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"apellidos" => "Pérez-Bernal" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S021056911400179X?idApp=WMIE" "url" => "/02105691/0000003900000005/v1_201505220706/S021056911400179X/v1_201505220706/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Scientific letter</span>" "titulo" => "Cardiac arrest every other day" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "320" "paginaFinal" => "322" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "M.S.B. Adriano, V. Mondim, R. Cavaco, N. Germano, Jorge Nunes, L. Bento" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M.S.B." "apellidos" => "Adriano" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "martadriano@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Mondim" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "vmondim@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Cavaco" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "avelascavaco@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Germano" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "nuno.m.germano@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Jorge" "apellidos" => "Nunes" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jorepo2@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Bento" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "1970bento@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Department of Anaesthesiology, Lisbon, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central; Department of Intensive Care Medicine – Unidade de Urgência Médica, Lisbon, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Parada cardíaca cada dos días" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 721 "Ancho" => 999 "Tamanyo" => 146334 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Image of the clot in the right atrium seen by transesophageal echocardiography.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Right atrial thrombus is well-documented life-threatening complications associated with central venous catheters,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> yet unrecognized due to underreporting in asymptomatic patients and difficult diagnosis. The catheter induced right atrium thrombus has a reported risk of 40% for pulmonary thromboembolism and associated mortality rate as high as 28–31%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Although difficult to diagnose, right atrial thrombus is a complication with deadly consequences, like pulmonary embolus and right heart obstruction, that must be prevented by proper approach and management of the catheter, early clinical suspicion, diagnosis and appropriate intervention.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Authors describe management of a 64-year-old man with hemodialysis catheter induced right atrial thrombus, conditioning cardiac arrest and a review of the existing literature.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 64-year-old man was admitted to the Emergency Room (ER) in coma with acute respiratory failure. Family described cough and mucous expectoration from a week, without fever. The patient had past medical history of essential arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypothyroidism, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), lower limbs lymphedema and chronic constipation. Chronic medicated with Perindopril, Furosemide, Metformin, Silodosin, Levothyroxine and Alprazolam.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On hospital admission, patient had Glasgow Score of 8, was immediately intubated and mechanical ventilated. He was hemodynamically stable and pulmonary auscultation had diminished breath sounds on right hemithorax. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed respiratory acidosis (pH 7.28, pO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 112<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg, pCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg, HCO<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3−</span> 27.8, lactates 1.11). Laboratory evaluation showed hemoglobin 12.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl, leukocytes 6.10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>/L, neutrophils 67.41%, C-reactive protein (CRP) 165.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/L, D-dimer 2511<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mcg/L, platelets 230<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>/L, INR 1.22, urea 63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL, creatinine 1.83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL, potassium 6.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq/L, troponin 0.49<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml, myoglobin 673.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/mL, CK 403<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U/L, AST 111<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U/L, ALT 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U/L, LDH 483<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U/L. Normal thyroid function. Chest radiograph showed opacity of the right hemithorax. Blunt brain Computerized tomography (CT) – scan. A Chest Angio-CT was performed excluding pulmonary thromboembolism.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient was started on empirical antibiotherapy with Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid for the hypothesis of aspiration pneumonia. He was also started on Acetylsalicylic acid 250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 1id, Clopidogrel 75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 1id and Enoxaparin 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 2id due to the diagnostic hypothesis of acute coronary syndrome. There was not indication for emergency coronariography. Condition progressed to refractory shock with development of acute renal failure with oliguria and maintenance of acute respiratory failure. Patient was admitted in an Intensive Care Unit. Resuscitation with aggressive fluid resuscitation and vasopressor support with norepinephrine were started with hemodynamic response. H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> virus was isolated and 10 days of treatment with Oseltamivir 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 2id were completed. There were not other isolated agents.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Progressive worsening of the renal function was observed and renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis – HD) started at 14th day. First HD catheter was placed in the right femoral vein and then changed to left femoral vein for infection suspicion. At 27th day of internment a deep venous thrombosis of the left femoral vein involving the HD catheter extremity and of the right femoro-popliteus system was documented and managed with continuous perfusion of unfractionated heparin (UFH), controlled by a PTT monitoring.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other central venous HD catheter was placed in the right subclavian vein and catheterization progressed uneventfully. At 2nd day of this catheter, 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after the initiation of renal replacement technique, patient developed desaturation, hypotension and bradycardia with evolution to cardiac arrest in asystolia, recovered after 2 cycles of advanced life support (ALS). Chest Angio-TC excluded pulmonary thromboembolism. At 3rd day patient was hemodynamically stable under continuous perfusion of norepinephrine but developed supraventricular tachycardia with hemodynamic instability after renal replacement technique was started, which converted to sinusal rhythm after synchronized cardioversion (100J). The transthoracic echocardiogram performed did not show any changes. At 4th day, 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after the beginning of the renal replacement technique, new cardiac arrest in pulseless electrical activity. A transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) was performed under ALS and clot in the right atrium (RA) with 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm diameter adjacent to the hemodialysis catheter was documented (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). It prolapsed into the tricuspid valve, causing obstruction of blood flow to the right ventricle and causing the cardiac arrest.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fibrinolytic therapy was performed with Alteplase 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and continuous anticoagulation with UFH was maintained. Complete resolution of the clot was documented by TEE at 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. After clot resolution, renal replacement therapy resumed on alternate days without complications.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Central venous catheters for renal replacement therapy are widely used in ICU. They have as known complication thrombus formation in right atrium.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> But it is a rare complication and the literature is scarce for this subject. The reported incidence for catheter-related right atrial thrombosis varies from 2% to 29%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Thrombus formation pathogenesis includes constant motion of the catheter tip, due to the movement of the heart, with friction of the distal catheter end to the endocardium and consequent irritation and damage of the atrial wall, resulting in mural thrombus formation at the contact point.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,6</span></a> In this particular patient with left femoral vein and right femoro-popliteus system thrombosis already documented, clot embolization with starting point in the lower limb venous system is other possible etiology.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thrombus at the right atrium may cause obstruction to blood flow during renal replacement therapy that can complicate with cardiac arrest, as described in this case report. Immediate TEE performance allowed early diagnosis and timely treatment with resolution of the thrombus. TEE has better sensitivity and specificity when compared to TTE.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Diagnosis was achieved only after performing the TEE, even after performing transthoracic echocardiography in the two previous days. Diagnosis confirmation could be made by Cardiac-MRI which allows tissue characterization. It wasn’t done in this case by the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A review of literature revealed lack of uniformity in the treatments adopted. Removal of the catheter is the first recommendation but reduction of the risk of serious complications has not been proven.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In this particular case, patient had no other available vascular access and the catheter removal could mean the loss of any venous access. Furthermore, Alteplase fibrinolytic therapy was effective in resolving the thrombus but prevented catheter removal, for the hemorrhagic risk. So immediate withdrawal of the catheter was not done. Patient started HD two days after fibrinolysis without complications.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some authors suggest performing routine transthoracic echocardiography in case of having a hemodialysis catheter for long than 2 weeks, to avoid further lethal complications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> However, as already mentioned, the imaging test with higher sensitivity and specificity is transesophageal echocardiography,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> with the possibility of false negatives in the implementation of transthoracic echocardiography.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Case report" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 4 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 721 "Ancho" => 999 "Tamanyo" => 146334 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Image of the clot in the right atrium seen by transesophageal echocardiography.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Surgical management of a hemodialysis catheter-induced right atrial thrombus" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "P.F. 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año/Mes | Html | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
2024 Noviembre | 9 | 12 | 21 |
2024 Octubre | 36 | 42 | 78 |
2024 Septiembre | 32 | 25 | 57 |
2024 Agosto | 27 | 28 | 55 |
2024 Julio | 36 | 32 | 68 |
2024 Junio | 46 | 41 | 87 |
2024 Mayo | 51 | 33 | 84 |
2024 Abril | 41 | 46 | 87 |
2024 Marzo | 58 | 40 | 98 |
2024 Febrero | 38 | 39 | 77 |
2024 Enero | 43 | 32 | 75 |
2023 Diciembre | 39 | 42 | 81 |
2023 Noviembre | 49 | 28 | 77 |
2023 Octubre | 45 | 27 | 72 |
2023 Septiembre | 37 | 32 | 69 |
2023 Agosto | 31 | 21 | 52 |
2023 Julio | 47 | 20 | 67 |
2023 Junio | 30 | 19 | 49 |
2023 Mayo | 45 | 35 | 80 |
2023 Abril | 44 | 25 | 69 |
2023 Marzo | 43 | 49 | 92 |
2023 Febrero | 40 | 32 | 72 |
2023 Enero | 33 | 30 | 63 |
2022 Diciembre | 61 | 32 | 93 |
2022 Noviembre | 51 | 43 | 94 |
2022 Octubre | 50 | 30 | 80 |
2022 Septiembre | 39 | 45 | 84 |
2022 Agosto | 49 | 44 | 93 |
2022 Julio | 29 | 33 | 62 |
2022 Junio | 43 | 36 | 79 |
2022 Mayo | 39 | 60 | 99 |
2022 Abril | 34 | 32 | 66 |
2022 Marzo | 40 | 60 | 100 |
2022 Febrero | 25 | 22 | 47 |
2022 Enero | 51 | 38 | 89 |
2021 Diciembre | 49 | 59 | 108 |
2021 Noviembre | 43 | 35 | 78 |
2021 Octubre | 48 | 73 | 121 |
2021 Septiembre | 39 | 37 | 76 |
2021 Agosto | 34 | 45 | 79 |
2021 Julio | 27 | 46 | 73 |
2021 Junio | 33 | 31 | 64 |
2021 Mayo | 45 | 44 | 89 |
2021 Abril | 85 | 73 | 158 |
2021 Marzo | 75 | 21 | 96 |
2021 Febrero | 67 | 29 | 96 |
2021 Enero | 46 | 26 | 72 |
2020 Diciembre | 35 | 23 | 58 |
2020 Noviembre | 40 | 22 | 62 |
2020 Octubre | 27 | 31 | 58 |
2020 Septiembre | 29 | 24 | 53 |
2020 Agosto | 29 | 21 | 50 |
2020 Julio | 21 | 25 | 46 |
2020 Junio | 36 | 20 | 56 |
2020 Mayo | 38 | 12 | 50 |
2020 Abril | 50 | 16 | 66 |
2020 Marzo | 29 | 13 | 42 |
2020 Febrero | 54 | 34 | 88 |
2020 Enero | 36 | 29 | 65 |
2019 Diciembre | 53 | 30 | 83 |
2019 Noviembre | 42 | 32 | 74 |
2019 Octubre | 26 | 20 | 46 |
2019 Septiembre | 27 | 24 | 51 |
2019 Agosto | 39 | 23 | 62 |
2019 Julio | 36 | 29 | 65 |
2019 Junio | 25 | 17 | 42 |
2019 Mayo | 67 | 45 | 112 |
2019 Abril | 30 | 26 | 56 |
2019 Marzo | 27 | 34 | 61 |
2019 Febrero | 47 | 52 | 99 |
2019 Enero | 50 | 45 | 95 |
2018 Diciembre | 53 | 45 | 98 |
2018 Noviembre | 62 | 67 | 129 |
2018 Octubre | 46 | 30 | 76 |
2018 Septiembre | 28 | 13 | 41 |
2018 Agosto | 29 | 15 | 44 |
2018 Julio | 28 | 12 | 40 |
2018 Junio | 41 | 19 | 60 |
2018 Mayo | 23 | 8 | 31 |
2018 Abril | 32 | 14 | 46 |
2018 Marzo | 34 | 14 | 48 |
2018 Febrero | 36 | 9 | 45 |
2018 Enero | 50 | 27 | 77 |
2017 Diciembre | 29 | 6 | 35 |
2017 Noviembre | 29 | 18 | 47 |
2017 Octubre | 25 | 12 | 37 |
2017 Septiembre | 19 | 18 | 37 |
2017 Agosto | 32 | 11 | 43 |
2017 Julio | 28 | 14 | 42 |
2017 Junio | 38 | 13 | 51 |
2017 Mayo | 44 | 13 | 57 |
2017 Abril | 40 | 20 | 60 |
2017 Marzo | 15 | 7 | 22 |
2017 Febrero | 18 | 16 | 34 |
2017 Enero | 16 | 9 | 25 |
2016 Diciembre | 28 | 9 | 37 |
2016 Noviembre | 27 | 17 | 44 |
2016 Octubre | 38 | 20 | 58 |
2016 Septiembre | 34 | 8 | 42 |
2016 Agosto | 18 | 9 | 27 |
2016 Julio | 12 | 11 | 23 |
2015 Diciembre | 2 | 0 | 2 |