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asoci&#225;ndose a una mayor mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Durante la sepsis se produce una respuesta inflamatoria que provoca por diferentes mecanismos y a trav&#233;s de mediadores inflamatorios&#44; disfunci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> manifestada como disfunci&#243;n sist&#243;lica o diast&#243;lica&#44; deterioro del gasto cardiaco&#44; aporte inadecuado de ox&#237;geno y da&#241;o celular mioc&#225;rdico primario<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Debido a esto&#44; la elevaci&#243;n plasm&#225;tica de Tnc-I en la sepsis puede estar relacionada con la aparici&#243;n de dicha disfunci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica&#44; y ser un marcador de la misma&#44; asoci&#225;ndose a una mayor mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Presentamos un estudio de cohortes prospectivo observacional&#44; sobre la aparici&#243;n de eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes cr&#237;ticos en ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica con procesos agudos no coronarios&#44; realizado entre el 1 de febrero del 2012 y el 15 de marzo del 2014&#46; Durante este periodo ingresaron 1&#46;713 pacientes en la unidad de cuidados intensivos&#44; descart&#225;ndose 879 por enfermedad coronaria&#44; 294 por no precisar ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica y 36 por estancia menor de un d&#237;a&#46; Se perdieron durante el seguimiento 194 pacientes&#44; siendo el tama&#241;o muestral de 310 pacientes&#46; Se recogieron diversas variables&#44; datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; antecedentes personales&#44; &#237;ndice de gravedad mediante SAPS 3 y SOFA&#44; aparici&#243;n de eventos cardiovasculares &#40;arritmias&#44; cambios de la repolarizaci&#243;n en el ECG en la monitorizaci&#243;n continua&#44; elevaci&#243;n de Tnc-I&#44; estancia hospitalaria y en UCI&#44; mortalidad hospitalaria y al a&#241;o&#46; Dichas variables se registraron desde la instauraci&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; hasta un m&#225;ximo de 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h despu&#233;s de la misma&#46; El estudio recibi&#243; la aprobaci&#243;n del comit&#233; &#233;tico de investigaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#44; siendo eximido de la obtenci&#243;n de consentimiento informado por escrito&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para la comparaci&#243;n de variables categ&#243;ricas se utilizaron los test &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> y test exacto de Fisher&#46; Para la de variables continuas la t de Student o el test de Mann-Whitney&#44; seg&#250;n su distribuci&#243;n normal o no&#46; La comparaci&#243;n entre 3 o m&#225;s grupos de variables se realiz&#243; con el test ANOVA o el test de Kruskal-Wallis&#46; As&#237; mismo&#44; se desarroll&#243; un modelo multivariante&#44; de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica para evaluar la aparici&#243;n de eventos cardiovasculares precoces como variable independiente asociada a la mortalidad hospitalaria&#46; Finalmente&#44; se llev&#243; a cabo un an&#225;lisis de supervivencia al a&#241;o&#44; mediante el test de Kaplan-Meyer&#46; Como significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica se estableci&#243; un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De los 310 pacientes cr&#237;ticos en ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica analizados&#44; 197 &#40;63&#44;5&#37;&#41; fueron varones&#44; y la edad media fue de 66&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;3 a&#241;os&#46; Los antecedentes que presentaban fueron&#44; hipertensi&#243;n &#40;52&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; diabetes &#40;27&#44;4&#37;&#41; y obesidad &#40;24&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; SAPS 3 61&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;7 y SOFA 7&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;4&#46; El 55&#44;2&#37; presentaban enfermedades de tipo m&#233;dico y los diagn&#243;sticos principales al ingreso m&#225;s frecuentes fueron sepsis y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shock</span> s&#233;ptico &#40;33&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#44; seguido de enfermedad quir&#250;rgica no cardiaca &#40;20&#44;3&#37;&#41; y enfermedad respiratoria &#40;20&#37;&#41;&#46; La estancia hospitalaria fue de 27&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#44;0 en UCI 13&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;0 d&#237;as&#44; la duraci&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica 10&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#44;4 d&#237;as&#46; La mortalidad hospitalaria del 31&#44;3&#37; y al a&#241;o del 44&#44;8&#37;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se comparan las distintas variables con relaci&#243;n a la mortalidad hospitalaria&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 83&#44;9&#37; &#40;260 pacientes&#41; presentaron alg&#250;n evento cardiovascular precoz&#44; al ingreso &#40;69&#37;&#41; y en el primer d&#237;a de ingreso &#40;70&#44;6&#37;&#41; fundamentalmente&#46; El evento m&#225;s frecuente fue la aparici&#243;n de arritmias &#40;56&#44;1&#37;&#41; seguido de la elevaci&#243;n de Tnc-I &#40;42&#44;3&#37;&#41; y cambios de la repolarizaci&#243;n &#40;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Los pacientes con alg&#250;n evento cardiovascular eran pacientes de mayor edad &#40;67&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;2 vs&#46; 61&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;008&#41; y mayor &#237;ndice de gravedad SAPS 3 &#40;62&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;4 vs&#46; 55&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;6&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;002&#41;&#46; Las variables analizadas relacionadas a la mortalidad hospitalaria se presentan en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mortalidad al alta hospitalaria fue mayor en los pacientes con alg&#250;n evento cardiovascular &#40;35&#44;8 vs&#46; 8&#44;2&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;007&#41;&#46; Los resultados obtenidos del an&#225;lisis multivariante mostraron que la aparici&#243;n de cualquiera de los eventos cardiovasculares analizados se asociaba a una mayor mortalidad al alta hospitalaria &#40;OR&#58; 2&#44;61&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;124-6&#44;096&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;026&#41;&#46; Finalmente&#44; en el an&#225;lisis de supervivencia se observ&#243; una diferencia estad&#237;sticamente significativa en la evoluci&#243;n con una mayor mortalidad al a&#241;o en los pacientes que mostraron eventos cardiovasculares &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;013&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dado que los pacientes incluidos en el estudio fueron de edad avanzada&#44; con un porcentaje destacado de factores de riesgo cardiovascular&#44; &#237;ndices de gravedad elevados y cuyo diagn&#243;stico principal m&#225;s frecuente fue sepsis y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shock</span> s&#233;ptico&#44; orienta a que estas caracter&#237;sticas conllevan una mayor probabilidad de desarrollar eventos cardiovasculares&#44; as&#237; como disfunci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica asociada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Creemos conveniente destacar que un alto porcentaje de ellos mostraban una elevaci&#243;n de troponina-I &#40;TnI&#41;&#44; que coincide con lo descrito en distintos estudios que muestran un aumento de la mortalidad asociada a eventos cardiovasculares&#44; y m&#225;s en concreto a dicha elevaci&#243;n de TnI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;10</span></a> Por otro lado&#44; los hallazgos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos confirman la alteraci&#243;n de la funci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica asociada&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por lo tanto&#44; los resultados de nuestro estudio confirman que la aparici&#243;n de eventos cardiovasculares&#44; aparece en un porcentaje elevado de pacientes cr&#237;ticos&#46; Por ello&#44; consideramos que el control ecocardiogr&#225;fico rutinario y la determinaci&#243;n de los niveles de Tnc-I en las primeras fases de su proceso deber&#237;an ser utilizados de forma sistem&#225;tica en la pr&#225;ctica habitual para valorar las alteraciones cardiacas que pueden repercutir en una mayor mortalidad&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No parece claro&#44; sin embargo&#44; si el riesgo asociado a la aparici&#243;n de estos eventos puede realmente ser paliado o refleja simplemente la mayor gravedad de los enfermos&#46; Se pueden proponer algunas medidas preventivas por un lado&#44; como la determinaci&#243;n previa de Tnc-I en pacientes quir&#250;rgicos de alto riesgo&#44; o terap&#233;uticas por otro&#44; como iniciar o ajustar dosis de antiagregantes&#44; estatinas&#44; IECA o betabloqueantes&#44; si es posible&#46; Finalmente&#44; no ser&#237;a sino a trav&#233;s de nuevos estudios cuando se podr&#237;a confirmar o no la utilidad de estas medidas&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Variables analizadas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Evoluci&#243;n al alta hospitalaria</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Valor de p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Exitus n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Supervivientes n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>213&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad &#40;a&#241;os&#41;&#44; &#40;media</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DE&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">70&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SAPS3 al ingreso&#44; &#40;media</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DE&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estancia en la UCI &#40;d&#237;as&#41;&#44; &#40;media</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DE&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">56&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Factores de riesgo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes mellitus&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31 &#40;32&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;25&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;270&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tabaquismo&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas generales de los pacientes estudiados&#44; con relaci&#243;n a su evoluci&#243;n al alta hospitalaria</p>"
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Carta Científica
Repercusión clínica de la aparición de eventos cardiovasculares precoces en pacientes críticos en ventilación mecánica
Clinical repercussion of early cardiovascular events appearance in critically ill patients in mechanical ventilation
M. Ortega-Sáeza, J.B. López-Messaa,
Autor para correspondencia
jlopezme@saludcastillayleon.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, B. Román-Garcíaa, F.J. Manuel-Merinoa, J. Andrés-de-Llanob, S. Moradillo-Gonzáleza
a Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, Palencia, España
b Unidad de Investigación, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, Palencia, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes cr&#237;ticos sometidos a ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica por diversas enfermedades pueden presentar a lo largo de su ingreso alteraciones cardiacas&#44; dando lugar a distintos eventos cardiovasculares&#44; que aun sin repercusi&#243;n sintom&#225;tica pueden manifestarse de diversas formas&#58; elevaci&#243;n de marcadores cardiacos como troponina cardiaca-I &#40;Tnc-I&#41;&#44; alteraciones electrocardiogr&#225;ficas de la repolarizaci&#243;n y arritmias&#46; La presencia de alguna de ellas implica un aumento de la morbimortalidad que distintos estudios han reflejado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El paciente cr&#237;tico con <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shock</span> s&#233;ptico puede presentar con mayor frecuencia estos eventos&#44; asoci&#225;ndose a una mayor mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Durante la sepsis se produce una respuesta inflamatoria que provoca por diferentes mecanismos y a trav&#233;s de mediadores inflamatorios&#44; disfunci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> manifestada como disfunci&#243;n sist&#243;lica o diast&#243;lica&#44; deterioro del gasto cardiaco&#44; aporte inadecuado de ox&#237;geno y da&#241;o celular mioc&#225;rdico primario<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Debido a esto&#44; la elevaci&#243;n plasm&#225;tica de Tnc-I en la sepsis puede estar relacionada con la aparici&#243;n de dicha disfunci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica&#44; y ser un marcador de la misma&#44; asoci&#225;ndose a una mayor mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Presentamos un estudio de cohortes prospectivo observacional&#44; sobre la aparici&#243;n de eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes cr&#237;ticos en ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica con procesos agudos no coronarios&#44; realizado entre el 1 de febrero del 2012 y el 15 de marzo del 2014&#46; Durante este periodo ingresaron 1&#46;713 pacientes en la unidad de cuidados intensivos&#44; descart&#225;ndose 879 por enfermedad coronaria&#44; 294 por no precisar ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica y 36 por estancia menor de un d&#237;a&#46; Se perdieron durante el seguimiento 194 pacientes&#44; siendo el tama&#241;o muestral de 310 pacientes&#46; Se recogieron diversas variables&#44; datos demogr&#225;ficos&#44; antecedentes personales&#44; &#237;ndice de gravedad mediante SAPS 3 y SOFA&#44; aparici&#243;n de eventos cardiovasculares &#40;arritmias&#44; cambios de la repolarizaci&#243;n en el ECG en la monitorizaci&#243;n continua&#44; elevaci&#243;n de Tnc-I&#44; estancia hospitalaria y en UCI&#44; mortalidad hospitalaria y al a&#241;o&#46; Dichas variables se registraron desde la instauraci&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; hasta un m&#225;ximo de 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h despu&#233;s de la misma&#46; El estudio recibi&#243; la aprobaci&#243;n del comit&#233; &#233;tico de investigaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#44; siendo eximido de la obtenci&#243;n de consentimiento informado por escrito&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para la comparaci&#243;n de variables categ&#243;ricas se utilizaron los test &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> y test exacto de Fisher&#46; Para la de variables continuas la t de Student o el test de Mann-Whitney&#44; seg&#250;n su distribuci&#243;n normal o no&#46; La comparaci&#243;n entre 3 o m&#225;s grupos de variables se realiz&#243; con el test ANOVA o el test de Kruskal-Wallis&#46; As&#237; mismo&#44; se desarroll&#243; un modelo multivariante&#44; de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica para evaluar la aparici&#243;n de eventos cardiovasculares precoces como variable independiente asociada a la mortalidad hospitalaria&#46; Finalmente&#44; se llev&#243; a cabo un an&#225;lisis de supervivencia al a&#241;o&#44; mediante el test de Kaplan-Meyer&#46; Como significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica se estableci&#243; un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De los 310 pacientes cr&#237;ticos en ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica analizados&#44; 197 &#40;63&#44;5&#37;&#41; fueron varones&#44; y la edad media fue de 66&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;3 a&#241;os&#46; Los antecedentes que presentaban fueron&#44; hipertensi&#243;n &#40;52&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; diabetes &#40;27&#44;4&#37;&#41; y obesidad &#40;24&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; SAPS 3 61&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;7 y SOFA 7&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;4&#46; El 55&#44;2&#37; presentaban enfermedades de tipo m&#233;dico y los diagn&#243;sticos principales al ingreso m&#225;s frecuentes fueron sepsis y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shock</span> s&#233;ptico &#40;33&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#44; seguido de enfermedad quir&#250;rgica no cardiaca &#40;20&#44;3&#37;&#41; y enfermedad respiratoria &#40;20&#37;&#41;&#46; La estancia hospitalaria fue de 27&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#44;0 en UCI 13&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;0 d&#237;as&#44; la duraci&#243;n de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica 10&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#44;4 d&#237;as&#46; La mortalidad hospitalaria del 31&#44;3&#37; y al a&#241;o del 44&#44;8&#37;&#46; En la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> se comparan las distintas variables con relaci&#243;n a la mortalidad hospitalaria&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 83&#44;9&#37; &#40;260 pacientes&#41; presentaron alg&#250;n evento cardiovascular precoz&#44; al ingreso &#40;69&#37;&#41; y en el primer d&#237;a de ingreso &#40;70&#44;6&#37;&#41; fundamentalmente&#46; El evento m&#225;s frecuente fue la aparici&#243;n de arritmias &#40;56&#44;1&#37;&#41; seguido de la elevaci&#243;n de Tnc-I &#40;42&#44;3&#37;&#41; y cambios de la repolarizaci&#243;n &#40;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Los pacientes con alg&#250;n evento cardiovascular eran pacientes de mayor edad &#40;67&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;2 vs&#46; 61&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;008&#41; y mayor &#237;ndice de gravedad SAPS 3 &#40;62&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;4 vs&#46; 55&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;6&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;002&#41;&#46; Las variables analizadas relacionadas a la mortalidad hospitalaria se presentan en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mortalidad al alta hospitalaria fue mayor en los pacientes con alg&#250;n evento cardiovascular &#40;35&#44;8 vs&#46; 8&#44;2&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;007&#41;&#46; Los resultados obtenidos del an&#225;lisis multivariante mostraron que la aparici&#243;n de cualquiera de los eventos cardiovasculares analizados se asociaba a una mayor mortalidad al alta hospitalaria &#40;OR&#58; 2&#44;61&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;124-6&#44;096&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;026&#41;&#46; Finalmente&#44; en el an&#225;lisis de supervivencia se observ&#243; una diferencia estad&#237;sticamente significativa en la evoluci&#243;n con una mayor mortalidad al a&#241;o en los pacientes que mostraron eventos cardiovasculares &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;013&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dado que los pacientes incluidos en el estudio fueron de edad avanzada&#44; con un porcentaje destacado de factores de riesgo cardiovascular&#44; &#237;ndices de gravedad elevados y cuyo diagn&#243;stico principal m&#225;s frecuente fue sepsis y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">shock</span> s&#233;ptico&#44; orienta a que estas caracter&#237;sticas conllevan una mayor probabilidad de desarrollar eventos cardiovasculares&#44; as&#237; como disfunci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica asociada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Creemos conveniente destacar que un alto porcentaje de ellos mostraban una elevaci&#243;n de troponina-I &#40;TnI&#41;&#44; que coincide con lo descrito en distintos estudios que muestran un aumento de la mortalidad asociada a eventos cardiovasculares&#44; y m&#225;s en concreto a dicha elevaci&#243;n de TnI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;10</span></a> Por otro lado&#44; los hallazgos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos confirman la alteraci&#243;n de la funci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica asociada&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por lo tanto&#44; los resultados de nuestro estudio confirman que la aparici&#243;n de eventos cardiovasculares&#44; aparece en un porcentaje elevado de pacientes cr&#237;ticos&#46; Por ello&#44; consideramos que el control ecocardiogr&#225;fico rutinario y la determinaci&#243;n de los niveles de Tnc-I en las primeras fases de su proceso deber&#237;an ser utilizados de forma sistem&#225;tica en la pr&#225;ctica habitual para valorar las alteraciones cardiacas que pueden repercutir en una mayor mortalidad&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No parece claro&#44; sin embargo&#44; si el riesgo asociado a la aparici&#243;n de estos eventos puede realmente ser paliado o refleja simplemente la mayor gravedad de los enfermos&#46; Se pueden proponer algunas medidas preventivas por un lado&#44; como la determinaci&#243;n previa de Tnc-I en pacientes quir&#250;rgicos de alto riesgo&#44; o terap&#233;uticas por otro&#44; como iniciar o ajustar dosis de antiagregantes&#44; estatinas&#44; IECA o betabloqueantes&#44; si es posible&#46; Finalmente&#44; no ser&#237;a sino a trav&#233;s de nuevos estudios cuando se podr&#237;a confirmar o no la utilidad de estas medidas&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo&#44; &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mujer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;093&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Var&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">56&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">66&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Factores de riesgo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60 &#40;61&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104 &#40;48&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;037&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31 &#40;32&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;25&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;270&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;18&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">56 &#40;26&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;195&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">53 &#40;24&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46 &#40;21&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;172&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28 &#40;28&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">76 &#40;35&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;247&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Insuficiencia respiratoria&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;18&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44 &#40;20&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44 &#40;20&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32 &#40;33&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">49 &#40;23&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60 &#40;61&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">111 &#40;52&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">93 &#40;43&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;4&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19 &#40;9&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">71 &#40;35&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 &#40;21&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;039&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">51 &#40;23&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">89 &#40;91&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas generales de los pacientes estudiados&#44; con relaci&#243;n a su evoluci&#243;n al alta hospitalaria</p>"
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