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early clinical suspicion&#44; diagnosis and appropriate intervention&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Authors describe management of a 64-year-old man with hemodialysis catheter induced right atrial thrombus&#44; conditioning cardiac arrest and a review of the existing literature&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 64-year-old man was admitted to the Emergency Room &#40;ER&#41; in coma with acute respiratory failure&#46; Family described cough and mucous expectoration from a week&#44; without fever&#46; The patient had past medical history of essential arterial hypertension&#44; type 2 diabetes mellitus&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#44; hypothyroidism&#44; benign prostatic hyperplasia &#40;BPH&#41;&#44; lower limbs lymphedema and chronic constipation&#46; Chronic medicated with Perindopril&#44; Furosemide&#44; Metformin&#44; Silodosin&#44; Levothyroxine and Alprazolam&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On hospital admission&#44; patient had Glasgow Score of 8&#44; was immediately intubated and mechanical ventilated&#46; He was hemodynamically stable and pulmonary auscultation had diminished breath sounds on right hemithorax&#46; Arterial blood gas analysis revealed respiratory acidosis &#40;pH 7&#46;28&#44; pO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 112<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; pCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; HCO<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8722;</span> 27&#46;8&#44; lactates 1&#46;11&#41;&#46; Laboratory evaluation showed hemoglobin 12&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dl&#44; leukocytes 6&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;L&#44; 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Normal thyroid function&#46; Chest radiograph showed opacity of the right hemithorax&#46; Blunt brain Computerized tomography &#40;CT&#41; &#8211; scan&#46; A Chest Angio-CT was performed excluding pulmonary thromboembolism&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient was started on empirical antibiotherapy with Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid for the hypothesis of aspiration pneumonia&#46; He was also started on Acetylsalicylic acid 250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 1id&#44; Clopidogrel 75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 1id and Enoxaparin 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 2id due to the diagnostic hypothesis of acute coronary syndrome&#46; There was not indication for emergency coronariography&#46; Condition progressed to refractory shock with development of acute renal failure with oliguria and maintenance of acute respiratory failure&#46; Patient was admitted in an Intensive Care Unit&#46; Resuscitation with aggressive fluid resuscitation and vasopressor support with norepinephrine were started with hemodynamic response&#46; H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> virus was isolated and 10 days of treatment with Oseltamivir 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 2id were completed&#46; There were not other isolated agents&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Progressive worsening of the renal function was observed and renal replacement therapy &#40;hemodialysis &#8211; HD&#41; started at 14th day&#46; First HD catheter was placed in the right femoral vein and then changed to left femoral vein for infection suspicion&#46; At 27th day of internment a deep venous thrombosis of the left femoral vein involving the HD catheter extremity and of the right femoro-popliteus system was documented and managed with continuous perfusion of unfractionated heparin &#40;UFH&#41;&#44; controlled by a PTT monitoring&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other central venous HD catheter was placed in the right subclavian vein and catheterization progressed uneventfully&#46; At 2nd day of this catheter&#44; 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after the initiation of renal replacement technique&#44; patient developed desaturation&#44; hypotension and bradycardia with evolution to cardiac arrest in asystolia&#44; recovered after 2 cycles of advanced life support &#40;ALS&#41;&#46; Chest Angio-TC excluded pulmonary thromboembolism&#46; At 3rd day patient was hemodynamically stable under continuous perfusion of norepinephrine but developed supraventricular tachycardia with hemodynamic instability after renal replacement technique was started&#44; which converted to sinusal rhythm after synchronized cardioversion &#40;100J&#41;&#46; The transthoracic echocardiogram performed did not show any changes&#46; At 4th day&#44; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after the beginning of the renal replacement technique&#44; new cardiac arrest in pulseless electrical activity&#46; A transesophageal echocardiogram &#40;TEE&#41; was performed under ALS and clot in the right atrium &#40;RA&#41; with 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm diameter adjacent to the hemodialysis catheter was documented &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; It prolapsed into the tricuspid valve&#44; causing obstruction of blood flow to the right ventricle and causing the cardiac arrest&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fibrinolytic therapy was performed with Alteplase 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and continuous anticoagulation with UFH was maintained&#46; Complete resolution of the clot was documented by TEE at 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; After clot resolution&#44; renal replacement therapy resumed on alternate days without complications&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Central venous catheters for renal replacement therapy are widely used in ICU&#46; They have as known complication thrombus formation in right atrium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> But it is a rare complication and the literature is scarce for this subject&#46; The reported incidence for catheter-related right atrial thrombosis varies from 2&#37; to 29&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Thrombus formation pathogenesis includes constant motion of the catheter tip&#44; due to the movement of the heart&#44; with friction of the distal catheter end to the endocardium and consequent irritation and damage of the atrial wall&#44; resulting in mural thrombus formation at the contact point&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6</span></a> In this particular patient with left femoral vein and right femoro-popliteus system thrombosis already documented&#44; clot embolization with starting point in the lower limb venous system is other possible etiology&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thrombus at the right atrium may cause obstruction to blood flow during renal replacement therapy that can complicate with cardiac arrest&#44; as described in this case report&#46; Immediate TEE performance allowed early diagnosis and timely treatment with resolution of the thrombus&#46; TEE has better sensitivity and specificity when compared to TTE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Diagnosis was achieved only after performing the TEE&#44; even after performing transthoracic echocardiography in the two previous days&#46; Diagnosis confirmation could be made by Cardiac-MRI which allows tissue characterization&#46; It wasn&#8217;t done in this case by the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A review of literature revealed lack of uniformity in the treatments adopted&#46; Removal of the catheter is the first recommendation but reduction of the risk of serious complications has not been proven&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In this particular case&#44; patient had no other available vascular access and the catheter removal could mean the loss of any venous access&#46; Furthermore&#44; Alteplase fibrinolytic therapy was effective in resolving the thrombus but prevented catheter removal&#44; for the hemorrhagic risk&#46; So immediate withdrawal of the catheter was not done&#46; Patient started HD two days after fibrinolysis without complications&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some authors suggest performing routine transthoracic echocardiography in case of having a hemodialysis catheter for long than 2 weeks&#44; to avoid further lethal complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> However&#44; as already mentioned&#44; the imaging test with higher sensitivity and specificity is transesophageal echocardiography&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> with the possibility of false negatives in the implementation of transthoracic echocardiography&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Scientific letter
Cardiac arrest every other day
Parada cardíaca cada dos días
M.S.B. Adrianoa,
Autor para correspondencia
martadriano@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, V. Mondima, R. Cavacob, N. Germanob, Jorge Nunesb, L. Bentob
a Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Department of Anaesthesiology, Lisbon, Portugal
b Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central; Department of Intensive Care Medicine – Unidade de Urgência Médica, Lisbon, Portugal
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early clinical suspicion&#44; diagnosis and appropriate intervention&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Authors describe management of a 64-year-old man with hemodialysis catheter induced right atrial thrombus&#44; conditioning cardiac arrest and a review of the existing literature&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Case report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 64-year-old man was admitted to the Emergency Room &#40;ER&#41; in coma with acute respiratory failure&#46; Family described cough and mucous expectoration from a week&#44; without fever&#46; The patient had past medical history of essential arterial hypertension&#44; type 2 diabetes mellitus&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#44; hypothyroidism&#44; benign prostatic hyperplasia &#40;BPH&#41;&#44; lower limbs lymphedema and chronic constipation&#46; Chronic medicated with Perindopril&#44; Furosemide&#44; Metformin&#44; Silodosin&#44; Levothyroxine and Alprazolam&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On hospital admission&#44; patient had Glasgow Score of 8&#44; was immediately intubated and mechanical ventilated&#46; He was hemodynamically stable and pulmonary auscultation had diminished breath sounds on right hemithorax&#46; Arterial blood gas analysis revealed respiratory acidosis &#40;pH 7&#46;28&#44; pO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 112<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; pCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; HCO<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8722;</span> 27&#46;8&#44; lactates 1&#46;11&#41;&#46; Laboratory evaluation showed hemoglobin 12&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dl&#44; leukocytes 6&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;L&#44; neutrophils 67&#46;41&#37;&#44; C-reactive protein &#40;CRP&#41; 165&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#44; D-dimer 2511<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mcg&#47;L&#44; platelets 230<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;L&#44; INR 1&#46;22&#44; urea 63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; creatinine 1&#46;83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; potassium 6&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#47;L&#44; troponin 0&#46;49<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#44; myoglobin 673&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL&#44; CK 403<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L&#44; AST 111<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L&#44; ALT 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L&#44; LDH 483<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L&#46; Normal thyroid function&#46; Chest radiograph showed opacity of the right hemithorax&#46; Blunt brain Computerized tomography &#40;CT&#41; &#8211; scan&#46; A Chest Angio-CT was performed excluding pulmonary thromboembolism&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient was started on empirical antibiotherapy with Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid for the hypothesis of aspiration pneumonia&#46; He was also started on Acetylsalicylic acid 250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 1id&#44; Clopidogrel 75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 1id and Enoxaparin 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 2id due to the diagnostic hypothesis of acute coronary syndrome&#46; There was not indication for emergency coronariography&#46; Condition progressed to refractory shock with development of acute renal failure with oliguria and maintenance of acute respiratory failure&#46; Patient was admitted in an Intensive Care Unit&#46; Resuscitation with aggressive fluid resuscitation and vasopressor support with norepinephrine were started with hemodynamic response&#46; H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> virus was isolated and 10 days of treatment with Oseltamivir 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg 2id were completed&#46; There were not other isolated agents&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Progressive worsening of the renal function was observed and renal replacement therapy &#40;hemodialysis &#8211; HD&#41; started at 14th day&#46; First HD catheter was placed in the right femoral vein and then changed to left femoral vein for infection suspicion&#46; At 27th day of internment a deep venous thrombosis of the left femoral vein involving the HD catheter extremity and of the right femoro-popliteus system was documented and managed with continuous perfusion of unfractionated heparin &#40;UFH&#41;&#44; controlled by a PTT monitoring&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other central venous HD catheter was placed in the right subclavian vein and catheterization progressed uneventfully&#46; At 2nd day of this catheter&#44; 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after the initiation of renal replacement technique&#44; patient developed desaturation&#44; hypotension and bradycardia with evolution to cardiac arrest in asystolia&#44; recovered after 2 cycles of advanced life support &#40;ALS&#41;&#46; Chest Angio-TC excluded pulmonary thromboembolism&#46; At 3rd day patient was hemodynamically stable under continuous perfusion of norepinephrine but developed supraventricular tachycardia with hemodynamic instability after renal replacement technique was started&#44; which converted to sinusal rhythm after synchronized cardioversion &#40;100J&#41;&#46; The transthoracic echocardiogram performed did not show any changes&#46; At 4th day&#44; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after the beginning of the renal replacement technique&#44; new cardiac arrest in pulseless electrical activity&#46; A transesophageal echocardiogram &#40;TEE&#41; was performed under ALS and clot in the right atrium &#40;RA&#41; with 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm diameter adjacent to the hemodialysis catheter was documented &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; It prolapsed into the tricuspid valve&#44; causing obstruction of blood flow to the right ventricle and causing the cardiac arrest&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fibrinolytic therapy was performed with Alteplase 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and continuous anticoagulation with UFH was maintained&#46; Complete resolution of the clot was documented by TEE at 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; After clot resolution&#44; renal replacement therapy resumed on alternate days without complications&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Central venous catheters for renal replacement therapy are widely used in ICU&#46; They have as known complication thrombus formation in right atrium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> But it is a rare complication and the literature is scarce for this subject&#46; The reported incidence for catheter-related right atrial thrombosis varies from 2&#37; to 29&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Thrombus formation pathogenesis includes constant motion of the catheter tip&#44; due to the movement of the heart&#44; with friction of the distal catheter end to the endocardium and consequent irritation and damage of the atrial wall&#44; resulting in mural thrombus formation at the contact point&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6</span></a> In this particular patient with left femoral vein and right femoro-popliteus system thrombosis already documented&#44; clot embolization with starting point in the lower limb venous system is other possible etiology&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thrombus at the right atrium may cause obstruction to blood flow during renal replacement therapy that can complicate with cardiac arrest&#44; as described in this case report&#46; Immediate TEE performance allowed early diagnosis and timely treatment with resolution of the thrombus&#46; TEE has better sensitivity and specificity when compared to TTE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Diagnosis was achieved only after performing the TEE&#44; even after performing transthoracic echocardiography in the two previous days&#46; Diagnosis confirmation could be made by Cardiac-MRI which allows tissue characterization&#46; It wasn&#8217;t done in this case by the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A review of literature revealed lack of uniformity in the treatments adopted&#46; Removal of the catheter is the first recommendation but reduction of the risk of serious complications has not been proven&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In this particular case&#44; patient had no other available vascular access and the catheter removal could mean the loss of any venous access&#46; Furthermore&#44; Alteplase fibrinolytic therapy was effective in resolving the thrombus but prevented catheter removal&#44; for the hemorrhagic risk&#46; So immediate withdrawal of the catheter was not done&#46; Patient started HD two days after fibrinolysis without complications&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some authors suggest performing routine transthoracic echocardiography in case of having a hemodialysis catheter for long than 2 weeks&#44; to avoid further lethal complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> However&#44; as already mentioned&#44; the imaging test with higher sensitivity and specificity is transesophageal echocardiography&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> with the possibility of false negatives in the implementation of transthoracic echocardiography&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?