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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribuci&#243;n por provincias de los hospitales que responden a la encuesta&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El correcto manejo de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea &#40;VA&#41; y la v&#237;a a&#233;rea dif&#237;cil &#40;VAD&#41; es esencial en las unidades de cuidados intensivos &#40;UCI&#41;&#46; La intubaci&#243;n de un paciente cr&#237;tico supone un procedimiento de riesgo al que con frecuencia se enfrenta el m&#233;dico intensivista en su pr&#225;ctica asistencial&#46; Pueden ocurrir complicaciones graves hasta en el 30-40&#37; de las intubaciones&#44; incluyendo el desarrollo de hipoxemia grave&#44; arritmias e incluso parada card&#237;aca y da&#241;o cerebral an&#243;xico permanente&#46; Se ha descrito que el fallecimiento del paciente ocurre hasta en el 1-2&#37; de las ocasiones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-4</span></a> &#46;La escasa reserva fisiol&#243;gica de los pacientes cr&#237;ticos cuando son intubados y la variable experiencia del operador hace que esta t&#233;cnica deba considerarse de riesgo en todos los pacientes ingresados en la UCI&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; todas estas complicaciones son m&#225;s frecuentes en casos de reintubaci&#243;n&#44; dado que se a&#241;aden con frecuencia alteraciones anat&#243;micas que dificultan el procedimiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4-6</span></a> o determinadas poblaciones de riesgo&#44; como el paciente obeso m&#243;rbido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; Esto ha llevado a algunos autores a establecer que todas las VA deben consideradas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a priori</span> como VAD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La definici&#243;n de VAD no est&#225; bien establecida&#44; pero incluye la dificultad en la ventilaci&#243;n con mascarilla&#44; la necesidad de m&#250;ltiples intentos para intubar&#44; la visi&#243;n gl&#243;tica inadecuada o la aparici&#243;n de complicaciones durante el procedimiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Esta clasificaci&#243;n de VAD puede verse influenciada por los nuevos instrumentos y equipos que&#44; utilizando los avances tecnol&#243;gicos&#44; han aparecido en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os y pretenden facilitar el proceso de la intubaci&#243;n&#46; Su utilidad y su posicionamiento dentro del protocolo de manejo de la VAD no est&#225;n bien establecidos&#44; aunque&#44; bas&#225;ndose en la evidencia disponible&#44; el uso del videolaringoscopio se incluye en las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica para el manejo de la VAD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No existe informaci&#243;n sobre c&#243;mo est&#225; organizado el manejo de la VAD en las UCI espa&#241;olas&#46; En otras palabras&#44; no disponemos de datos&#44; recientes o antiguos&#44; de c&#243;mo se aborda en Espa&#241;a este problema&#44; de qu&#233; esquemas de actuaci&#243;n se siguen&#44; la formaci&#243;n que reciben los intensivistas&#44; sobre la tecnolog&#237;a de que se dispone en las UCI para enfrentarse a un caso de VAD o sobre el n&#250;mero de UCI que tienen identificados un l&#237;der&#47;experto en VAD&#44; como recomienda la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists&#8217; and Difficult Airway Society</span> &#40;NAP4&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por todo ello&#44; nos propusimos realizar una encuesta nacional sobre el manejo en las UCI espa&#241;olas de la VA&#44; y especialmente de la VAD&#44; para conocer la organizaci&#243;n&#44; los recursos disponibles y la programaci&#243;n de la docencia&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; pretendemos analizar si estos aspectos son diferentes seg&#250;n el tama&#241;o de la unidad&#44; seg&#250;n si se identifica en la UCI un experto en manejo de VA&#44; o si la unidad est&#225; acreditada para formaci&#243;n de especialistas en medicina intensiva&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Material y m&#233;todo</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; una encuesta nacional transversal que obtuvo el aval del Comit&#233; Cient&#237;fico de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Intensiva&#44; Cr&#237;tica y Unidades Coronarias &#40;SEMICYUC&#41;&#46; No se solicit&#243; aprobaci&#243;n del Comit&#233; &#201;tico de Investigaci&#243;n Cl&#237;nica dado el car&#225;cter voluntario de participaci&#243;n y que no inclu&#237;a la recogida de datos de pacientes&#46; Todos los datos obtenidos se han manejado an&#243;nimamente para salvaguardar la confidencialidad de los mismos&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se elabor&#243; un cuestionario con 27 preguntas &#40;ver tabla en <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0045">Material electr&#243;nico suplementario</a>&#41; que inclu&#237;a preguntas con respuesta m&#250;ltiple&#46; Se divid&#237;a en tres apartados&#58; aspectos organizativos de la UCI&#44; manejo de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea y materiales disponibles y aspectos formativos&#44; contando adem&#225;s con un apartado final de comentarios y sugerencias&#46; En cuanto a las escalas de valoraci&#243;n de la VAD&#44; se incluyeron las siguientes&#58; Mallampati-Samsoon&#44; Cormack-Lehane&#44; subluxaci&#243;n mandibular&#44; regla 3&#58;3&#58;2 y extensi&#243;n de la articulaci&#243;n atlantooccipital<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Respecto a los videolaringoscopios&#44; se solicit&#243; informaci&#243;n sobre si se pose&#237;a alguno de los siguientes modelos&#58; tipo sonda &#40;Bonfils&#41;&#59; con pala r&#237;gida est&#225;ndar &#40;V-MAC<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> o C-MAC<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41;&#44; con pala r&#237;gida angulada &#40;GlideScope<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> o McGrath<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41;&#44; con canal para tubo endotraqueal integrado &#40;Airtraq<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Pentax AWS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> o C-TRACH<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Desde la Secretar&#237;a de la SEMICYUC se envi&#243; un correo electr&#243;nico a todas las UCI que estaban identificadas en esa fecha&#46; Dicho env&#237;o se remiti&#243; a los jefes de servicio explicando el proyecto y sus objetivos&#46; El correo conten&#237;a el enlace que daba acceso a la encuesta &#40;<a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="https://goo.gl/forms/xRsWRSqUMHZTL7FY2">https&#58;&#47;&#47;goo&#46;gl&#47;forms&#47;xRsWRSqUMHZTL7FY2</a>&#41;&#46; Mediante sucesivos correos electr&#243;nicos enviados por el equipo investigador se incentiv&#243; la participaci&#243;n y se solucionaron las dudas planteadas&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los datos se presentan como n&#250;mero absoluto y porcentaje en el caso de variables cuantitativas&#44; y medianas con rango intercuart&#237;lico las variables continuas&#46; Se realiz&#243; la prueba de la chi-cuadrado para comparar los subgrupos anteriormente definidos&#46; El n&#250;mero de camas de la UCI se categoriz&#243; en tres grupos&#58; menos de 10&#44; entre 10 y 20 y m&#225;s de 20 camas&#46; Se consider&#243; estad&#237;sticamente significativo si la p de dos colas era &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46; Se emple&#243; el programa estad&#237;stico SPSS versi&#243;n 20&#46;0&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Resultados</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La encuesta se llev&#243; a cabo desde el d&#237;a 1 de noviembre al 15 de diciembre de 2016&#46; Se obtuvo respuesta por parte de 101 UCI de las 179 que fueron invitadas a participar &#40;56&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#46; La distribuci&#243;n geogr&#225;fica de las UCI participantes se muestra en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a>&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> resume las caracter&#237;sticas organizativas de los centros que respondieron esta encuesta&#44; siendo en su mayor&#237;a hospitales p&#250;blicos y con formaci&#243;n de m&#233;dicos residentes&#46; Setenta y una de estas encuestas fueron contestadas por el jefe de servicio&#44; 24 por el experto en VA de la UCI y 6 por otros miembros de la UCI&#46; El tipo m&#225;s frecuente de UCI es polivalente&#44; con una mediana de 16 camas&#46; La suma del total de las mismas asciende hasta 1&#46;827&#44; lo que se corresponde con unos 95&#46;600 ingresos anuales&#46;En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a> se muestran los resultados globales y seg&#250;n el tama&#241;o de la UCI de distintos aspectos relativos al manejo de la VA y al contenido del carro de VAD&#46; De todas las UCI participantes&#44; la presencia de un experto&#47;l&#237;der en VAD se identifica solo en 45 &#40;44&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Se pregunt&#243; por el uso de escalas de valoraci&#243;n de la VA&#44; siendo la m&#225;s frecuentemente utilizada la escala Cormack-Lehane&#44; sola o en combinaci&#243;n con la escala de Mallampati&#46; En 23 de las UCI no se utiliza rutinariamente ninguna escala de valoraci&#243;n de la VA&#44; y en 55 &#40;54&#44;5&#37;&#41; no se registra en la historia cl&#237;nica la evaluaci&#243;n de la VA&#46; En cuanto a protocolos escritos&#44; en el 77&#44;2&#37; de las UCI no se dispone de protocolo para la intubaci&#243;n orotraqueal&#44; e igualmente hasta en el 75&#44;2&#37; de los casos no est&#225; protocolizado el abordaje de la VAD&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seg&#250;n los datos obtenidos&#44; 83 de las UCI participantes en esta encuesta dispone de un carro de VAD del que se realizan comprobaciones peri&#243;dicas de su contenido&#46; Dichas comprobaciones se llevan a cabo mayoritariamente de forma semanal &#40;66&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; y en menor medida cada dos semanas &#40;7&#44;2&#37;&#41; o cada tres o m&#225;s semanas &#40;13&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#46; Un total de 11 UCI &#40;13&#44;3&#37;&#41; refieren no tener una frecuencia establecida de comprobaci&#243;n&#46; Mayoritariamente&#44; se dispone de material b&#225;sico para intubaci&#243;n &#40;laringoscopios y tubos endotraqueales&#41;&#44; mascarilla lar&#237;ngea&#44; mascarilla lar&#237;ngea de intubaci&#243;n&#44; as&#237; como un set de cricotiroidotom&#237;a de emergencia&#46; Se pregunt&#243; por el tipo espec&#237;fico de videolaringoscopio en aquellas UCI que dispon&#237;an del mismo &#40;53&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; siendo Airtraq<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> el m&#225;s frecuente &#40;42&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; seguido por GlideScope<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;10&#44;9&#37;&#41; y McGrath<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;6&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Haciendo referencia a los aspectos formativos&#44; 52 UCI &#40;51&#44;5&#37;&#41; refieren que existe formaci&#243;n continuada sobre intubaci&#243;n&#44; y en 54 UCI &#40;53&#44;5&#37;&#41; reportan que existe formaci&#243;n continuada espec&#237;fica en VAD&#46; Con respecto al lugar donde se realiza&#44; mayoritariamente es de forma externa&#46; Solo el 21&#44;8&#37; de los casos disponen de maniqu&#237;es de simulaci&#243;n de VAD&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparando en base al tama&#241;o de la UCI&#44; solo hallamos que la disponibilidad de fibrobroncoscopio aumenta de forma significativa cuanto mayor es el tama&#241;o de la UCI&#58; 43&#44;2&#37; &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 camas&#41;&#44; 43&#44;3&#37; &#40;11-20 camas&#41;&#44; 11&#44;76&#37; &#40;0-10 camas&#41;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a> se muestra el manejo de la VA y la composici&#243;n del carro de VAD seg&#250;n la identificaci&#243;n o no de un experto en VAD&#46; Encontramos relaci&#243;n significativa entre la presencia de un experto&#47;l&#237;der en VAD y la existencia de protocolos escritos de intubaci&#243;n orotraqueal &#40;33&#44;3&#37; vs&#46; 14&#44;3&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&#44; manejo de VAD &#40;44&#44;4&#37; vs 8&#44;9&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;000&#41;&#44; extubaci&#243;n en VAD &#40;17&#44;8&#37; vs&#46; 1&#44;8&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41; y realizaci&#243;n de traqueostom&#237;a percut&#225;nea &#40;51&#44;1&#37; vs&#46; 28&#44;6&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#46; Tambi&#233;n result&#243; significativa la relaci&#243;n entre la presencia de experto y la disponibilidad de videolaringoscopio &#40;66&#44;7&#37; vs&#46; 42&#44;8&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#44; fibrobroncoscopio &#40;46&#44;6&#37; vs&#46; 21&#44;4&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41; y set de cricotiroidotom&#237;a &#40;84&#44;4&#37; vs&#46; 66&#44;1&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41;&#44; as&#237; como en las UCI que tienen identificado un experto en VAD relacionado con la formaci&#243;n en intubaci&#243;n &#40;60&#37; vs&#46; 39&#44;3&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41; y la formaci&#243;n en VAD &#40;64&#44;4&#37; vs&#46; 44&#44;6&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por &#250;ltimo&#44; no encontramos ninguna diferencia con significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica al relacionar las preguntas incluidas en la encuesta respecto a si la UCI cuenta con acreditaci&#243;n para la formaci&#243;n de especialistas en medicina intensiva&#46; Cien de los 101 participantes &#40;99&#37;&#41; respondieron que creen necesario disponer de una gu&#237;a cl&#237;nica espec&#237;fica de manejo de la VAD en cuidados intensivos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esta es la primera encuesta nacional disponible sobre el manejo de la VA&#44; y espec&#237;ficamente de la VAD&#44; en las UCI espa&#241;olas&#46; Sus resultados ponen de manifiesto que existe gran heterogeneidad en el abordaje de la VAD&#44; destacando que solo aproximadamente el 50&#37; de la UCI tienen protocolos escritos de manejo de la VA o se identifica un experto&#47;l&#237;der en manejo de VA&#44; cuya existencia se asocia a una mejor formaci&#243;n y dotaci&#243;n para el manejo de la VAD&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Algunos estudios han concluido que implementar un protocolo de intubaci&#243;n en UCI puede reducir las complicaciones graves inmediatas relacionadas con el procedimiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Esta reducci&#243;n no solo afecta a las relativas al manejo de la VA&#44; sino tambi&#233;n a alteraciones hemodin&#225;micas o neurol&#243;gicas que son comunes en el paciente cr&#237;tico durante el procedimiento&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; seg&#250;n nuestros datos&#44; la existencia de un protocolo espec&#237;fico de manejo de VAD est&#225; disponible en un n&#250;mero reducido de las UCI que respondieron&#44; como ocurre en otros pa&#237;ses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14-16</span></a>&#46; Se ha postulado como una de las estrategias necesarias para mejorar las tasas de &#233;xito en las intubaciones de riesgo y disminuir las complicaciones asociadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Otros protocolos&#44; tales como el de extubaci&#243;n en paciente de VAD o el de desplazamiento de la traqueostom&#237;a&#44; tambi&#233;n recomendados por los documentos de expertos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; est&#225;n disponibles en un n&#250;mero muy reducido de UCI&#46; Llamativamente&#44; lo m&#225;s frecuente en las UCI que participaron es disponer de protocolos para traqueostom&#237;a percut&#225;nea&#44; t&#233;cnica que por lo general se realiza de forma programada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tener identificados aquellos pacientes con posible VAD es una estrategia que posibilita un mejor abordaje de la VA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; seg&#250;n nuestros datos&#44; en casi la mitad de las ocasiones no queda registrada en la historia cl&#237;nica del paciente la evaluaci&#243;n de la VA&#44; omiti&#233;ndose de esta manera informaci&#243;n potencialmente valiosa en situaciones de emergencia o en futuros ingresos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; El uso de una &#250;nica escala de valoraci&#243;n tiene baja sensibilidad&#44; baja especificidad y bajo valor predictivo positivo&#44; aumentando cuando se utilizan varias asociadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Como ocurre en otras encuestas&#44; los predictores m&#225;s utilizados son la combinaci&#243;n Mallampati-Cormack&#44; seguida por el uso de Cormack en solitario&#44; lo que implica que en la mayor&#237;a de los supuestos se trata de pacientes que se han sometido a una laringoscopia directa en alguna ocasi&#243;n &#40;p&#46;ej&#46;&#44; posquir&#250;rgicos&#41;&#46; El uso de predictores simples combinados &#40;distancia tiromentoniana&#44; apertura bucal&#8230;&#41; realizados a pie de cama es escaso&#44; a pesar de su potencial rentabilidad y facilidad de realizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;Las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica y documentos de expertos recomiendan que todas las UCI deben disponer de un &#171;carro de intubaci&#243;n dif&#237;cil&#187;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;22</span></a>&#46; Este carro est&#225; disponible en el 82&#37; de las UCI que contestaron la encuesta&#44; aunque esta cifra es sensiblemente inferior a lo encontrado en otras encuestas realizadas en nuestro entorno&#44; que se sit&#250;a en torno al 95&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la composici&#243;n de los mismos es muy heterog&#233;nea&#44; y 3 de cada 4 UCI poseen set de cricotiroidotom&#237;a&#44; mascarilla lar&#237;ngea o mascarilla lar&#237;ngea para intubaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; Una reciente encuesta en el Reino Unido concluye que solo el 50&#37; de las UCI disponen de videolaringoscopio&#44; una cifra muy similar a la que hemos encontrado nosotros<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; Por el contrario&#44; en una encuesta llevada a cabo en Francia en 2013 fue a&#250;n menor&#44; situ&#225;ndose en el 24&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Es cada vez m&#225;s frecuente que&#44; bas&#225;ndose en la evidencia disponible&#44; el uso del videolaringoscopio se incluya en las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica para el manejo de la VAD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;26</span></a>&#46; Esto contrasta con que&#44; al igual que ocurre en el Reino Unido&#44; solo la mitad de las UCI espa&#241;olas que han participado en esta encuesta disponen del mismo&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La identificaci&#243;n en la UCI de un l&#237;der&#47;experto en VA mejora sensiblemente los recursos disponibles para afrontar una VAD&#44; as&#237; como la formaci&#243;n&#46; Este hecho nos parece de gran relevancia por la traducci&#243;n que puede tener en mejor manejo de las situaciones de VAD y en un menor n&#250;mero de complicaciones&#46; Pensamos que&#44; al igual que en otros &#225;mbitos de la atenci&#243;n al paciente cr&#237;tico se recomienda identificar en cada UCI al menos un referente que lidere los aspectos asistenciales concretos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; nuestros datos confirman que tambi&#233;n para el manejo de la VA y la VAD debe existir un l&#237;der&#47;experto en cada unidad&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto a la formaci&#243;n para el manejo de la VA y la VAD&#44; solo existe en la mitad de las UCI&#44; y mayoritariamente es externa&#46; Este entrenamiento debe ser realizado tanto por los especialistas como por los m&#233;dicos en formaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Solo una de cada cinco UCI que respondieron a nuestro cuestionario poseen maniqu&#237;es de simulaci&#243;n de VAD&#44; aunque se sabe que la formaci&#243;n con maniqu&#237;es y simuladores es una herramientas did&#225;ctica &#250;til para el aprendizaje y la mejora de las habilidades en intubaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La posibilidad de encontrar una intubaci&#243;n complicada es mayor en cuidados intensivos que en otros &#225;mbitos de la asistencia sanitaria&#46; A pesar de ello&#44; hasta el momento las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica de las que se dispone en este campo est&#225;n realizadas por profesionales de anestesiolog&#237;a y est&#225;n focalizadas en el entorno intraoperatorio&#44; incluyendo en algunas ocasiones directrices para el manejo de la VA en UCI o en el ambiente extrahospitalario<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;22&#44;29&#44;30-32</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; existen grandes diferencias en cuanto al paciente que va a ser sometido a una intervenci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica con respecto al paciente cr&#237;tico&#44; que generalmente es intubado debido a un fallo preexistente en la oxigenaci&#243;n&#47;ventilaci&#243;n y en condiciones de inestabilidad hemodin&#225;mica&#46; Hay que destacar que todos los participantes excepto uno respondieron que creen necesario disponer de una gu&#237;a cl&#237;nica espec&#237;fica de manejo de la VAD en cuidados intensivos&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reconocemos que nuestro estudio tiene algunas limitaciones&#46; Primero&#44; la tasa de respuesta fue aproximadamente del 55&#37;&#44; pudiendo motivar que la informaci&#243;n recogida no refleje realmente lo que ocurre en las UCI espa&#241;olas&#46; Sin embargo&#44; nos parece importante resaltar que entre las UCI que respondieron se encuentran la mayor&#237;a de grandes hospitales p&#250;blicos de Espa&#241;a&#44; suponiendo un elevado n&#250;mero de camas de UCI y un alto volumen de ingresos anuales en UCI&#46; Segundo&#44; como toda encuesta que se realiza&#44; la informaci&#243;n se obtiene a trav&#233;s de las respuestas de los encuestados&#44; por lo que cabe la posibilidad de que la informaci&#243;n obtenida no siempre refleje la realidad&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; es posible que hayan participado los profesionales m&#225;s interesados en el tema&#44; lo que ocasionar&#237;a tambi&#233;n un sesgo en los resultados&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En resumen&#44; los datos de nuestra encuesta ponen claramente de manifiesto que existe un amplio margen de mejora en aspectos organizativos y docentes para optimizar el manejo de la VAD en las UCI espa&#241;olas&#46; Cada UCI debe identificar un l&#237;der&#47;experto en manejo de VA y VAD&#44; pues su existencia se asocia a una mejora de aspectos organizativos&#44; docentes y de dotaci&#243;n instrumental para abordaje de la VAD&#46; Los resultados de esta encuesta deben ser el primer paso hacia la realizaci&#243;n de una gu&#237;a cl&#237;nica espec&#237;fica de manejo de la VAD en cuidados intensivos auspiciada por la SEMICYUC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Autor&#237;a</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">I&#46;M&#46;R&#46; y J&#46;G&#46;M&#46; contribuyeron en la concepci&#243;n de la idea del presente estudio&#46; I&#46;M&#46;R&#46;&#44; J&#46;G&#46;M&#46;&#44; M&#46;G&#46;G&#46;P&#46;&#44; M&#46;R&#46;M y J&#46;R&#46;J&#46;V&#46; participaron en el dise&#241;o y la adquisici&#243;n de los datos&#46; La interpretaci&#243;n de los mismos y el an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico fueron realizados por M&#46;G&#46;G&#46;P&#46;&#44; J&#46;G&#46;M&#46; y M&#46;R&#46;M&#46;C&#46;&#59; adem&#225;s de la redacci&#243;n del manuscrito original&#44; J&#46;R&#46;J&#46;V&#46; hizo contribuciones al material suplementario&#46; J&#46;G&#46;M&#46;&#44; I&#46;M&#46;R&#46; y M&#46;G&#46;G&#46;P&#46; realizaron una revisi&#243;n cr&#237;tica de su contenido intelectual&#46; Todos los autores leyeron y dieron la aprobaci&#243;n a la versi&#243;n final del manuscrito&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conocer la organizaci&#243;n&#44; el manejo y la formaci&#243;n en v&#237;a a&#233;rea &#40;VA&#41; en las unidades de cuidados intensivos &#40;UCI&#41; espa&#241;olas&#44; con especial inter&#233;s en la v&#237;a a&#233;rea dif&#237;cil &#40;VAD&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal descriptivo y suban&#225;lisis con &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; elaborado mediante una encuesta nacional realizada del 1 de noviembre al 15 de diciembre de 2016&#46; Con el aval de la SEMICYUC&#44; se envi&#243; a 179 UCI un cuestionario online con 27 apartados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">&#193;mbito</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">UCI de hospitales p&#250;blicos&#44; privados y consorcios&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Responden 101 UCI &#40;56&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#44; que suponen 1&#46;827 camas y casi 95&#46;000 ingresos&#47;a&#241;o&#46; El 85&#44;1&#37; son hospitales p&#250;blicos&#44; y el 83&#44;2&#37;&#44; con residentes&#46; El 22&#44;8&#37; no utilizan rutinariamente escalas de valoraci&#243;n de VA&#44; siendo la m&#225;s frecuente la asociaci&#243;n Cormack-Mallampati &#40;35&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#46; El 77&#44;2&#37; no tienen protocolo de intubaci&#243;n &#40;IOT&#41;&#44; ni el 75&#44;2&#37; protocolo de VAD&#46; El 82&#44;2&#37; tienen carro de VAD&#46; El 48&#44;5&#37; refieren formaci&#243;n en IOT&#44; y el 53&#44;5&#37;&#44; en VAD&#46; Identificar a un experto en VAD se asocia significativamente con mayor formaci&#243;n en IOT &#40;60&#37; vs&#46; 39&#44;3&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41;&#44; VAD &#40;64&#44;4&#37; vs&#46; 44&#44;6&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41; y m&#225;s protocolos de VA &#40;73&#44;4&#37; vs&#46; 37&#44;5&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;000&#41;&#46; El 99&#37; estima necesario disponer de una gu&#237;a espec&#237;fica de manejo de VAD en UCI&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Existe un amplio margen de mejora para el manejo de la VA&#46; Es necesario identificar un experto en VAD en cada unidad y elaborar una gu&#237;a espec&#237;fica de manejo de VAD en el paciente cr&#237;tico&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Objective</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To know organization&#44; management and training in airway &#40;AW&#41; in Spanish Intensive Care Units &#40;ICUs&#41;&#44; with special interest in difficult airway &#40;DAW&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Design</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive cross-sectional study and &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> subanalysis&#44; conducted through a national survey from november 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>th to december 15th&#44; 2016&#46; With the SEMICYUC&#39;s support&#44; an online questionnaire of 27 items was sent to 179 ICUs&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Setting</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ICUs of public&#44; private centers&#44; and consortia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In total&#44; 101 units responded &#40;56&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; corresponding to 1&#44;827 beds and almost 95&#44;000 incomes&#47;year&#46; The 85&#46;1&#37; are public hospitals&#44; and 83&#46;2&#37; had residents&#46; Of the responders&#44; 22&#46;8&#37; don&#8217;t use routinely AW assessment scales&#44; being the most frequently used the Cormack-Mallampati association &#40;35&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; There&#39;s not intubation &#40;IOT&#41; protocol in 77&#46;2&#37;&#44; nor DAW protocol in 75&#46;2&#37;&#46; An 82&#46;2&#37; have a DAW cart&#46; The 48&#46;5&#37; have training in IOT&#44; and in VAD 53&#46;5&#37;&#46; Having a DAW expert is significantly associated with greater training in IOT &#40;60&#37; vs&#46; 39&#46;3&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;03&#41;&#44; DAW &#40;64&#46;4&#37; vs&#46; 44&#46;6&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;04&#41;&#44; and more AW protocols &#40;73&#46;4&#37; vs&#46; 37&#46;5&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;000&#41;&#46; Having an specific guideline for DAW management in UCI is considered necessary in 99&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is room for improvement in AW management&#46; It&#39;s necessary to identify an expert in DAW in each Unit&#44; and the development of an specific guideline for DAW management in critical care&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tipo de hospital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">P&#250;blico&#58; 86 &#40;85&#44;1&#37;&#41;<br>Privado&#58; 11 &#40;10&#44;9&#37;&#41;<br>Consorcio&#58; 4 &#40;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ingresos anuales en UCI &#40;mediana&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">800 &#40;500-1&#46;200&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">M&#233;dicos por guardia de UCI &#40;excluyendo MIR&#41; &#40;mediana&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#250;mero de camas en UCI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">0-10 &#40;<br>N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>34&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">11-20 &#40;<br>N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21 &#40;<br>N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Identificaci&#243;n de un experto en VAD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;35&#44;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;40&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;56&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45 &#40;44&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Registro en la historia cl&#237;nica de la evaluaci&#243;n de la VA</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;58&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;43&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22 &#40;59&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55 &#40;54&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escalas de valoraci&#243;n utilizadas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ninguna&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;23&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;30&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;16&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;22&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mallampati &#43; Cormack&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;29&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;26&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;48&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36 &#40;35&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cormack-Lehane&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;29&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;23&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;16&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;22&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mallampati-Samsoon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cormack y otra escala&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;8&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mallampati y otra escala&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#225;s de dos escalas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;11&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;5&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;8&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Protocolos escritos para el manejo de la VA</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intubaci&#243;n orotraqueal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;23&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;32&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;22&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Manejo v&#237;a a&#233;rea dif&#237;cil&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;26&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;26&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;21&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;24&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extubaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;26&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;24&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;17&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Traqueostom&#237;a percut&#225;nea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;35&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;32&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">39 &#40;38&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Autoextubaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extubaci&#243;n en VAD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;5&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;10&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;8&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">An&#225;lisis de las complicaciones e incidentes relacionados con la intubaci&#243;n&#47;extubaci&#243;n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 &#40;70&#44;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;45&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44 &#40;44&#44;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disponibilidad de carro de VAD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29 &#40;85&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;76&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31 &#40;83&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">83 &#40;82&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comprobaciones peri&#243;dicas del carro de VAD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29 &#40;85&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;76&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;81&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">82 &#40;81&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Contenido del carro de VAD</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Laringoscopios&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;88&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;70&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31 &#40;83&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">82 &#40;81&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tubos endotraqueales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29 &#40;85&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;70&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31 &#40;83&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81 &#40;80&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mascarilla lar&#237;ngea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22 &#40;73&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;70&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75 &#40;74&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mascarilla lar&#237;ngea de intubaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 &#40;70&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;70&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29 &#40;78&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">74 &#40;73&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Videolaringoscopio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;47&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;62&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;53&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gu&#237;a de Eschmann&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 &#40;70&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;43&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 &#40;64&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61 &#40;60&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fibrobroncoscopio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;11&#44;8&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;43&#44;3&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;43&#44;2&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33 &#40;32&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Set de cricotiroidotom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28 &#40;82&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;70&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;70&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75 &#40;74&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Identificaci&#243;n de experto en VAD<br>n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No identificaci&#243;n de un experto en VAD<br>n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Registro en la historia cl&#237;nica de la evaluaci&#243;n de la VA</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28 &#40;62&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27 &#40;48&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escalas de valoraci&#243;n utilizadas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ninguna&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;32&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mallampati &#43; Cormack&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19 &#40;42&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;30&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cormack-Lehane&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;22&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;23&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mallampati-Samsoon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;5&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cormack y otra escala&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;8&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mallampati y otra escala&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#225;s de dos escalas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;7&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Protocolos escritos para el manejo de la VA</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intubaci&#243;n orotraqueal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;33&#44;3&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;14&#44;3&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Manejo v&#237;a a&#233;rea dif&#237;cil&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;44&#44;4&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;8&#44;9&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extubaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 &#40;24&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;12&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Traqueostom&#237;a percut&#225;nea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;51&#44;1&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;28&#44;6&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Autoextubaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extubaci&#243;n en VAD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;17&#44;8&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#44;8&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">An&#225;lisis de las complicaciones e incidentes relacionados con la intubaci&#243;n&#47;extubaci&#243;n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27 &#40;60&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28 &#40;51&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disponibilidad de carro de VAD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42 &#40;93&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">41 &#40;73&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comprobaciones peri&#243;dicas del carro de VAD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42 &#40;93&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Original
Encuesta nacional sobre el manejo de la vía aérea y la vía aérea difícil en las unidades de cuidados intensivos
National survey on airway and difficult airway management in intensive care units
M.G. Gómez-Prieto, M.R. Míguez-Crespo, J.R. Jiménez-del-Valle, M.D. González-Caro, I. Marmesat-Ríos, J. Garnacho-Montero
Autor para correspondencia
jgarnachom@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
Unidad Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El correcto manejo de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea &#40;VA&#41; y la v&#237;a a&#233;rea dif&#237;cil &#40;VAD&#41; es esencial en las unidades de cuidados intensivos &#40;UCI&#41;&#46; La intubaci&#243;n de un paciente cr&#237;tico supone un procedimiento de riesgo al que con frecuencia se enfrenta el m&#233;dico intensivista en su pr&#225;ctica asistencial&#46; Pueden ocurrir complicaciones graves hasta en el 30-40&#37; de las intubaciones&#44; incluyendo el desarrollo de hipoxemia grave&#44; arritmias e incluso parada card&#237;aca y da&#241;o cerebral an&#243;xico permanente&#46; Se ha descrito que el fallecimiento del paciente ocurre hasta en el 1-2&#37; de las ocasiones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-4</span></a> &#46;La escasa reserva fisiol&#243;gica de los pacientes cr&#237;ticos cuando son intubados y la variable experiencia del operador hace que esta t&#233;cnica deba considerarse de riesgo en todos los pacientes ingresados en la UCI&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; todas estas complicaciones son m&#225;s frecuentes en casos de reintubaci&#243;n&#44; dado que se a&#241;aden con frecuencia alteraciones anat&#243;micas que dificultan el procedimiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4-6</span></a> o determinadas poblaciones de riesgo&#44; como el paciente obeso m&#243;rbido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; Esto ha llevado a algunos autores a establecer que todas las VA deben consideradas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a priori</span> como VAD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La definici&#243;n de VAD no est&#225; bien establecida&#44; pero incluye la dificultad en la ventilaci&#243;n con mascarilla&#44; la necesidad de m&#250;ltiples intentos para intubar&#44; la visi&#243;n gl&#243;tica inadecuada o la aparici&#243;n de complicaciones durante el procedimiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Esta clasificaci&#243;n de VAD puede verse influenciada por los nuevos instrumentos y equipos que&#44; utilizando los avances tecnol&#243;gicos&#44; han aparecido en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os y pretenden facilitar el proceso de la intubaci&#243;n&#46; Su utilidad y su posicionamiento dentro del protocolo de manejo de la VAD no est&#225;n bien establecidos&#44; aunque&#44; bas&#225;ndose en la evidencia disponible&#44; el uso del videolaringoscopio se incluye en las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica para el manejo de la VAD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No existe informaci&#243;n sobre c&#243;mo est&#225; organizado el manejo de la VAD en las UCI espa&#241;olas&#46; En otras palabras&#44; no disponemos de datos&#44; recientes o antiguos&#44; de c&#243;mo se aborda en Espa&#241;a este problema&#44; de qu&#233; esquemas de actuaci&#243;n se siguen&#44; la formaci&#243;n que reciben los intensivistas&#44; sobre la tecnolog&#237;a de que se dispone en las UCI para enfrentarse a un caso de VAD o sobre el n&#250;mero de UCI que tienen identificados un l&#237;der&#47;experto en VAD&#44; como recomienda la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists&#8217; and Difficult Airway Society</span> &#40;NAP4&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por todo ello&#44; nos propusimos realizar una encuesta nacional sobre el manejo en las UCI espa&#241;olas de la VA&#44; y especialmente de la VAD&#44; para conocer la organizaci&#243;n&#44; los recursos disponibles y la programaci&#243;n de la docencia&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; pretendemos analizar si estos aspectos son diferentes seg&#250;n el tama&#241;o de la unidad&#44; seg&#250;n si se identifica en la UCI un experto en manejo de VA&#44; o si la unidad est&#225; acreditada para formaci&#243;n de especialistas en medicina intensiva&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Material y m&#233;todo</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; una encuesta nacional transversal que obtuvo el aval del Comit&#233; Cient&#237;fico de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Intensiva&#44; Cr&#237;tica y Unidades Coronarias &#40;SEMICYUC&#41;&#46; No se solicit&#243; aprobaci&#243;n del Comit&#233; &#201;tico de Investigaci&#243;n Cl&#237;nica dado el car&#225;cter voluntario de participaci&#243;n y que no inclu&#237;a la recogida de datos de pacientes&#46; Todos los datos obtenidos se han manejado an&#243;nimamente para salvaguardar la confidencialidad de los mismos&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se elabor&#243; un cuestionario con 27 preguntas &#40;ver tabla en <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0045">Material electr&#243;nico suplementario</a>&#41; que inclu&#237;a preguntas con respuesta m&#250;ltiple&#46; Se divid&#237;a en tres apartados&#58; aspectos organizativos de la UCI&#44; manejo de la v&#237;a a&#233;rea y materiales disponibles y aspectos formativos&#44; contando adem&#225;s con un apartado final de comentarios y sugerencias&#46; En cuanto a las escalas de valoraci&#243;n de la VAD&#44; se incluyeron las siguientes&#58; Mallampati-Samsoon&#44; Cormack-Lehane&#44; subluxaci&#243;n mandibular&#44; regla 3&#58;3&#58;2 y extensi&#243;n de la articulaci&#243;n atlantooccipital<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Respecto a los videolaringoscopios&#44; se solicit&#243; informaci&#243;n sobre si se pose&#237;a alguno de los siguientes modelos&#58; tipo sonda &#40;Bonfils&#41;&#59; con pala r&#237;gida est&#225;ndar &#40;V-MAC<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> o C-MAC<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41;&#44; con pala r&#237;gida angulada &#40;GlideScope<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> o McGrath<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41;&#44; con canal para tubo endotraqueal integrado &#40;Airtraq<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Pentax AWS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> o C-TRACH<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Desde la Secretar&#237;a de la SEMICYUC se envi&#243; un correo electr&#243;nico a todas las UCI que estaban identificadas en esa fecha&#46; Dicho env&#237;o se remiti&#243; a los jefes de servicio explicando el proyecto y sus objetivos&#46; El correo conten&#237;a el enlace que daba acceso a la encuesta &#40;<a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="https://goo.gl/forms/xRsWRSqUMHZTL7FY2">https&#58;&#47;&#47;goo&#46;gl&#47;forms&#47;xRsWRSqUMHZTL7FY2</a>&#41;&#46; Mediante sucesivos correos electr&#243;nicos enviados por el equipo investigador se incentiv&#243; la participaci&#243;n y se solucionaron las dudas planteadas&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los datos se presentan como n&#250;mero absoluto y porcentaje en el caso de variables cuantitativas&#44; y medianas con rango intercuart&#237;lico las variables continuas&#46; Se realiz&#243; la prueba de la chi-cuadrado para comparar los subgrupos anteriormente definidos&#46; El n&#250;mero de camas de la UCI se categoriz&#243; en tres grupos&#58; menos de 10&#44; entre 10 y 20 y m&#225;s de 20 camas&#46; Se consider&#243; estad&#237;sticamente significativo si la p de dos colas era &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46; Se emple&#243; el programa estad&#237;stico SPSS versi&#243;n 20&#46;0&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Resultados</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La encuesta se llev&#243; a cabo desde el d&#237;a 1 de noviembre al 15 de diciembre de 2016&#46; Se obtuvo respuesta por parte de 101 UCI de las 179 que fueron invitadas a participar &#40;56&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#46; La distribuci&#243;n geogr&#225;fica de las UCI participantes se muestra en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a>&#46; La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> resume las caracter&#237;sticas organizativas de los centros que respondieron esta encuesta&#44; siendo en su mayor&#237;a hospitales p&#250;blicos y con formaci&#243;n de m&#233;dicos residentes&#46; Setenta y una de estas encuestas fueron contestadas por el jefe de servicio&#44; 24 por el experto en VA de la UCI y 6 por otros miembros de la UCI&#46; El tipo m&#225;s frecuente de UCI es polivalente&#44; con una mediana de 16 camas&#46; La suma del total de las mismas asciende hasta 1&#46;827&#44; lo que se corresponde con unos 95&#46;600 ingresos anuales&#46;En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a> se muestran los resultados globales y seg&#250;n el tama&#241;o de la UCI de distintos aspectos relativos al manejo de la VA y al contenido del carro de VAD&#46; De todas las UCI participantes&#44; la presencia de un experto&#47;l&#237;der en VAD se identifica solo en 45 &#40;44&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Se pregunt&#243; por el uso de escalas de valoraci&#243;n de la VA&#44; siendo la m&#225;s frecuentemente utilizada la escala Cormack-Lehane&#44; sola o en combinaci&#243;n con la escala de Mallampati&#46; En 23 de las UCI no se utiliza rutinariamente ninguna escala de valoraci&#243;n de la VA&#44; y en 55 &#40;54&#44;5&#37;&#41; no se registra en la historia cl&#237;nica la evaluaci&#243;n de la VA&#46; En cuanto a protocolos escritos&#44; en el 77&#44;2&#37; de las UCI no se dispone de protocolo para la intubaci&#243;n orotraqueal&#44; e igualmente hasta en el 75&#44;2&#37; de los casos no est&#225; protocolizado el abordaje de la VAD&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seg&#250;n los datos obtenidos&#44; 83 de las UCI participantes en esta encuesta dispone de un carro de VAD del que se realizan comprobaciones peri&#243;dicas de su contenido&#46; Dichas comprobaciones se llevan a cabo mayoritariamente de forma semanal &#40;66&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; y en menor medida cada dos semanas &#40;7&#44;2&#37;&#41; o cada tres o m&#225;s semanas &#40;13&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#46; Un total de 11 UCI &#40;13&#44;3&#37;&#41; refieren no tener una frecuencia establecida de comprobaci&#243;n&#46; Mayoritariamente&#44; se dispone de material b&#225;sico para intubaci&#243;n &#40;laringoscopios y tubos endotraqueales&#41;&#44; mascarilla lar&#237;ngea&#44; mascarilla lar&#237;ngea de intubaci&#243;n&#44; as&#237; como un set de cricotiroidotom&#237;a de emergencia&#46; Se pregunt&#243; por el tipo espec&#237;fico de videolaringoscopio en aquellas UCI que dispon&#237;an del mismo &#40;53&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; siendo Airtraq<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> el m&#225;s frecuente &#40;42&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; seguido por GlideScope<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;10&#44;9&#37;&#41; y McGrath<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;6&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Haciendo referencia a los aspectos formativos&#44; 52 UCI &#40;51&#44;5&#37;&#41; refieren que existe formaci&#243;n continuada sobre intubaci&#243;n&#44; y en 54 UCI &#40;53&#44;5&#37;&#41; reportan que existe formaci&#243;n continuada espec&#237;fica en VAD&#46; Con respecto al lugar donde se realiza&#44; mayoritariamente es de forma externa&#46; Solo el 21&#44;8&#37; de los casos disponen de maniqu&#237;es de simulaci&#243;n de VAD&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparando en base al tama&#241;o de la UCI&#44; solo hallamos que la disponibilidad de fibrobroncoscopio aumenta de forma significativa cuanto mayor es el tama&#241;o de la UCI&#58; 43&#44;2&#37; &#40;&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 camas&#41;&#44; 43&#44;3&#37; &#40;11-20 camas&#41;&#44; 11&#44;76&#37; &#40;0-10 camas&#41;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a> se muestra el manejo de la VA y la composici&#243;n del carro de VAD seg&#250;n la identificaci&#243;n o no de un experto en VAD&#46; Encontramos relaci&#243;n significativa entre la presencia de un experto&#47;l&#237;der en VAD y la existencia de protocolos escritos de intubaci&#243;n orotraqueal &#40;33&#44;3&#37; vs&#46; 14&#44;3&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&#44; manejo de VAD &#40;44&#44;4&#37; vs 8&#44;9&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;000&#41;&#44; extubaci&#243;n en VAD &#40;17&#44;8&#37; vs&#46; 1&#44;8&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41; y realizaci&#243;n de traqueostom&#237;a percut&#225;nea &#40;51&#44;1&#37; vs&#46; 28&#44;6&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#46; Tambi&#233;n result&#243; significativa la relaci&#243;n entre la presencia de experto y la disponibilidad de videolaringoscopio &#40;66&#44;7&#37; vs&#46; 42&#44;8&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#44; fibrobroncoscopio &#40;46&#44;6&#37; vs&#46; 21&#44;4&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41; y set de cricotiroidotom&#237;a &#40;84&#44;4&#37; vs&#46; 66&#44;1&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41;&#44; as&#237; como en las UCI que tienen identificado un experto en VAD relacionado con la formaci&#243;n en intubaci&#243;n &#40;60&#37; vs&#46; 39&#44;3&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41; y la formaci&#243;n en VAD &#40;64&#44;4&#37; vs&#46; 44&#44;6&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por &#250;ltimo&#44; no encontramos ninguna diferencia con significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica al relacionar las preguntas incluidas en la encuesta respecto a si la UCI cuenta con acreditaci&#243;n para la formaci&#243;n de especialistas en medicina intensiva&#46; Cien de los 101 participantes &#40;99&#37;&#41; respondieron que creen necesario disponer de una gu&#237;a cl&#237;nica espec&#237;fica de manejo de la VAD en cuidados intensivos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esta es la primera encuesta nacional disponible sobre el manejo de la VA&#44; y espec&#237;ficamente de la VAD&#44; en las UCI espa&#241;olas&#46; Sus resultados ponen de manifiesto que existe gran heterogeneidad en el abordaje de la VAD&#44; destacando que solo aproximadamente el 50&#37; de la UCI tienen protocolos escritos de manejo de la VA o se identifica un experto&#47;l&#237;der en manejo de VA&#44; cuya existencia se asocia a una mejor formaci&#243;n y dotaci&#243;n para el manejo de la VAD&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Algunos estudios han concluido que implementar un protocolo de intubaci&#243;n en UCI puede reducir las complicaciones graves inmediatas relacionadas con el procedimiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; Esta reducci&#243;n no solo afecta a las relativas al manejo de la VA&#44; sino tambi&#233;n a alteraciones hemodin&#225;micas o neurol&#243;gicas que son comunes en el paciente cr&#237;tico durante el procedimiento&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; seg&#250;n nuestros datos&#44; la existencia de un protocolo espec&#237;fico de manejo de VAD est&#225; disponible en un n&#250;mero reducido de las UCI que respondieron&#44; como ocurre en otros pa&#237;ses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14-16</span></a>&#46; Se ha postulado como una de las estrategias necesarias para mejorar las tasas de &#233;xito en las intubaciones de riesgo y disminuir las complicaciones asociadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Otros protocolos&#44; tales como el de extubaci&#243;n en paciente de VAD o el de desplazamiento de la traqueostom&#237;a&#44; tambi&#233;n recomendados por los documentos de expertos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#44; est&#225;n disponibles en un n&#250;mero muy reducido de UCI&#46; Llamativamente&#44; lo m&#225;s frecuente en las UCI que participaron es disponer de protocolos para traqueostom&#237;a percut&#225;nea&#44; t&#233;cnica que por lo general se realiza de forma programada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tener identificados aquellos pacientes con posible VAD es una estrategia que posibilita un mejor abordaje de la VA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; seg&#250;n nuestros datos&#44; en casi la mitad de las ocasiones no queda registrada en la historia cl&#237;nica del paciente la evaluaci&#243;n de la VA&#44; omiti&#233;ndose de esta manera informaci&#243;n potencialmente valiosa en situaciones de emergencia o en futuros ingresos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; El uso de una &#250;nica escala de valoraci&#243;n tiene baja sensibilidad&#44; baja especificidad y bajo valor predictivo positivo&#44; aumentando cuando se utilizan varias asociadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Como ocurre en otras encuestas&#44; los predictores m&#225;s utilizados son la combinaci&#243;n Mallampati-Cormack&#44; seguida por el uso de Cormack en solitario&#44; lo que implica que en la mayor&#237;a de los supuestos se trata de pacientes que se han sometido a una laringoscopia directa en alguna ocasi&#243;n &#40;p&#46;ej&#46;&#44; posquir&#250;rgicos&#41;&#46; El uso de predictores simples combinados &#40;distancia tiromentoniana&#44; apertura bucal&#8230;&#41; realizados a pie de cama es escaso&#44; a pesar de su potencial rentabilidad y facilidad de realizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;Las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica y documentos de expertos recomiendan que todas las UCI deben disponer de un &#171;carro de intubaci&#243;n dif&#237;cil&#187;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;22</span></a>&#46; Este carro est&#225; disponible en el 82&#37; de las UCI que contestaron la encuesta&#44; aunque esta cifra es sensiblemente inferior a lo encontrado en otras encuestas realizadas en nuestro entorno&#44; que se sit&#250;a en torno al 95&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la composici&#243;n de los mismos es muy heterog&#233;nea&#44; y 3 de cada 4 UCI poseen set de cricotiroidotom&#237;a&#44; mascarilla lar&#237;ngea o mascarilla lar&#237;ngea para intubaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; Una reciente encuesta en el Reino Unido concluye que solo el 50&#37; de las UCI disponen de videolaringoscopio&#44; una cifra muy similar a la que hemos encontrado nosotros<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; Por el contrario&#44; en una encuesta llevada a cabo en Francia en 2013 fue a&#250;n menor&#44; situ&#225;ndose en el 24&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Es cada vez m&#225;s frecuente que&#44; bas&#225;ndose en la evidencia disponible&#44; el uso del videolaringoscopio se incluya en las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica para el manejo de la VAD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;26</span></a>&#46; Esto contrasta con que&#44; al igual que ocurre en el Reino Unido&#44; solo la mitad de las UCI espa&#241;olas que han participado en esta encuesta disponen del mismo&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La identificaci&#243;n en la UCI de un l&#237;der&#47;experto en VA mejora sensiblemente los recursos disponibles para afrontar una VAD&#44; as&#237; como la formaci&#243;n&#46; Este hecho nos parece de gran relevancia por la traducci&#243;n que puede tener en mejor manejo de las situaciones de VAD y en un menor n&#250;mero de complicaciones&#46; Pensamos que&#44; al igual que en otros &#225;mbitos de la atenci&#243;n al paciente cr&#237;tico se recomienda identificar en cada UCI al menos un referente que lidere los aspectos asistenciales concretos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; nuestros datos confirman que tambi&#233;n para el manejo de la VA y la VAD debe existir un l&#237;der&#47;experto en cada unidad&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto a la formaci&#243;n para el manejo de la VA y la VAD&#44; solo existe en la mitad de las UCI&#44; y mayoritariamente es externa&#46; Este entrenamiento debe ser realizado tanto por los especialistas como por los m&#233;dicos en formaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Solo una de cada cinco UCI que respondieron a nuestro cuestionario poseen maniqu&#237;es de simulaci&#243;n de VAD&#44; aunque se sabe que la formaci&#243;n con maniqu&#237;es y simuladores es una herramientas did&#225;ctica &#250;til para el aprendizaje y la mejora de las habilidades en intubaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La posibilidad de encontrar una intubaci&#243;n complicada es mayor en cuidados intensivos que en otros &#225;mbitos de la asistencia sanitaria&#46; A pesar de ello&#44; hasta el momento las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica de las que se dispone en este campo est&#225;n realizadas por profesionales de anestesiolog&#237;a y est&#225;n focalizadas en el entorno intraoperatorio&#44; incluyendo en algunas ocasiones directrices para el manejo de la VA en UCI o en el ambiente extrahospitalario<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;22&#44;29&#44;30-32</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; existen grandes diferencias en cuanto al paciente que va a ser sometido a una intervenci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica con respecto al paciente cr&#237;tico&#44; que generalmente es intubado debido a un fallo preexistente en la oxigenaci&#243;n&#47;ventilaci&#243;n y en condiciones de inestabilidad hemodin&#225;mica&#46; Hay que destacar que todos los participantes excepto uno respondieron que creen necesario disponer de una gu&#237;a cl&#237;nica espec&#237;fica de manejo de la VAD en cuidados intensivos&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reconocemos que nuestro estudio tiene algunas limitaciones&#46; Primero&#44; la tasa de respuesta fue aproximadamente del 55&#37;&#44; pudiendo motivar que la informaci&#243;n recogida no refleje realmente lo que ocurre en las UCI espa&#241;olas&#46; Sin embargo&#44; nos parece importante resaltar que entre las UCI que respondieron se encuentran la mayor&#237;a de grandes hospitales p&#250;blicos de Espa&#241;a&#44; suponiendo un elevado n&#250;mero de camas de UCI y un alto volumen de ingresos anuales en UCI&#46; Segundo&#44; como toda encuesta que se realiza&#44; la informaci&#243;n se obtiene a trav&#233;s de las respuestas de los encuestados&#44; por lo que cabe la posibilidad de que la informaci&#243;n obtenida no siempre refleje la realidad&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; es posible que hayan participado los profesionales m&#225;s interesados en el tema&#44; lo que ocasionar&#237;a tambi&#233;n un sesgo en los resultados&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En resumen&#44; los datos de nuestra encuesta ponen claramente de manifiesto que existe un amplio margen de mejora en aspectos organizativos y docentes para optimizar el manejo de la VAD en las UCI espa&#241;olas&#46; Cada UCI debe identificar un l&#237;der&#47;experto en manejo de VA y VAD&#44; pues su existencia se asocia a una mejora de aspectos organizativos&#44; docentes y de dotaci&#243;n instrumental para abordaje de la VAD&#46; Los resultados de esta encuesta deben ser el primer paso hacia la realizaci&#243;n de una gu&#237;a cl&#237;nica espec&#237;fica de manejo de la VAD en cuidados intensivos auspiciada por la SEMICYUC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Autor&#237;a</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">I&#46;M&#46;R&#46; y J&#46;G&#46;M&#46; contribuyeron en la concepci&#243;n de la idea del presente estudio&#46; I&#46;M&#46;R&#46;&#44; J&#46;G&#46;M&#46;&#44; M&#46;G&#46;G&#46;P&#46;&#44; M&#46;R&#46;M y J&#46;R&#46;J&#46;V&#46; participaron en el dise&#241;o y la adquisici&#243;n de los datos&#46; La interpretaci&#243;n de los mismos y el an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico fueron realizados por M&#46;G&#46;G&#46;P&#46;&#44; J&#46;G&#46;M&#46; y M&#46;R&#46;M&#46;C&#46;&#59; adem&#225;s de la redacci&#243;n del manuscrito original&#44; J&#46;R&#46;J&#46;V&#46; hizo contribuciones al material suplementario&#46; J&#46;G&#46;M&#46;&#44; I&#46;M&#46;R&#46; y M&#46;G&#46;G&#46;P&#46; realizaron una revisi&#243;n cr&#237;tica de su contenido intelectual&#46; Todos los autores leyeron y dieron la aprobaci&#243;n a la versi&#243;n final del manuscrito&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conocer la organizaci&#243;n&#44; el manejo y la formaci&#243;n en v&#237;a a&#233;rea &#40;VA&#41; en las unidades de cuidados intensivos &#40;UCI&#41; espa&#241;olas&#44; con especial inter&#233;s en la v&#237;a a&#233;rea dif&#237;cil &#40;VAD&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal descriptivo y suban&#225;lisis con &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; elaborado mediante una encuesta nacional realizada del 1 de noviembre al 15 de diciembre de 2016&#46; Con el aval de la SEMICYUC&#44; se envi&#243; a 179 UCI un cuestionario online con 27 apartados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">&#193;mbito</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">UCI de hospitales p&#250;blicos&#44; privados y consorcios&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Responden 101 UCI &#40;56&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#44; que suponen 1&#46;827 camas y casi 95&#46;000 ingresos&#47;a&#241;o&#46; El 85&#44;1&#37; son hospitales p&#250;blicos&#44; y el 83&#44;2&#37;&#44; con residentes&#46; El 22&#44;8&#37; no utilizan rutinariamente escalas de valoraci&#243;n de VA&#44; siendo la m&#225;s frecuente la asociaci&#243;n Cormack-Mallampati &#40;35&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#46; El 77&#44;2&#37; no tienen protocolo de intubaci&#243;n &#40;IOT&#41;&#44; ni el 75&#44;2&#37; protocolo de VAD&#46; El 82&#44;2&#37; tienen carro de VAD&#46; El 48&#44;5&#37; refieren formaci&#243;n en IOT&#44; y el 53&#44;5&#37;&#44; en VAD&#46; Identificar a un experto en VAD se asocia significativamente con mayor formaci&#243;n en IOT &#40;60&#37; vs&#46; 39&#44;3&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41;&#44; VAD &#40;64&#44;4&#37; vs&#46; 44&#44;6&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41; y m&#225;s protocolos de VA &#40;73&#44;4&#37; vs&#46; 37&#44;5&#37;&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;000&#41;&#46; El 99&#37; estima necesario disponer de una gu&#237;a espec&#237;fica de manejo de VAD en UCI&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Existe un amplio margen de mejora para el manejo de la VA&#46; Es necesario identificar un experto en VAD en cada unidad y elaborar una gu&#237;a espec&#237;fica de manejo de VAD en el paciente cr&#237;tico&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Objective</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To know organization&#44; management and training in airway &#40;AW&#41; in Spanish Intensive Care Units &#40;ICUs&#41;&#44; with special interest in difficult airway &#40;DAW&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Design</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive cross-sectional study and &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> subanalysis&#44; conducted through a national survey from november 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>th to december 15th&#44; 2016&#46; With the SEMICYUC&#39;s support&#44; an online questionnaire of 27 items was sent to 179 ICUs&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Setting</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ICUs of public&#44; private centers&#44; and consortia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In total&#44; 101 units responded &#40;56&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; corresponding to 1&#44;827 beds and almost 95&#44;000 incomes&#47;year&#46; The 85&#46;1&#37; are public hospitals&#44; and 83&#46;2&#37; had residents&#46; Of the responders&#44; 22&#46;8&#37; don&#8217;t use routinely AW assessment scales&#44; being the most frequently used the Cormack-Mallampati association &#40;35&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; There&#39;s not intubation &#40;IOT&#41; protocol in 77&#46;2&#37;&#44; nor DAW protocol in 75&#46;2&#37;&#46; An 82&#46;2&#37; have a DAW cart&#46; The 48&#46;5&#37; have training in IOT&#44; and in VAD 53&#46;5&#37;&#46; Having a DAW expert is significantly associated with greater training in IOT &#40;60&#37; vs&#46; 39&#46;3&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;03&#41;&#44; DAW &#40;64&#46;4&#37; vs&#46; 44&#46;6&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;04&#41;&#44; and more AW protocols &#40;73&#46;4&#37; vs&#46; 37&#46;5&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;000&#41;&#46; Having an specific guideline for DAW management in UCI is considered necessary in 99&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is room for improvement in AW management&#46; It&#39;s necessary to identify an expert in DAW in each Unit&#44; and the development of an specific guideline for DAW management in critical care&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tipo de hospital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">P&#250;blico&#58; 86 &#40;85&#44;1&#37;&#41;<br>Privado&#58; 11 &#40;10&#44;9&#37;&#41;<br>Consorcio&#58; 4 &#40;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hospital Universitario&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Formaci&#243;n de Residentes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tipo de UCI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Camas por hospital &#40;mediana&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">424 &#40;240-770&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Camas en UCI &#40;mediana&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">M&#233;dicos por guardia de UCI &#40;excluyendo MIR&#41; &#40;mediana&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas de las UCI participantes</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#250;mero de camas en UCI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21 &#40;<br>N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Identificaci&#243;n de un experto en VAD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;35&#44;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;40&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;56&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45 &#40;44&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Registro en la historia cl&#237;nica de la evaluaci&#243;n de la VA</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;58&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;43&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22 &#40;59&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55 &#40;54&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escalas de valoraci&#243;n utilizadas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ninguna&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;23&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;30&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;16&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;22&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mallampati &#43; Cormack&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;29&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;26&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;48&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36 &#40;35&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cormack-Lehane&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;29&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;23&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;16&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;22&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mallampati-Samsoon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cormack y otra escala&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;8&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mallampati y otra escala&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#225;s de dos escalas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;11&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;5&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;8&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Protocolos escritos para el manejo de la VA</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intubaci&#243;n orotraqueal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;23&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;32&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;22&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Manejo v&#237;a a&#233;rea dif&#237;cil&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;26&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;26&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;21&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 &#40;24&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extubaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;26&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;24&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;17&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Traqueostom&#237;a percut&#225;nea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;35&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12 &#40;32&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">39 &#40;38&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Autoextubaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extubaci&#243;n en VAD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;5&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;10&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;8&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">An&#225;lisis de las complicaciones e incidentes relacionados con la intubaci&#243;n&#47;extubaci&#243;n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 &#40;70&#44;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;45&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44 &#40;44&#44;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disponibilidad de carro de VAD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29 &#40;85&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;76&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31 &#40;83&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">83 &#40;82&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comprobaciones peri&#243;dicas del carro de VAD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29 &#40;85&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;76&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;81&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">82 &#40;81&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Contenido del carro de VAD</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Laringoscopios&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30 &#40;88&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;70&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31 &#40;83&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">82 &#40;81&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tubos endotraqueales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29 &#40;85&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;70&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31 &#40;83&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81 &#40;80&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mascarilla lar&#237;ngea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27 &#40;79&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22 &#40;73&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;70&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75 &#40;74&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mascarilla lar&#237;ngea de intubaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 &#40;70&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;70&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29 &#40;78&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">74 &#40;73&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Videolaringoscopio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;47&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23 &#40;62&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;53&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gu&#237;a de Eschmann&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 &#40;70&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;43&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 &#40;64&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61 &#40;60&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fibrobroncoscopio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;11&#44;8&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;43&#44;3&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;43&#44;2&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33 &#40;32&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Set de cricotiroidotom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28 &#40;82&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;70&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;70&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75 &#40;74&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Identificaci&#243;n de experto en VAD<br>n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No identificaci&#243;n de un experto en VAD<br>n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Registro en la historia cl&#237;nica de la evaluaci&#243;n de la VA</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27 &#40;48&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escalas de valoraci&#243;n utilizadas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ninguna&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;32&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mallampati &#43; Cormack&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19 &#40;42&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;30&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cormack-Lehane&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;22&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;23&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mallampati-Samsoon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;5&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cormack y otra escala&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;8&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mallampati y otra escala&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#225;s de dos escalas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;7&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Otras&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Protocolos escritos para el manejo de la VA</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intubaci&#243;n orotraqueal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;33&#44;3&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;14&#44;3&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Manejo v&#237;a a&#233;rea dif&#237;cil&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;44&#44;4&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;8&#44;9&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extubaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 02105691
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