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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El shock hemorr&#225;gico es la principal causa de muerte prevenible tras sufrir un trauma grave&#46; Su identificaci&#243;n precoz sigue siendo dif&#237;cil a nivel extrahospitalario y hospitalario&#44; lo que causa un infratriaje y una transferencia inapropiada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El diagn&#243;stico precoz del shock hemorr&#225;gico es un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sine qua non</span> para mejorar los resultados tras sufrir un trauma y con ello el control del sangrado&#46; Una predicci&#243;n precoz y precisa del shock hemorr&#225;gico permite la preparaci&#243;n adecuada del equipo de atenci&#243;n inicial y la activaci&#243;n precoz del protocolo de hemorragia masiva &#40;PHM&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudios retrospectivos analizan diferentes &#237;ndices de predicci&#243;n&#44; valorando su capacidad diagn&#243;stica para hemorragia masiva &#40;HM&#41;&#46; Estos &#237;ndices son complicados de realizar&#59; para su determinaci&#243;n precisan de resultados de laboratorio y pruebas de imagen que consumen mucho tiempo y son dif&#237;ciles de realizar a nivel extrahospitalario<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otro lado&#44; par&#225;metros cl&#237;nicos simples como la frecuencia cardiaca o la presi&#243;n arterial han demostrado ser inexactos para predecir HM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7-9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El &#237;ndice de shock &#40;IS&#41;&#44; definido como la frecuencia cardiaca dividida por la presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica&#44; y el &#237;ndice de shock modificado &#40;ISM&#41;&#44; definido como la frecuencia cardiaca dividida por la presi&#243;n arterial media&#44; son 2 &#237;ndices que por su simplicidad y f&#225;cil aplicabilidad han sido motivo de estudio por diferentes autores&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Distintos estudios han demostrado que tras sufrir un trauma grave&#44; un IS elevado se asocia con una elevada mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10-12</span></a> y con la gravedad de la lesi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; El IS tambi&#233;n se ha utilizado como predictor de d&#237;as de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica y de estancia hospitalaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como de la probabilidad de ingreso en una unidad de cr&#237;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Finalmente&#44; existen estudios que relacionan el IS con la necesidad de transfusi&#243;n sangu&#237;nea y la necesidad de una intervenci&#243;n hemost&#225;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; se sabe menos sobre su capacidad diagn&#243;stica de HM&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de nuestro estudio es determinar la capacidad de predicci&#243;n del IS y del ISM para HM y determinar el punto de corte &#243;ptimo en pacientes que han sufrido un trauma grave&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Dise&#241;o y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de cohortes retrospectiva &#40;se incluyen todos los pacientes de forma consecutiva&#41;&#44; realizado en una UCI de trauma y emergencias de un hospital terciario&#46; Se incluyen pacientes mayores de 14 a&#241;os con trauma grave &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">injury severity score</span> &#91;ISS&#93; &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&#44; a quienes realizamos la atenci&#243;n inicial a su llegada al hospital&#44; admitidos desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2015 &#40;se han excluido pacientes con parada cardiorrespiratoria en la atenci&#243;n extrahospitalaria&#44; traumatismo raquimedular&#44; uso de medicaci&#243;n que regula la frecuencia cardiaca y reanimaci&#243;n inicial realizada en otro centro&#41;&#46; La atenci&#243;n inicial al trauma la realiza un equipo de atenci&#243;n especializado&#44; constituido por 2 m&#233;dicos de intensivos &#40;adjunto y residente&#41;&#44; 2 enfermeras&#44; un auxiliar y 2 celadores&#46; Tambi&#233;n integran el equipo diferentes especialidades consultoras relacionadas con la asistencia al paciente traum&#225;tico&#46; La atenci&#243;n se realiza seg&#250;n los esquemas del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Advanced Trauma Life Support</span> &#40;ATLS&#41;&#46; El hospital cuenta con un PHM aprobado por la comisi&#243;n de transfusiones y la direcci&#243;n del hospital&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La recogida de variables se realiz&#243; con enmascaramiento del observador&#46; Se recogieron&#58; variables demogr&#225;ficas &#40;edad y sexo&#41;&#59; variables fisiol&#243;gicas &#40;se recoge la primera frecuencia cardiaca&#44; presiones arteriales sist&#243;lica y diast&#243;lica tras su llegada al hospital &#8212;box de reanimaci&#243;n inicial de UCI&#8212;&#41;&#59; variables anal&#237;ticas &#40;gasometr&#237;a arterial-pH&#44; exceso de bases &#91;EB&#93;&#44; l&#225;ctico&#44; y variables pron&#243;sticas &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">revised trauma score</span> &#91;RTS&#93;&#44; ISS&#41;&#46; Se realiz&#243; una consulta del registro de transfusi&#243;n de nuestra unidad&#44; de donde se obtuvo el n&#250;mero de concentrados de hemat&#237;es transfundidos en las primeras 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de cada paciente&#46; Se defini&#243; HM a la administraci&#243;n de 10 o m&#225;s concentrados de hemat&#237;es en las primeras 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de ingreso tras el trauma&#46; Posteriormente se realiz&#243; el c&#225;lculo matem&#225;tico para determinar el IS y el ISM&#46; El IS fue definido como la frecuencia cardiaca dividida por la presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica&#44; y el ISM fue definido como la frecuencia cardiaca dividida por la presi&#243;n arterial media&#59; no se realiz&#243; la determinaci&#243;n del ISM en los pacientes sin presi&#243;n arterial diast&#243;lica&#46; Finalmente&#44; se revis&#243; el informe m&#233;dico de alta&#44; para valorar la estancia hospitalaria y la mortalidad&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para el an&#225;lisis de variables cualitativas se utiliz&#243; como medida de frecuencia la proporci&#243;n&#46; Para las variables cuantitativas se utiliz&#243; la media &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#41; y la mediana &#40;rango intercuartil &#91;RIC&#93;&#41;&#46; Para estimar la relaci&#243;n entre 2 variables categ&#243;ricas se utilizaron las pruebas de &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> y exacta de Fisher&#46; Para la comparaci&#243;n entre 2 medias se utiliz&#243; la prueba t de Student &#40;previo supuesto de normalidad &#8212;prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov&#8212; y homogeneidad de varianzas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8212;</span>prueba de Levene<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8212;</span>&#41;&#59; si se vulneran los supuestos se aplica la prueba T de Wilcoxom &#40;nivel de significaci&#243;n 0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para cada &#237;ndice se calcularon la sensibilidad&#44; especificidad&#44; valor predictivo positivo &#40;VP&#43;&#41;&#44; valor predictivo negativo &#40;VP&#8211;&#41;&#44; raz&#243;n de verosimilitud positiva &#40;RV&#43;&#41; y raz&#243;n de verosimilitud negativa &#40;RV&#8211;&#41;&#46; Se obtuvieron las curvas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">receiver operating characteristics</span> &#40;ROC&#41; y se calcul&#243; el &#225;rea bajo la curva &#40;AUROC&#41; con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95&#37;&#46; Todos los an&#225;lisis se realizaron con el paquete estad&#237;stico SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> para Windows &#40;versi&#243;n 19&#46;0&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Resultados</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se estudiaron 287 pacientes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; El 76&#44;31&#37; &#40;219&#41; fueron hombres&#44; con una edad media de 43&#44;36 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#44;71&#41; a&#241;os y un ISS de 26 &#40;RIC&#58; 21-34&#41;&#46; El trauma cerrado fue del 91&#44;6&#37; &#40;con la precipitaci&#243;n como mecanismo m&#225;s frecuente&#41;&#46; La frecuencia global de HM fue del 8&#44;71&#37; &#40;25&#41;&#44; los d&#237;as de estancia en UCI de 3&#44;74 &#40;RIC&#58; 1&#44;81-11&#44;55&#41; y la mortalidad&#44; del 15&#44;33&#37; &#40;44&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para el IS se obtuvo&#58; AUROC de 0&#44;89 &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;84-0&#44;94&#41;&#44; con un punto de corte &#243;ptimo en 1&#44;11&#44; sensibilidad del 91&#44;3&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 73&#44;2-97&#44;58&#41; y especificidad del 79&#44;69&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 74&#44;34-84&#44;16&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para el ISM se obtuvo&#58; AUROC de 0&#44;90 &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;86-0&#44;95&#41;&#44; con un punto de corte &#243;ptimo en 1&#44;46&#44; sensibilidad del 95&#44;65&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 79&#44;01-99&#44;23&#41; y especificidad del 75&#44;78&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 70&#44;18-80&#44;62&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis a posteriori con los puntos de corte establecidos y se contrastaron diferentes variables obteniendo diferencias significativas para HM&#44; gravedad de la lesi&#243;n &#40;ISS&#41;&#44; coagulopat&#237;a&#44; estancia en UCI y mortalidad &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El shock hemorr&#225;gico es el tipo de shock que con mayor frecuencia presentan los pacientes que han sufrido una lesi&#243;n traum&#225;tica grave e identificarlo precozmente es fundamental para el pron&#243;stico del paciente&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio demuestra que ambos &#237;ndices tienen una buena capacidad de predicci&#243;n de HM y nuestros resultados son comparables a otros estudios que demuestran que el IS y el ISM podr&#237;an ser &#250;tiles en la identificaci&#243;n del shock hemorr&#225;gico tanto a nivel extrahospitalario como hospitalario&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A nivel extrahospitalario&#44; Mitra et al&#46; utilizan un punto de corte &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 del IS para predicci&#243;n de HM &#40;HM definida como al menos 5 concentrados de hemat&#237;es en 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&#59; con ello obtienen una sensibilidad del 47&#44;9&#37; y una especificidad del 90&#44;5&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Vandromme et al&#46; observan en pacientes atendidos a nivel extrahospitalario un incremento significativo del riesgo de HM &#40;HM definida como al menos 10 concentrados en 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; para los pacientes con un IS &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A nivel hospitalario&#44; Mutschler et al&#46; determinan que un IS entre 1-1&#44;4 y &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;4&#44; 31&#37; y 57&#37; de los pacientes requieren al menos 10 concentrados de hemat&#237;es en las primeras 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h respectivamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Hagiwara et al&#46; describen que en los pacientes con HM &#40;HM definida como al menos 4 concentrados de hemat&#237;es en 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; la media del IS fue de 1&#44;05 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;58&#41; y de 0&#44;64 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;21&#41; en los pacientes sin HM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existen muchos factores que pueden modificar el IS y el ISM&#59; por ejemplo&#44; a nivel extrahospitalario la presencia de dolor y ansiedad pueden ser causa de taquicardia y con ello aumentar los valores de los &#237;ndices&#44; o la medici&#243;n de la presi&#243;n arterial con sistemas manuales o autom&#225;ticos&#46; Se sabe que la toma de la presi&#243;n arterial con sistemas autom&#225;ticos aumenta la presi&#243;n arterial y con ello disminuir los valores de dichos &#237;ndices&#46; Tambi&#233;n debemos tener en cuenta la influencia del tratamiento a nivel extrahospitalario&#59; Hagiwara et al&#46; describen que pacientes con sangrado y que recibieron al menos 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>l de sueroterapia a nivel extrahospitalario ten&#237;an un IS m&#225;s alto &#40;1&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;6 vs&#46; 1&#44;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;58&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Por otro lado&#44; existe diferencia cuando la estimaci&#243;n de los &#237;ndices se realiza de forma puntual o por medidas repetidas&#59; Chen et al&#46; realizan un estudio en el cual concluyen que la determinaci&#243;n del IS a lo largo de un periodo de tiempo tiene una mayor predicci&#243;n para HM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El IS y el ISM no solo han sido estudiados para la predicci&#243;n de HM&#44; &#237;ndices elevados se han relacionado con una mayor mortalidad&#44; gravedad de lesi&#243;n &#40;ISS&#41; y d&#237;as de estancia en UCI&#46; Cannon et al&#46; determinan que los pacientes con un IS de 0&#44;9 y que han sufrido un trauma grave tienen tasas de mortalidad m&#225;s altas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; McNab et al&#46; observan la tendencia del IS durante el traslado del paciente a un centro hospitalario&#44; y describen que un aumento &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;3 se asocia a un aumento de la mortalidad &#40;27&#44;6&#37; vs&#46; 5&#44;8&#37;&#41; y se correlaciona con una mayor estancia hospitalaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Nuestro estudio encontr&#243; tambi&#233;n diferencias en la gravedad de la lesi&#243;n &#40;ISS&#41;&#44; coagulopat&#237;a&#44; estancia en UCI y mortalidad&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El presente estudio tiene muchas limitaciones&#44; entre ellas el ser un estudio que recoge las variables de forma retrospectiva&#44; aunque la mayor&#237;a de estudios realizados hasta la fecha son estudios retrospectivos&#44; tal y como demuestran Olaussen et al&#46; en una revisi&#243;n realizada por su grupo&#44; seg&#250;n la cual&#44; de los 351 estudios obtenidos en la b&#250;squeda&#44; solo 5 cumpl&#237;an sus criterios de inclusi&#243;n para valorar el IS como predictor de sangrado cr&#237;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otra limitaci&#243;n fundamental es la falta de una definici&#243;n universal de HM&#46; La definici&#243;n de 10 concentrados en 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h introduce sesgos por excluir los pacientes con muerte temprana&#44; excluir a los pacientes con sangrado activo y control posterior del sangrado &#40;arteriograf&#237;a y&#47;o quir&#243;fano&#41; que no llegaron a recibir 10 concentrados e incluir los pacientes sin necesidad de una transfusi&#243;n aguda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; Nuestro grupo realiz&#243; un suban&#225;lisis de los pacientes que recibieron entre 4 y 10 concentrados en las primeras 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#58; 39 pacientes ten&#237;an un probable foco de sangrado activo &#40;necesidad de 4 a 10 concentrados en 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; de los cuales el 84&#44;7&#37; &#40;33&#41; presentaban inestabilidad hemodin&#225;mica&#44; el 53&#44;8&#37; &#40;21&#41; precisaron de cirug&#237;a y&#47;o arteriograf&#237;a para el control de sangrado y 7 fallecieron por shock hemorr&#225;gico refractario sin llegar a recibir 10 concentrados de hemat&#237;es&#46; Debido a ello&#44; al igual que Haguiwara et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> y Olaussen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> consideramos necesario revisar los criterios de diagn&#243;stico de HM y buscar una definici&#243;n con una mayor sensibilidad para la identificaci&#243;n de la enfermedad &#40;al menos 4 concentrados en 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h o al menos 5 concentrados en 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El IS y el ISM son buenos predictores de HM y de f&#225;cil aplicaci&#243;n durante la atenci&#243;n inicial del trauma grave&#46; Nuestro punto de corte para el IS es de 1&#44;11 y para el ISM es de 1&#44;46&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Autor&#237;a</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Luis Juan Terceros-Almanza&#58; b&#250;squeda bibliogr&#225;fica&#46; Base de datos&#46; Recogida de datos&#46; An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico&#46; Redacci&#243;n del art&#237;culo&#46; Carlos Garc&#237;a-Fuentes&#58; b&#250;squeda Bibliogr&#225;fica&#46; Base de datos&#46; Recogida de datos&#46; An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico&#46; Redacci&#243;n del art&#237;culo&#46; Susana Bermejo-Azn&#225;rez&#58; redacci&#243;n del art&#237;culo&#46; Isidro Javier Prieto del Portillo&#58; recogida de datos&#46; Carolina Mudarra-Reche&#58; recogida de datos&#46; Ignacio S&#225;ez-de la Fuente&#58; recogida de datos&#46; Mario Chico-Fern&#225;ndez&#58; redacci&#243;n del art&#237;culo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Agradecimientos</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A la Unidad de Trauma y Emergencias del Servicio de Medicina Intensiva del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
        ]
        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0035"
          "titulo" => "Agradecimientos"
        ]
        12 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-05-22"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-10-02"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec918444"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Hemorragia masiva"
            1 => "Transfusi&#243;n masiva"
            2 => "&#205;ndice de shock"
            3 => "&#205;ndice de shock modificado"
            4 => "Escala de severidad del trauma"
            5 => "Escala de trauma revisado"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec918445"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Massive bleeding"
            1 => "Massive transfussion"
            2 => "Shock index"
            3 => "Modified shock index"
            4 => "Injury severity score"
            5 => "Revised trauma score"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar la capacidad de predicci&#243;n del &#237;ndice de shock y del &#237;ndice de shock modificado para hemorragia masiva tras sufrir un trauma grave&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cohorte retrospectiva&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">&#193;mbito</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Atenci&#243;n inicial hospitalaria al paciente con enfermedad traum&#225;tica grave en una unidad de cuidados intensivos de trauma de un hospital terciario&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Sujetos</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes mayores de 14 a&#241;os con trauma grave &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">injury severity score</span> &#91;ISS&#93; &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&#44; admitidos de forma consecutiva desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2015&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Variables</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se estudiaron sensibilidad &#40;Se&#41;&#44; especificidad &#40;Sp&#41;&#44; valores predictivos positivo y negativo &#40;VP&#43; y VP&#8211;&#41;&#44; razones de verosimilitud positiva y negativa &#40;RV&#43; y RV&#8211;&#41;&#44; curvas ROC <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;receiver operating characteristics&#41;</span> y el &#225;rea bajo las mismas &#40;AUROC&#41; para predicci&#243;n de hemorragia masiva&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Resultados</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 287 pacientes&#44; el 76&#44;31&#37; &#40;219&#41; fueron varones&#44; con una edad media de 43&#44;36 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#44;71&#41; e ISS de 26 &#40;rango intercuartil &#91;RIC&#93;&#58; 21-34&#41;&#46; La frecuencia global de hemorragia masiva fue de 8&#44;71&#37; &#40;25&#41;&#46; Para el &#237;ndice de shock se obtuvo&#58; AUROC de 0&#44;89 &#40;intervalo de confianza &#91;IC&#93; 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;84-0&#44;94&#41;&#44; con un punto de corte &#243;ptimo en 1&#44;11&#44; Se del 91&#44;3&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 73&#44;2-97&#44;58&#41; y Sp del 79&#44;69&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 74&#44;34-84&#44;16&#41;&#46; Para el &#237;ndice de shock modificado se obtuvo&#58; AUROC de 0&#44;90 &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;86-0&#44;95&#41;&#44; con un punto de corte &#243;ptimo en 1&#44;46&#44; Se del 95&#44;65&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 79&#44;01-99&#44;23&#41; y Sp del 75&#44;78&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 70&#44;18-80&#44;62&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El &#237;ndice de shock y el &#237;ndice de shock modificado son buenos predictores de hemorragia masiva y de f&#225;cil aplicaci&#243;n durante la atenci&#243;n inicial del trauma grave&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:7 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Dise&#241;o"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "&#193;mbito"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Sujetos"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Variables"
          ]
          5 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          6 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Objective</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the predictive value of the Shock Index and Modified Shock Index in patients with massive bleeding due to severe trauma&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Design</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective cohort&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Setting</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Severe trauma patient&#39;s initial attention at the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Subjects</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients older than 14 years that were admitted to the hospital with severe trauma &#40;Injury Severity Score &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41; form January 2014 to December 2015&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Variables</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We studied the sensitivity &#40;Se&#41;&#44; specificity &#40;Sp&#41;&#44; positive and negative predictive value &#40;PV&#43; and PV&#8211;&#41;&#44; positive and negative likelihood ratio &#40;LR&#43; and LR&#8211;&#41;&#44; ROC curves &#40;Receiver Operating Characteristics&#41; and the area under the same &#40;AUROC&#41; for prediction of massive hemorrhage&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">287 patients were included&#44; 76&#46;31&#37; &#40;219&#41; were male&#44; mean age was 43&#44;36 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;71&#41; years and ISS was 26 &#40;interquartile range &#91;IQR&#93;&#58; 21-34&#41;&#46; The overall frequency of massive bleeding was 8&#46;71&#37; &#40;25&#41;&#46; For Shock Index&#58; AUROC was 0&#46;89 &#40;95&#37; confidence intervals &#91;CI&#93; 0&#46;84 to 0&#46;94&#41;&#44; with an optimal cutoff at 1&#46;11&#44; Se was 91&#46;3&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 73&#46;2 to 97&#46;58&#41; and Sp was 79&#46;69&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 74&#46;34 to 84&#46;16&#41;&#46; For the Modified Shock Index&#58; AUROC was 0&#46;90 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;86 to 0&#46;95&#41;&#44; with an optimal cutoff at 1&#46;46&#44; Se was 95&#46;65&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 79&#46;01 to 99&#46;23&#41; and Sp was 75&#46;78&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 70&#46;18 to 80&#46;62&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Shock Index and Modified Shock Index are good predictors of massive bleeding and could be easily incorporated to the initial workup of patients with severe trauma&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:7 [
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            "titulo" => "Objective"
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            "identificador" => "abst0045"
            "titulo" => "Design"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0050"
            "titulo" => "Setting"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0055"
            "titulo" => "Subjects"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0060"
            "titulo" => "Variables"
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          5 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0065"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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            "identificador" => "abst0070"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flujo de pacientes incluidos en el estudio&#46; Periodo 2014-1015&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AUROC&#58; &#225;rea bajo las curvas ROC&#59; IC&#58; intervalo de confianza&#59; RV&#43;&#58; raz&#243;n de verosimilitud positiva&#59; RV&#8211;&#58; raz&#243;n de verosimilitud negativa&#59; Se&#58; sensibilidad&#59; Sp&#58; especificidad&#59; VP&#43;&#58; valor predictivo positivo&#59; VP&#8211;&#58; valor predictivo negativo&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><elsevierMultimedia ident="201711250712512602"></elsevierMultimedia>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">AUROC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;89 &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;84-0&#44;94&#41;<br>Punto de corte &#243;ptimo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">AUROC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;90 &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;86-0&#44;95&#41;<br>Punto de corte &#243;ptimo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Se<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>91&#44;3&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 73&#44;2-97&#44;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Se<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#44;65&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 79&#44;01-99&#44;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sp<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>79&#44;69&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 74&#44;34-84&#44;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">VP&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&#44;09&#37;&#44; VP&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>99&#44;44&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinaci&#243;n diagn&#243;stica del &#237;ndice de shock e &#237;ndice de shock modificado</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CH&#58; concentrados de hemat&#237;es&#59; EB&#58; exceso de bases&#59; FC&#58; frecuencia cardiaca&#59; HM&#58; hemorragia masiva&#59; ISS&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">injury severity score</span>&#59; PAD&#58; presi&#243;n arterial diast&#243;lica&#59; PAM&#58; presi&#243;n arterial media&#59; PAS&#58; presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica&#59; RIC&#58; rango intercuartil&#59; RTS&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">revised trauma score</span>&#59; UCI&#58; unidad de cuidados intensivos&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Global&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#205;ndice de shock</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#205;ndice de shock modificado</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42&#44;21 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#44;72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;119&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sexo n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">219 &#40;76&#44;31&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">160 &#40;77&#44;29&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53 &#40;72&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;428&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">150 &#40;77&#44;32&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63 &#40;74&#44;12&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;646&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">ISS &#40;RIC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&#44;5 &#40;21-34&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;19&#44;5-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38 &#40;29-49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;20-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">34 &#40;25-46&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">RTS &#40;RIC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;9 &#40;5&#44;03-7&#44;84&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;9 &#40;5&#44;97-7&#44;84&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#44;44 &#40;4&#44;4-6&#44;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;9 &#40;5&#44;55-7&#44;84&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#44;97 &#40;4&#44;5-6&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PAS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">111&#44;06 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#44;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">122&#44;11 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#44;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">80 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#44;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">122&#44;17 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#44;05&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">85&#44;25 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#44;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PAD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64&#44;79 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#44;08&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">70&#44;99 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47&#44;36 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72&#44;31 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47&#44;13 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PAM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">80&#44;21 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#44;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88&#44;03 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#44;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">58&#44;24 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#44;03&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88&#44;93 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#44;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">59&#44;84 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#44;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">FC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95&#44;69 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&#44;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">89&#44;22 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">113&#44;89 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#44;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">87&#44;31 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#44;77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">114&#44;03 &#40;19&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HM n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;8&#44;71&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;28&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#44;52&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22 &#40;25&#44;88&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CH&#47;ml &#40;RIC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0-562&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;500 &#40;500-2&#46;500&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;000 &#40;0-2&#46;500&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Coagulopat&#237;a n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43 &#40;14&#44;98&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;4&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;42&#44;25&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;4&#44;71&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31 &#40;37&#44;35&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">pH &#40;RIC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;32 &#40;7&#44;27-7&#44;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;33 &#40;7&#44;29-7&#44;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;30 &#40;7&#44;20-7&#44;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;892&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;33 &#40;7&#44;29-7&#44;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;30 &#40;7&#44;20-7&#44;34&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;455&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EB &#40;RIC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;3&#44;8 &#40;&#8211;7&#44;23 a &#8211;1&#44;08&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;2&#44;8 &#40;&#8211;6&#44;2 a &#8211;0&#44;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;6&#44;8 &#40;&#8211;8&#44;9 a &#8211;6&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;2&#44;9 &#40;&#8211;6&#44;5 a &#8211;0&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;6&#44;2 &#40;&#8211;8&#44;6 a &#8211;2&#44;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">L&#225;ctico &#40;RIC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#44;3-3&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;7 &#40;1&#44;2-2&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;2 &#40;2-4&#44;76&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;75 &#40;1&#44;2-2&#44;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;8 &#40;1&#44;7-4&#44;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Estancia UCI &#40;RIC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;74 &#40;1&#44;81-11&#44;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;35 &#40;1&#44;74-8&#44;94&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#44;19 &#40;2&#44;49-18&#44;06&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;34 &#40;1&#44;7-9&#44;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#44;81 &#40;2&#44;2-16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Original
Predicción de hemorragia masiva. Índice de shock e índice de shock modificado
Prediction of massive bleeding. Shock index and modified shock index
L.J. Terceros-Almanza
Autor para correspondencia
luchoter000@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, C. García-Fuentes, S. Bermejo-Aznárez, I.J. Prieto-del Portillo, C. Mudarra-Reche, I. Sáez-de la Fuente, M. Chico-Fernández
Unidad de Trauma y Emergencias, Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El shock hemorr&#225;gico es la principal causa de muerte prevenible tras sufrir un trauma grave&#46; Su identificaci&#243;n precoz sigue siendo dif&#237;cil a nivel extrahospitalario y hospitalario&#44; lo que causa un infratriaje y una transferencia inapropiada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El diagn&#243;stico precoz del shock hemorr&#225;gico es un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sine qua non</span> para mejorar los resultados tras sufrir un trauma y con ello el control del sangrado&#46; Una predicci&#243;n precoz y precisa del shock hemorr&#225;gico permite la preparaci&#243;n adecuada del equipo de atenci&#243;n inicial y la activaci&#243;n precoz del protocolo de hemorragia masiva &#40;PHM&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudios retrospectivos analizan diferentes &#237;ndices de predicci&#243;n&#44; valorando su capacidad diagn&#243;stica para hemorragia masiva &#40;HM&#41;&#46; Estos &#237;ndices son complicados de realizar&#59; para su determinaci&#243;n precisan de resultados de laboratorio y pruebas de imagen que consumen mucho tiempo y son dif&#237;ciles de realizar a nivel extrahospitalario<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por otro lado&#44; par&#225;metros cl&#237;nicos simples como la frecuencia cardiaca o la presi&#243;n arterial han demostrado ser inexactos para predecir HM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7-9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El &#237;ndice de shock &#40;IS&#41;&#44; definido como la frecuencia cardiaca dividida por la presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica&#44; y el &#237;ndice de shock modificado &#40;ISM&#41;&#44; definido como la frecuencia cardiaca dividida por la presi&#243;n arterial media&#44; son 2 &#237;ndices que por su simplicidad y f&#225;cil aplicabilidad han sido motivo de estudio por diferentes autores&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Distintos estudios han demostrado que tras sufrir un trauma grave&#44; un IS elevado se asocia con una elevada mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10-12</span></a> y con la gravedad de la lesi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; El IS tambi&#233;n se ha utilizado como predictor de d&#237;as de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica y de estancia hospitalaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como de la probabilidad de ingreso en una unidad de cr&#237;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Finalmente&#44; existen estudios que relacionan el IS con la necesidad de transfusi&#243;n sangu&#237;nea y la necesidad de una intervenci&#243;n hemost&#225;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; se sabe menos sobre su capacidad diagn&#243;stica de HM&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de nuestro estudio es determinar la capacidad de predicci&#243;n del IS y del ISM para HM y determinar el punto de corte &#243;ptimo en pacientes que han sufrido un trauma grave&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Dise&#241;o y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de cohortes retrospectiva &#40;se incluyen todos los pacientes de forma consecutiva&#41;&#44; realizado en una UCI de trauma y emergencias de un hospital terciario&#46; Se incluyen pacientes mayores de 14 a&#241;os con trauma grave &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">injury severity score</span> &#91;ISS&#93; &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&#44; a quienes realizamos la atenci&#243;n inicial a su llegada al hospital&#44; admitidos desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2015 &#40;se han excluido pacientes con parada cardiorrespiratoria en la atenci&#243;n extrahospitalaria&#44; traumatismo raquimedular&#44; uso de medicaci&#243;n que regula la frecuencia cardiaca y reanimaci&#243;n inicial realizada en otro centro&#41;&#46; La atenci&#243;n inicial al trauma la realiza un equipo de atenci&#243;n especializado&#44; constituido por 2 m&#233;dicos de intensivos &#40;adjunto y residente&#41;&#44; 2 enfermeras&#44; un auxiliar y 2 celadores&#46; Tambi&#233;n integran el equipo diferentes especialidades consultoras relacionadas con la asistencia al paciente traum&#225;tico&#46; La atenci&#243;n se realiza seg&#250;n los esquemas del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Advanced Trauma Life Support</span> &#40;ATLS&#41;&#46; El hospital cuenta con un PHM aprobado por la comisi&#243;n de transfusiones y la direcci&#243;n del hospital&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La recogida de variables se realiz&#243; con enmascaramiento del observador&#46; Se recogieron&#58; variables demogr&#225;ficas &#40;edad y sexo&#41;&#59; variables fisiol&#243;gicas &#40;se recoge la primera frecuencia cardiaca&#44; presiones arteriales sist&#243;lica y diast&#243;lica tras su llegada al hospital &#8212;box de reanimaci&#243;n inicial de UCI&#8212;&#41;&#59; variables anal&#237;ticas &#40;gasometr&#237;a arterial-pH&#44; exceso de bases &#91;EB&#93;&#44; l&#225;ctico&#44; y variables pron&#243;sticas &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">revised trauma score</span> &#91;RTS&#93;&#44; ISS&#41;&#46; Se realiz&#243; una consulta del registro de transfusi&#243;n de nuestra unidad&#44; de donde se obtuvo el n&#250;mero de concentrados de hemat&#237;es transfundidos en las primeras 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de cada paciente&#46; Se defini&#243; HM a la administraci&#243;n de 10 o m&#225;s concentrados de hemat&#237;es en las primeras 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de ingreso tras el trauma&#46; Posteriormente se realiz&#243; el c&#225;lculo matem&#225;tico para determinar el IS y el ISM&#46; El IS fue definido como la frecuencia cardiaca dividida por la presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica&#44; y el ISM fue definido como la frecuencia cardiaca dividida por la presi&#243;n arterial media&#59; no se realiz&#243; la determinaci&#243;n del ISM en los pacientes sin presi&#243;n arterial diast&#243;lica&#46; Finalmente&#44; se revis&#243; el informe m&#233;dico de alta&#44; para valorar la estancia hospitalaria y la mortalidad&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para el an&#225;lisis de variables cualitativas se utiliz&#243; como medida de frecuencia la proporci&#243;n&#46; Para las variables cuantitativas se utiliz&#243; la media &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#41; y la mediana &#40;rango intercuartil &#91;RIC&#93;&#41;&#46; Para estimar la relaci&#243;n entre 2 variables categ&#243;ricas se utilizaron las pruebas de &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> y exacta de Fisher&#46; Para la comparaci&#243;n entre 2 medias se utiliz&#243; la prueba t de Student &#40;previo supuesto de normalidad &#8212;prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov&#8212; y homogeneidad de varianzas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8212;</span>prueba de Levene<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8212;</span>&#41;&#59; si se vulneran los supuestos se aplica la prueba T de Wilcoxom &#40;nivel de significaci&#243;n 0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para cada &#237;ndice se calcularon la sensibilidad&#44; especificidad&#44; valor predictivo positivo &#40;VP&#43;&#41;&#44; valor predictivo negativo &#40;VP&#8211;&#41;&#44; raz&#243;n de verosimilitud positiva &#40;RV&#43;&#41; y raz&#243;n de verosimilitud negativa &#40;RV&#8211;&#41;&#46; Se obtuvieron las curvas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">receiver operating characteristics</span> &#40;ROC&#41; y se calcul&#243; el &#225;rea bajo la curva &#40;AUROC&#41; con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95&#37;&#46; Todos los an&#225;lisis se realizaron con el paquete estad&#237;stico SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> para Windows &#40;versi&#243;n 19&#46;0&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Resultados</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se estudiaron 287 pacientes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; El 76&#44;31&#37; &#40;219&#41; fueron hombres&#44; con una edad media de 43&#44;36 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#44;71&#41; a&#241;os y un ISS de 26 &#40;RIC&#58; 21-34&#41;&#46; El trauma cerrado fue del 91&#44;6&#37; &#40;con la precipitaci&#243;n como mecanismo m&#225;s frecuente&#41;&#46; La frecuencia global de HM fue del 8&#44;71&#37; &#40;25&#41;&#44; los d&#237;as de estancia en UCI de 3&#44;74 &#40;RIC&#58; 1&#44;81-11&#44;55&#41; y la mortalidad&#44; del 15&#44;33&#37; &#40;44&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para el IS se obtuvo&#58; AUROC de 0&#44;89 &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;84-0&#44;94&#41;&#44; con un punto de corte &#243;ptimo en 1&#44;11&#44; sensibilidad del 91&#44;3&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 73&#44;2-97&#44;58&#41; y especificidad del 79&#44;69&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 74&#44;34-84&#44;16&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para el ISM se obtuvo&#58; AUROC de 0&#44;90 &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;86-0&#44;95&#41;&#44; con un punto de corte &#243;ptimo en 1&#44;46&#44; sensibilidad del 95&#44;65&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 79&#44;01-99&#44;23&#41; y especificidad del 75&#44;78&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 70&#44;18-80&#44;62&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis a posteriori con los puntos de corte establecidos y se contrastaron diferentes variables obteniendo diferencias significativas para HM&#44; gravedad de la lesi&#243;n &#40;ISS&#41;&#44; coagulopat&#237;a&#44; estancia en UCI y mortalidad &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El shock hemorr&#225;gico es el tipo de shock que con mayor frecuencia presentan los pacientes que han sufrido una lesi&#243;n traum&#225;tica grave e identificarlo precozmente es fundamental para el pron&#243;stico del paciente&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio demuestra que ambos &#237;ndices tienen una buena capacidad de predicci&#243;n de HM y nuestros resultados son comparables a otros estudios que demuestran que el IS y el ISM podr&#237;an ser &#250;tiles en la identificaci&#243;n del shock hemorr&#225;gico tanto a nivel extrahospitalario como hospitalario&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A nivel extrahospitalario&#44; Mitra et al&#46; utilizan un punto de corte &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 del IS para predicci&#243;n de HM &#40;HM definida como al menos 5 concentrados de hemat&#237;es en 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&#59; con ello obtienen una sensibilidad del 47&#44;9&#37; y una especificidad del 90&#44;5&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Vandromme et al&#46; observan en pacientes atendidos a nivel extrahospitalario un incremento significativo del riesgo de HM &#40;HM definida como al menos 10 concentrados en 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; para los pacientes con un IS &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A nivel hospitalario&#44; Mutschler et al&#46; determinan que un IS entre 1-1&#44;4 y &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;4&#44; 31&#37; y 57&#37; de los pacientes requieren al menos 10 concentrados de hemat&#237;es en las primeras 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h respectivamente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Hagiwara et al&#46; describen que en los pacientes con HM &#40;HM definida como al menos 4 concentrados de hemat&#237;es en 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; la media del IS fue de 1&#44;05 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;58&#41; y de 0&#44;64 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;21&#41; en los pacientes sin HM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existen muchos factores que pueden modificar el IS y el ISM&#59; por ejemplo&#44; a nivel extrahospitalario la presencia de dolor y ansiedad pueden ser causa de taquicardia y con ello aumentar los valores de los &#237;ndices&#44; o la medici&#243;n de la presi&#243;n arterial con sistemas manuales o autom&#225;ticos&#46; Se sabe que la toma de la presi&#243;n arterial con sistemas autom&#225;ticos aumenta la presi&#243;n arterial y con ello disminuir los valores de dichos &#237;ndices&#46; Tambi&#233;n debemos tener en cuenta la influencia del tratamiento a nivel extrahospitalario&#59; Hagiwara et al&#46; describen que pacientes con sangrado y que recibieron al menos 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>l de sueroterapia a nivel extrahospitalario ten&#237;an un IS m&#225;s alto &#40;1&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;6 vs&#46; 1&#44;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;58&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Por otro lado&#44; existe diferencia cuando la estimaci&#243;n de los &#237;ndices se realiza de forma puntual o por medidas repetidas&#59; Chen et al&#46; realizan un estudio en el cual concluyen que la determinaci&#243;n del IS a lo largo de un periodo de tiempo tiene una mayor predicci&#243;n para HM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El IS y el ISM no solo han sido estudiados para la predicci&#243;n de HM&#44; &#237;ndices elevados se han relacionado con una mayor mortalidad&#44; gravedad de lesi&#243;n &#40;ISS&#41; y d&#237;as de estancia en UCI&#46; Cannon et al&#46; determinan que los pacientes con un IS de 0&#44;9 y que han sufrido un trauma grave tienen tasas de mortalidad m&#225;s altas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; McNab et al&#46; observan la tendencia del IS durante el traslado del paciente a un centro hospitalario&#44; y describen que un aumento &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;3 se asocia a un aumento de la mortalidad &#40;27&#44;6&#37; vs&#46; 5&#44;8&#37;&#41; y se correlaciona con una mayor estancia hospitalaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Nuestro estudio encontr&#243; tambi&#233;n diferencias en la gravedad de la lesi&#243;n &#40;ISS&#41;&#44; coagulopat&#237;a&#44; estancia en UCI y mortalidad&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El presente estudio tiene muchas limitaciones&#44; entre ellas el ser un estudio que recoge las variables de forma retrospectiva&#44; aunque la mayor&#237;a de estudios realizados hasta la fecha son estudios retrospectivos&#44; tal y como demuestran Olaussen et al&#46; en una revisi&#243;n realizada por su grupo&#44; seg&#250;n la cual&#44; de los 351 estudios obtenidos en la b&#250;squeda&#44; solo 5 cumpl&#237;an sus criterios de inclusi&#243;n para valorar el IS como predictor de sangrado cr&#237;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otra limitaci&#243;n fundamental es la falta de una definici&#243;n universal de HM&#46; La definici&#243;n de 10 concentrados en 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h introduce sesgos por excluir los pacientes con muerte temprana&#44; excluir a los pacientes con sangrado activo y control posterior del sangrado &#40;arteriograf&#237;a y&#47;o quir&#243;fano&#41; que no llegaron a recibir 10 concentrados e incluir los pacientes sin necesidad de una transfusi&#243;n aguda<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; Nuestro grupo realiz&#243; un suban&#225;lisis de los pacientes que recibieron entre 4 y 10 concentrados en las primeras 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#58; 39 pacientes ten&#237;an un probable foco de sangrado activo &#40;necesidad de 4 a 10 concentrados en 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; de los cuales el 84&#44;7&#37; &#40;33&#41; presentaban inestabilidad hemodin&#225;mica&#44; el 53&#44;8&#37; &#40;21&#41; precisaron de cirug&#237;a y&#47;o arteriograf&#237;a para el control de sangrado y 7 fallecieron por shock hemorr&#225;gico refractario sin llegar a recibir 10 concentrados de hemat&#237;es&#46; Debido a ello&#44; al igual que Haguiwara et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> y Olaussen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> consideramos necesario revisar los criterios de diagn&#243;stico de HM y buscar una definici&#243;n con una mayor sensibilidad para la identificaci&#243;n de la enfermedad &#40;al menos 4 concentrados en 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h o al menos 5 concentrados en 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El IS y el ISM son buenos predictores de HM y de f&#225;cil aplicaci&#243;n durante la atenci&#243;n inicial del trauma grave&#46; Nuestro punto de corte para el IS es de 1&#44;11 y para el ISM es de 1&#44;46&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Autor&#237;a</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Luis Juan Terceros-Almanza&#58; b&#250;squeda bibliogr&#225;fica&#46; Base de datos&#46; Recogida de datos&#46; An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico&#46; Redacci&#243;n del art&#237;culo&#46; Carlos Garc&#237;a-Fuentes&#58; b&#250;squeda Bibliogr&#225;fica&#46; Base de datos&#46; Recogida de datos&#46; An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico&#46; Redacci&#243;n del art&#237;culo&#46; Susana Bermejo-Azn&#225;rez&#58; redacci&#243;n del art&#237;culo&#46; Isidro Javier Prieto del Portillo&#58; recogida de datos&#46; Carolina Mudarra-Reche&#58; recogida de datos&#46; Ignacio S&#225;ez-de la Fuente&#58; recogida de datos&#46; Mario Chico-Fern&#225;ndez&#58; redacci&#243;n del art&#237;culo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Agradecimientos</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A la Unidad de Trauma y Emergencias del Servicio de Medicina Intensiva del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-10-02"
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            1 => "Transfusi&#243;n masiva"
            2 => "&#205;ndice de shock"
            3 => "&#205;ndice de shock modificado"
            4 => "Escala de severidad del trauma"
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            1 => "Massive transfussion"
            2 => "Shock index"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar la capacidad de predicci&#243;n del &#237;ndice de shock y del &#237;ndice de shock modificado para hemorragia masiva tras sufrir un trauma grave&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cohorte retrospectiva&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">&#193;mbito</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Atenci&#243;n inicial hospitalaria al paciente con enfermedad traum&#225;tica grave en una unidad de cuidados intensivos de trauma de un hospital terciario&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Sujetos</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes mayores de 14 a&#241;os con trauma grave &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">injury severity score</span> &#91;ISS&#93; &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41;&#44; admitidos de forma consecutiva desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2015&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Variables</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se estudiaron sensibilidad &#40;Se&#41;&#44; especificidad &#40;Sp&#41;&#44; valores predictivos positivo y negativo &#40;VP&#43; y VP&#8211;&#41;&#44; razones de verosimilitud positiva y negativa &#40;RV&#43; y RV&#8211;&#41;&#44; curvas ROC <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;receiver operating characteristics&#41;</span> y el &#225;rea bajo las mismas &#40;AUROC&#41; para predicci&#243;n de hemorragia masiva&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Resultados</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 287 pacientes&#44; el 76&#44;31&#37; &#40;219&#41; fueron varones&#44; con una edad media de 43&#44;36 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#44;71&#41; e ISS de 26 &#40;rango intercuartil &#91;RIC&#93;&#58; 21-34&#41;&#46; La frecuencia global de hemorragia masiva fue de 8&#44;71&#37; &#40;25&#41;&#46; Para el &#237;ndice de shock se obtuvo&#58; AUROC de 0&#44;89 &#40;intervalo de confianza &#91;IC&#93; 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;84-0&#44;94&#41;&#44; con un punto de corte &#243;ptimo en 1&#44;11&#44; Se del 91&#44;3&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 73&#44;2-97&#44;58&#41; y Sp del 79&#44;69&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 74&#44;34-84&#44;16&#41;&#46; Para el &#237;ndice de shock modificado se obtuvo&#58; AUROC de 0&#44;90 &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;86-0&#44;95&#41;&#44; con un punto de corte &#243;ptimo en 1&#44;46&#44; Se del 95&#44;65&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 79&#44;01-99&#44;23&#41; y Sp del 75&#44;78&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 70&#44;18-80&#44;62&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El &#237;ndice de shock y el &#237;ndice de shock modificado son buenos predictores de hemorragia masiva y de f&#225;cil aplicaci&#243;n durante la atenci&#243;n inicial del trauma grave&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Objective</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the predictive value of the Shock Index and Modified Shock Index in patients with massive bleeding due to severe trauma&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Design</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective cohort&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Setting</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Severe trauma patient&#39;s initial attention at the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Subjects</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients older than 14 years that were admitted to the hospital with severe trauma &#40;Injury Severity Score &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#41; form January 2014 to December 2015&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Variables</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We studied the sensitivity &#40;Se&#41;&#44; specificity &#40;Sp&#41;&#44; positive and negative predictive value &#40;PV&#43; and PV&#8211;&#41;&#44; positive and negative likelihood ratio &#40;LR&#43; and LR&#8211;&#41;&#44; ROC curves &#40;Receiver Operating Characteristics&#41; and the area under the same &#40;AUROC&#41; for prediction of massive hemorrhage&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">287 patients were included&#44; 76&#46;31&#37; &#40;219&#41; were male&#44; mean age was 43&#44;36 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;71&#41; years and ISS was 26 &#40;interquartile range &#91;IQR&#93;&#58; 21-34&#41;&#46; The overall frequency of massive bleeding was 8&#46;71&#37; &#40;25&#41;&#46; For Shock Index&#58; AUROC was 0&#46;89 &#40;95&#37; confidence intervals &#91;CI&#93; 0&#46;84 to 0&#46;94&#41;&#44; with an optimal cutoff at 1&#46;11&#44; Se was 91&#46;3&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 73&#46;2 to 97&#46;58&#41; and Sp was 79&#46;69&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 74&#46;34 to 84&#46;16&#41;&#46; For the Modified Shock Index&#58; AUROC was 0&#46;90 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;86 to 0&#46;95&#41;&#44; with an optimal cutoff at 1&#46;46&#44; Se was 95&#46;65&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 79&#46;01 to 99&#46;23&#41; and Sp was 75&#46;78&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 70&#46;18 to 80&#46;62&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Shock Index and Modified Shock Index are good predictors of massive bleeding and could be easily incorporated to the initial workup of patients with severe trauma&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">206&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">194&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43&#44;36 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#44;71&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43&#44;51 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#44;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42&#44;92 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#44;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;341&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43&#44;87 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#44;81&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42&#44;21 &#40;&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#44;72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;119&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">160 &#40;77&#44;29&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53 &#40;72&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">150 &#40;77&#44;32&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63 &#40;74&#44;12&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;19&#44;5-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38 &#40;29-49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;20-29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">34 &#40;25-46&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;9 &#40;5&#44;97-7&#44;84&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#44;44 &#40;4&#44;4-6&#44;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;9 &#40;5&#44;55-7&#44;84&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#44;97 &#40;4&#44;5-6&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PAS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 02105691
Idioma original: Español
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