Journal Information
Review article
Available online 25 July 2025
Coagulation disorders in patients with chronic liver disease: A narrative review
Alteraciones de la coagulación en pacientes con hepatopatía crónica: una revisión narrativa
Daida García Rodrígueza, Gabriela Alexandra Narváez Chávezb, Sergio Tomás Rodríguez Ramosa, Ángel Orera Pérezc, Jesús Emilio Barrueco-Francionid,e,f,
, Pedro Merino Garcíag, on behalf of the SEMICYUC Working Groups on Critical Digestive Disease, and on Hemotherapy, Hematology, and Critical Oncology
a Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria. Tenerife, Spain
b Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
c Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
d Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
e Departamento de Medicina y Dermatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
f Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
g Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Río-Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
Received 27 November 2024. Accepted 31 March 2025
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Tables (4)
Table 1. Classic coagulation tests.
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Table 2. Types of viscoelastic tests, characteristics, and reference values.14–17,20
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Table 3. Management of variceal bleeding in a cirrhotic patient.18–20
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Table 4. Bleeding Risk Stratification of Common Procedures in Critically Ill and Hepatic Patients.
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Abstract

Patients with cirrhosis present a highly vulnerable and rebalanced hemostasis state. Assessing the bleeding risk in these patients is complex. It is essential to recognize that conventional coagulation tests do not adequately reflect the true risk of bleeding or thrombosis.

The detailed understanding of this balance and the application of more precise diagnostic tools, such as viscoelastic tests that can more accurately evaluate their coagulation status, facilitate clinical management and can improve the results in these patients.

The haemorrhagic risk of this group of patients is conditioned by specific factors of liver disease, such as portal hypertension and altered haemostatic status, and by systemic factors like the presence of infections and kidney disease, which are independent predictors of bleeding during high-risk procedures. These concepts and the recommendations from the most recent clinical practice guidelines are reviewed in this article.

Keywords:
Liver cirrhosis
Blood coagulation disorders
Blood coagulation tests
Thrombelastography
Blood transfusion
Resumen

Los pacientes con cirrosis presentan un estado hemostático reequilibrado y altamente vulnerable. Valorar el riesgo hemorrágico en estos pacientes es complejo. Es esencial reconocer que las pruebas de coagulación convencionales no reflejan adecuadamente el riesgo real de sangrado o trombosis.

La comprensión detallada de este equilibrio y la aplicación de herramientas diagnósticas más precisas, como los test viscoelásticos, que pueden evaluar de manera más certera su estado de coagulación, facilitan el manejo clínico y pueden mejorar los resultados en estos pacientes.

El riesgo hemorrágico en estos pacientes está condicionado por factores propios de la enfermedad hepática, como la hipertensión portal, el estado hemostático alterado y por factores sistémicos como la presencia de infecciones y enfermedad renal, que son predictores independientes de riesgo de sangrado en procedimientos de alto riesgo. A continuación, se revisan estos conceptos y las recomendaciones de las guías de práctica clínica más recientes.

Palabras clave:
Cirrosis hepática
Trastornos de la coagulación sanguínea
Pruebas de coagulación sanguínea
Tromboelastografía
Transfusión sanguínea

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