexi&#243;n&#46; Si durante ese tiempo el enfermo presenta un patr&#243;n respiratorio diferente a la ventilaci&#243;n normal o a la hiperventilaci&#243;n el sistema considera que ha fracasado la prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea y aumenta la presi&#243;n de soporte hasta obtener un patr&#243;n de ventilaci&#243;n normal&#46; En caso de estabilidad del patr&#243;n respiratorio&#44; el respirador mostrar&#225; un mensaje indicando que el enfermo est&#225; preparado para ser extubado&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este sistema&#44; que no se recomienda en enfermos con patolog&#237;a neurol&#243;gica que afecte al control de la respiraci&#243;n&#44; en enfermos sobre-sedados&#44; en pacientes con broncoespasmo grave&#44; en enfermos con delirio&#47;agitaci&#243;n y en enfermos con polineuropatia&#47;miopatia grave&#44; ha sido evaluado en varios ensayos cl&#237;nicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62&#8211;65</span></a> con diferentes resultados &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">tabla 6</a>&#41; debido a la evaluaci&#243;n de diferentes desenlaces y a diferencias en el protocolo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica en el grupo de desconexi&#243;n no-autom&#225;tica&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por su parte&#44; el sistema MRV va disminuyendo progresivamente la presi&#243;n de soporte bas&#225;ndose en un objetivo de frecuencia respiratoria&#46; Esta frecuencia respiratoria representa la frecuencia respiratoria que se espera realice el enfermo&#46; En cada ciclo&#44; el ventilador compara la frecuencia respiratoria deseada con el promedio de frecuencia respiratoria realizado en los 4 ciclos previos&#46; Si el promedio es mayor que el objetivo de frecuencia respiratoria&#44; la presi&#243;n de soporte aumenta autom&#225;ticamente 1 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#46; Si el promedio de frecuencia respiratoria es menor que la frecuencia respiratoria deseada&#44; el sistema disminuir&#225; la presi&#243;n de soporte 1 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#46; Este sistema solo ha sido evaluado en un estudio <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> que incluye a 106 pacientes en el postoperatorio que son asignados a desconexi&#243;n con reducci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n soporte &#40;53 pacientes&#41; o a desconexi&#243;n con el sistema MRV &#40;53 pacientes&#41;&#46; En el an&#225;lisis por intenci&#243;n de tratar la duraci&#243;n media hasta la extubaci&#243;n fue de 221<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>192 min en el grupo de reducci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n soporte vs&#46; 271<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>369 min en el grupo de MRV &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;375&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En resumen&#44; aunque los sistemas autom&#225;ticos de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica suponen un importante avance&#44; ser&#225;n necesarios m&#225;s estudios para poder precisar qu&#233; poblaci&#243;n de enfermos ventilados se pueden beneficiar de estos sistemas frente a los modos convencionales de desconexi&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Otros modos</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Basados en el mismo concepto que algunos de los modos previamente descritos &#40;&#8216;el ventilador se adapta al paciente en lugar del paciente al ventilador&#8217;&#41; existen otros nuevos modos de ventilaci&#243;n como el patr&#243;n espont&#225;neo amplificado &#40;PEA&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a>&#44; la ventilaci&#243;n asistida proporcional &#40;PAV&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68</span></a>&#44; la ventilaci&#243;n asistida ajustada neuralmente &#40;NAVA&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">69</span></a>&#44; automode<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a>&#44; sin estudios suficientes para poder establecer su posible papel en la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; parece que&#44; por el momento&#44; todos los modos que est&#225;n apareciendo para la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica son m&#233;todos alternativos&#46; Por ello&#44; nosotros pensamos que lo m&#225;s eficaz y sencillo es la realizaci&#243;n de una prueba diaria de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#44; de unos treinta minutos de duraci&#243;n&#44; con tubo en T&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Modos alternativos y nuevos modos para la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0010"
              "titulo" => "Ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva"
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            1 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Compensaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica del tubo"
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          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Weaning autom&#225;tico con sistemas de circuito cerrado"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Ventilaci&#243;n minuto mandatoria"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Ventilaci&#243;n adaptativa de soporte"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Sistemas de weaning automatizados"
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              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Otros modos"
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          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
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        7 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2012-07-07"
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            1 => "Desconexi&#243;n ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica"
            2 => "Ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva"
            3 => "Compensaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica del tubo"
            4 => "Sistemas de weaning autom&#225;tico"
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            1 => "Disconnecting mechanical ventilation"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La mayor&#237;a de los pacientes que requieren ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica durante m&#225;s de 24 h y que mejoran de la causa que motiv&#243; el soporte ventilatorio pueden ser extubados tras una primera prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#46; El reto es c&#243;mo mejorar la desconexi&#243;n de los pacientes que fracasan en esa prueba&#46; Hasta el momento dispon&#237;amos de los m&#233;todos&#44; que podemos denominar tradicionales&#44; como son el tubo en T&#44; la presi&#243;n de soporte o la ventilaci&#243;n mandatoria intermitente sincronizada &#40;SIMV&#41;&#46; En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os se han descrito nuevas aplicaciones de t&#233;cnicas habituales como la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva&#44; nuevos m&#233;todos de ventilaci&#243;n como la compensaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica del tubo &#40;ATC&#41;&#44; la ventilaci&#243;n minuto mandatoria &#40;MMV&#41;&#44; la ventilaci&#243;n adaptativa de soporte &#40;ASV&#41; o estrategias autom&#225;ticas de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica basadas en la presi&#243;n de soporte&#46; Queda por definir su posible papel en la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica en los enfermos con desconexi&#243;n dif&#237;cil o prolongada&#46;</p>"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Most patients who require mechanical ventilation for longer than 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#44; and who improve the condition leading to the indication of ventilatory support&#44; can be weaned after passing a first spontaneous breathing test&#46; The challenge is to improve the weaning of patients who fail that first test&#46; We have methods that can be referred to as traditional&#44; such as the T-tube&#44; pressure support or synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation &#40;SIMV&#41;&#46; In recent years&#44; however&#44; new applications of usual techniques as noninvasive ventilation&#44; new ventilation methods such as automatic tube compensation &#40;ATC&#41;&#44; mandatory minute ventilation &#40;MMV&#41;&#44; adaptive support ventilation or automatic weaning systems based on pressure support have been described&#46; Their possible role in weaning from mechanical ventilation among patients with difficult or prolonged weaning remains to be established&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Este art&#237;culo de revisi&#243;n pertenece a la serie &#171;Puesta al d&#237;a en Ventilaci&#243;n Mec&#225;nica&#187; del Grupo de Trabajo de Insuficiencia respiratoria aguda &#40;GT-IRA&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algoritmo para la desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">mec&#225;nica</a>&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Curva flujo&#47;presi&#243;n inspiratoria en un enfermo con un tubo endotraqueal de 7&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de di&#225;metro interno &#40;modificada de referencias <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">38 y 39</a>&#41;&#46; Debido a las variaciones en el patr&#243;n del flujo en respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#44; la resistencia impuesta por el tubo es variable&#46; Si aplicamos una presi&#243;n de soporte constante de 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH2O &#40;l&#237;nea horizontal&#41; nos podemos encontrar con 3 situaciones&#58; 1&#41; con flujos inspiratorios bajos&#44; la presi&#243;n de soporte infra-compensa la resistencia del tubo&#44; 2&#41; con flujos inspiratorios medios&#44; la presi&#243;n de soporte compensa la resistencia &#40;intersecci&#243;n entre la curva de la presi&#243;n de resistencia del tubo &#40;&#916;P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">tubo</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">endotraqueal</span>&#41; y la l&#237;nea de presi&#243;n de soporte&#41;&#44; y 3&#41; con flujos altos la presi&#243;n de soporte sobre-compensa la resistencia&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Representaci&#243;n esquem&#225;tica de los principios b&#225;sicos de funcionamiento de la ventilaci&#243;n adaptativa de soporte &#40;ASV&#41;&#46; &#40;Modificado de referencia <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">54</a>&#41;&#46;</p> <p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abreviaturas</p> <p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Crs&#58; compliance del sistema respiratorio&#59; f&#58; frecuencia respiratoria&#59; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; fracci&#243;n inspirada de ox&#237;geno&#59; MV&#58; ventilaci&#243;n minuto&#59; PEEP&#58; presi&#243;n positiva al final de la espiraci&#243;n&#59; PEEPi&#58; presi&#243;n positiva intr&#237;nseca al final de la espiraci&#243;n&#59; PiMax&#58; presi&#243;n inspiratoria m&#225;xima&#59; Rce&#58; constante tiempo espiratoria&#59; Rrs&#58; Resistencia del sistema respiratorio&#59; VD&#58; espacio muerto anat&#243;mico&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adaptada de<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; SIMV&#58; ventilaci&#243;n mandatoria sincronizada intermitente&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica con &#233;xito &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diferencia de riesgo &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tiempo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica &#40;d&#237;as&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tubo en T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Presi&#243;n de soporte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SIMV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tubo en T vs&#46; Presi&#243;n de soporte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tubo en T vs&#46; SIMV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Presi&#243;n de soporte vs&#46; SIMV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tubo en T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Presi&#243;n de soporte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SIMV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tomlinson&#44;1989<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Esen&#44; 1992<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#47;20 &#40;85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#47;20 &#40;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;&#8722;15&#44;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Brochard&#44; 1994<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&#47;35 &#40;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#47;31 &#40;77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#47;43 &#40;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;20 &#40;&#8722;42&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1 &#40;&#8722;23&#44;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;&#8722;2&#44;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Esteban&#44; 1995<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">47&#47;62 &#40;76&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#47;37 &#40;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#47;29 &#40;69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;&#8722;5&#44;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;&#8722;13&#44;27&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;7 &#40;&#8722;20&#44;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mediana 3 P25&#44;75&#58;1&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mediana 4 P25&#44;75&#58;1&#46;1&#44; 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mediana 5 P25&#44;75&#58;3&#46;1&#44; 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Agrupaci&#243;n de la diferencia en el riesgo para destete con &#233;xito</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;3 &#40;&#8722;36&#44;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;&#8722;11&#44;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;&#8722;7&#44; 23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Las diferencias de riesgo se expresan como la diferencia en los porcentajes de pacientes desconectados con &#233;xito entre los diferentes modos&#46; Los n&#250;meros negativos indican una tasa de &#233;xito menor y los n&#250;meros positivos una tasa de &#233;xito mayor&#46; Entre par&#233;ntesis se indica el intervalo de confianza al 95&#37;&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparaci&#243;n de los resultados de los ensayos cl&#237;nicos donde se comparan los modos tradicionales de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abreviaturas&#58; BiPAP&#58; Bilevel positive airway pressure&#59; SIMV&#58; Ventilaci&#243;n mandatoria sincronizada intermitente&#59; PS&#58; presi&#243;n de soporte&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Poblaci&#243;n incluida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estrategias comparadas</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo experimental</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Nava&#44; 1998<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 25Presi&#243;n de soporte invasivaPrueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T o CPAP menor de 5 cmH2O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 25Presi&#243;n de soporte no invasiva aplicada a trav&#233;s de mascara facial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Girault&#44; 1999<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de enfermedad pulmonar cr&#243;nica &#40;obstructiva&#44; restrictiva o mixta&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 16Presi&#243;n de soporte invasiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 17Presi&#243;n de soporte no invasiva aplicada a trav&#233;s de mascara facial o nasal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Hill&#44; 2000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 9Presi&#243;n de soporte invasivaPrueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 12Ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva utilizando un ventilador espec&#237;fico &#40;VPAP&#174;&#41; en modo ST-A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Chen&#44; 2001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 12Presi&#243;n de soporte invasivaPrueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 12BiPAP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Ferrer&#44; 2003<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con Insuficiencia respiratoria aguda que fracasan tres pruebas de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#40;77&#37; enfermos con patolog&#237;a pulmonar cr&#243;nica&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 22Presi&#243;n de soporte invasivaPrueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T o CPAP menor de 5 cmH2O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 21Ventilacion no invasiva en modo S&#47;T aplicada a trav&#233;s de mascara facial o nasal&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Rabie&#44; 2004<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 18Presi&#243;n de soporte invasiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 19<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Proportional Assist Ventilation&#47;Timed Mode</span> a trav&#233;s de mascara facial o nasal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Wang&#44; 2004<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica e infecci&#243;n broncopulmonar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 14SIMV&#43;PSPrueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 14Presi&#243;n de soporte no invasiva aplicada a trav&#233;s de m&#225;scara no especificada&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Zheng&#44; 2005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica e infecci&#243;n broncopulmonar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 16Presi&#243;n de soporte invasiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 17BiPAP aplicada a trav&#233;s de mascara facial o nasal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Zou&#44; 2006<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica e infecci&#243;n broncopulmonar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 38SIMV&#43;PS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 38BIPAP en modo ST aplicada a trav&#233;s de mascara facial o oronasal&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Wang&#44; 2005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica e infecci&#243;n broncopulmonar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 43SIMV&#43;PS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 47BiPAP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Trevisan&#44; 2008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica mayor de 48 horas &#40;35&#37; enfermos con patolog&#237;a pulmonar cr&#243;nica&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 37Presi&#243;n de soporte invasivaPrueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 28BiPAP a trav&#233;s de m&#225;scara facial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Prasad&#44; 2009<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 15Presi&#243;n desoporte invasiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 15BiPAP a trav&#233;s de m&#225;scara facial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Girault&#44; 2011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de enfermedad pulmonar cr&#243;nica &#40;obstructiva&#44; restrictiva o mixta&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle">N &#61; 69Presi&#243;n de soporte invasivaPrueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con tubo en T o presi&#243;n de soporte&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&#61;70 Oxigenoterapia sin soporte ventilatorio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N &#61; 70Presi&#243;n de soporte no invasiva a trav&#233;s de m&#225;scara facial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0050"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Estudios publicados s&#243;lo como comunicaci&#243;n a congreso&#46;</p>"
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          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios que han evaluado la ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva como m&#233;todo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46; Poblaci&#243;n y estrategias comparadas</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Neumon&#237;a adquirida en la UCI&#44; &#37;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Duraci&#243;n ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; d&#237;as&#44; media &#40;desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reintubaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&#44; &#37;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&#44; &#37;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo experimental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo experimental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo experimental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grupo experimental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nava&#44; 1998<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;5 &#40;9&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">34&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">29&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Wang&#44; 2005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Trevisan&#44; 2008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">32&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Prasad&#44;2009<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">33&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">60&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Girault&#44; 2011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diferencia ponderada de medias efectos</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">25&#44;5&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">19&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">22&#44;5&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">13&#44;5&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Riesgo relativo efectos aleatorios&#40;intervalo de confianza para el 95&#37;&#41;0&#44;37 &#40;0&#44;23 a 0&#44;61&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">aleatorios&#8722;4&#44;61 &#40;&#8722;5&#44;97 a &#8722;3&#44;25&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Riesgo relativo efectos aleatorios&#40;intervalo de confianza para el 95&#37;&#41;0&#44;74 &#40;0&#44;52 a 1&#44;21&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Riesgo relativo efectos aleatorios&#40;intervalo de confianza para el 95&#37;&#41;0&#44;64 &#40;0&#44;40 a 1&#44;03&#41;</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">En el estudio de Girault et al &#40;33&#41; s&#243;lo se muestran los resultados correspondientes al grupo experimental de ventilaci&#243;n no invasiva</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abreviaturas&#58; ATC&#58; compensaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica del tubo&#59; CPAP&#58; presi&#243;n positiva continua en la v&#237;a a&#233;rea&#59; PS&#58; presi&#243;n de soporte&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Poblaci&#243;n incluida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Estrategias comparadas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fracaso en la primera prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reintubaci&#243;n</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ATC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Otros m&#233;todos</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ATC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Otros m&#233;todos</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Haberth&#252;r&#44; 2002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica m&#225;s de 24 h por insuficiencia respiratoria aguda&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con&#58;ATC &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#41;PS 5 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#41;Tubo en T &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PS 5 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#58; 17&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tubo en T&#58; 20&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PS 5 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#58; 23&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tubo en T&#58; 17&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cohen&#44; 2006<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica m&#225;s de 24 h por cualquier indicaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con&#58;ATC &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#41;CPAP &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPAP&#58; 15&#37;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPAP&#58; 24&#37;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cohen&#44; 2009<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica m&#225;s de 24 hpor cualquier indicaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con&#58;ATC &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>87&#41;PS 7 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>93&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PS 7 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#58; 14&#37;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PS 7 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#58; 15&#37;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Figueroa-Casas&#44; 2010<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica m&#225;s de 24 h por cualquier indicaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea con&#58;ATC &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>58&#41;CPAP &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPAP&#58; 13&#37;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CPAP&#58; 7&#37;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">15&#37;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">14&#37;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">16&#37;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Riesgo relativo efectos aleatorios &#40;intervalo de confianza para el 95&#37;&#41;0&#44; 33 &#40;0&#44;18 a 0&#44;62&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Riesgo relativo efectos aleatorios &#40;intervalo de confianza para el 95&#37;&#41;0&#44;86 &#40;0&#44;56 a 1&#44;32&#41;</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ensayos cl&#237;nicos donde se compara la compensaci&#243;n autom&#225;tica del tubo &#40;ATC&#41; con otros m&#233;todos para la prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea</p>"
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      7 => array:7 [
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ASV&#58; ventilaci&#243;n adaptativa de soporte&#59; CVPR&#58; ventilaci&#243;n controlada por volumen regulada por presi&#243;n&#59; PS&#58; presi&#243;n de soporte&#59; PCV&#58; ventilaci&#243;n controlada por presi&#243;n&#59; SIMV&#58; ventilaci&#243;n mandatoria sincronizada intermitente&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Poblaci&#243;n incluida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estrategias comparadas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Desenlace principal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados desenlace principal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Otros resultados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sulzer&#44; 2001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes en el postoperatorio de revascularizaci&#243;n coronaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#41; vs&#46;SIMV &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Duraci&#243;n de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica postoperatoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV&#58; 193 min&#40;149 &#8211; 273&#41;SIMV&#58; 243 min&#40;186 -516&#41;&#40;P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Petter&#44; 2003<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes en el postoperatorio de cirug&#237;a cardiaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#41; vs&#46;SIMV&#47;PS &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Duraci&#243;n de intubaci&#243;n postoperatoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV&#58; 2&#44;7 h&#40;2&#44;1 &#8211; 4&#44;2&#41;SIMV&#47;PS&#58; 3&#44;2 h&#40;2&#44;7 &#8211; 4&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Gruber&#44; 2008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes en el postoperatorio de revascularizaci&#243;n coronaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#41; vs&#46; CVPR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>automode &#40;N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Duraci&#243;n de intubaci&#243;n postoperatoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV&#58; 300 min&#40;205 &#8211; 365&#41;CVPR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>automode&#58; 540 min&#40;462 &#8211; 580&#41;&#40;P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Extubaci&#243;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8 horas&#58;ASV&#58; 1&#37;CVPR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>automode&#58; 68&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dongelmans&#44; 2009<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes en el postoperatorio de revascularizaci&#243;n coronaria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>64&#41; vs&#46;PCV&#47;PS &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Duraci&#243;n de intubaci&#243;n postoperatoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV&#58; 16&#44;4 h&#40;12&#44;5 &#8211; 20&#44;8&#41;PCV&#47;PS&#58; 16&#44;3 horas &#40;13&#44;7 &#8211; 19&#44;3&#41;&#40;P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;97&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Kirakli&#44; 2011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de una enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>49&#41; vs&#46;PCV&#47;PS &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tiempo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ASV&#58; 24 h&#40;20 &#8211; 62&#41;PCV&#47;PS&#58; 72 horas&#40;24 &#8211; 144&#41;P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;041&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fracaso de weaningASV&#58; 28&#44;5&#37;PCV&#47;PS&#58; 31&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0025"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Todos los resultados est&#225;n expresados en mediana &#40;rango intercuart&#237;lico&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ensayos cl&#237;nicos que han evaluado la ventiaci&#243;n adaptativa de soporte &#40;ASV&#41; como m&#233;todo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica</p>"
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        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Poblaci&#243;n incluida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estrategias comparadas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Desenlace principal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Resultados desenlace principal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Otros resultados&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lellouche&#44; 2006<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica por cualquier indicaci&#243;n m&#225;s de 24 h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Desconexi&#243;n con SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>74&#41;Desconexi&#243;n est&#225;ndar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tiempo hasta extubaci&#243;n exitosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#58; 3 d&#237;as&#40;2-8&#41;Desconexi&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#58;5 d&#237;as&#40;2-12&#41;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reintubaci&#243;n en las primeras 72 h&#58;SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#58; 16&#37;Desconexi&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#58; 23&#37;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Jiang&#44; 2006<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con reagudizaci&#243;n de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Desconexi&#243;n con SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#41;Prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Extubaci&#243;n exitosa en los primeros 7 d&#237;as de desconexi&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#58; 77&#37;Prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#58; 40&#37;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;031&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tiempo de desconexi&#243;nMedia &#40;DE&#41;SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#58; 8&#44;5 d&#237;as &#40;2&#41;Prueba de respiraci&#243;n espont&#225;nea&#58; 13 d&#237;as &#40;2&#41;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rose&#44; 2008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica por cualquier indicaci&#243;n m&#225;s de 24 h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Desconexi&#243;n con SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#41;Reducci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n de soporte &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tiempo hasta que cumple criterios para extubaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#58; 20 horas&#40;2-40&#41;Reducci&#243;n gradual de la presi&#243;n de soporte&#58; 8 h&#40;2-43&#41;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sch&#228;dler&#44; 2012<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica por cualquier indicaci&#243;n m&#225;s de 9 h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Desconexi&#243;n con SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>74&#41;Desconexi&#243;n est&#225;ndar <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span></a>&#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tiempo total de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Tiempo hasta primera extubaci&#243;n&#58;Mediana &#40;P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25</span>-P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">75</span>&#41;Desconexi&#243;n con SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#58; 8 h &#40;3-29&#41;Desconexi&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#58; 10 h &#40;3-49&#41;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;687&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Art&#237;culo en chino&#44; datos obtenidos del abstract en ingl&#233;s</p>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ensayos cl&#237;nicos que han evaluado el sistema SmartCare<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> como m&#233;todo de desconexi&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica</p>"
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ISSN: 02105691
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2016 Diciembre 221 65 286
2016 Noviembre 393 98 491
2016 Octubre 358 110 468
2016 Septiembre 408 168 576
2016 Agosto 468 147 615
2016 Julio 214 123 337
2016 Junio 1 0 1
2016 Mayo 2 0 2
2016 Abril 4 0 4
2016 Marzo 10 0 10
2016 Febrero 2 0 2
2015 Diciembre 3 0 3
2015 Marzo 1 0 1
2015 Febrero 1 0 1
2014 Octubre 2 0 2
2014 Junio 2 0 2
2014 Mayo 8 1 9
2014 Abril 6 0 6
2014 Marzo 17 0 17
2014 Febrero 14 0 14
2014 Enero 13 0 13
2013 Diciembre 11 0 11
2013 Noviembre 6 0 6
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¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?