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Review article
Available online 12 August 2025
Advances in extracorporeal liver support for acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure
Avances en el soporte hepático extracorpóreo en la insuficiencia hepática aguda y aguda sobre crónica
David Toapanta-Gaibora,
, Jesús Sánchez-Ballesterosb, María González-Fernándezc, María Jesús Broch-Porcard
a Liver Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Spain
b Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Río Hortega University Hospital, Valladolid, Spain
c Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
d Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
Received 02 April 2025. Accepted 09 July 2025
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Table 1. Comparative overview of extracorporeal liver support modalities in acute-on-chronic liver failure.
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Table 2. Clinical indications and recommended extracorporeal liver support therapies in ALF and ACLF.
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Abstract

Liver failure, either acute (ALF) or acute-on-chronic (ACLF), is characterized by hepatocellular dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and multiorgan failure, leading to high mortality without liver transplantation (LT). However, LT is limited by organ shortages and medical contraindications, necessitating alternative therapeutic strategies.

Biological liver support systems, incorporate functional hepatocytes to partially restore hepatic metabolic functions, though clinical trials have not demonstrated a survival benefit. Artificial systems, such as albumin dialysis (MARS, Prometheus), facilitate toxin removal, though evidence remains limited.

Continuous renal replacement therapy, while not specific for liver failure, is essential in patients with severe hyperammonemia or acute kidney injury, aiding in ammonia clearance and fluid balance control.

Plasma exchange (PE) has promising detoxification and immunomodulatory effects, improving survival in ALF. In ACLF, PE may reduce systemic inflammation, though evidence remains limited.

Further studies are needed to optimize ECLS therapies, refine patient selection, and establish their role in ALF and ACLF management.

Keywords:
Acute liver failure
Acute-on-chronic liver failure
Extracorporeal liver support
Molecular adsorbent recirculating system
Continuous renal replacement therapy
Plasma exchange
Resumen

La insuficiencia hepática, ya sea aguda (IHA) o aguda sobre crónica (ACLF), se caracteriza por disfunción hepatocelular, inflamación sistémica y fallo multiorgánico, con una alta mortalidad en ausencia de trasplante hepático (TH). Sin embargo, el TH está limitado por la escasez de órganos y contraindicaciones médicas, lo que ha motivado el desarrollo de terapias de soporte extracorpóreo. Los sistemas de soporte hepático biológico, diseñados para restaurar funciones metabólicas mediante hepatocitos funcionales, no se utilizan actualmente en la práctica clínica. Entre los sistemas artificiales, técnicas como MARS y Prometheus permiten la eliminación de toxinas unidas a albúmina, aunque su uso ha disminuido y no han demostrado beneficio en la supervivencia. La terapia de reemplazo renal continua es útil en pacientes con hiperamoniemia o lesión renal aguda. El intercambio plasmático ha demostrado beneficios en la IHA y podría tener un rol en el ACLF. Se requieren estudios para definir su papel clínico.

Palabras clave:
Insuficiencia hepática aguda
Insuficiencia hepática aguda sobre crónica
Soporte hepático extracorpóreo
Sistema de recirculación adsorbente molecular
Terapia de reemplazo renal continuo
Recambio plasmático

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