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Analysis of readmission rates to the intensive care unit after implementation of a rapid response team in a University Hospital
El análisis de las tasas de reingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos después de la puesta en práctica de un equipo de respuesta rápida en un hospital universitario
R. Bergamasco e Paulaa, M.T. Tanitaa, J. Festtib, L.T. Queiroz Cardosob, C.M. Carvalho Grionb,
Corresponding author
a Intensive Care Division, Hospital Universitário Regional do Norte do Paraná, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rua Robert Koch 60, Vila Operária, Londrina, Paraná 86038-440, Brazil
b Department of Clinical Medical, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rua Robert Koch 60, Vila Operária, Londrina, Paraná 86038-440, Brazil
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"apellidos" => "Carvalho Grion" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "cintiagrion@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Intensive Care Division, Hospital Universitário Regional do Norte do Paraná, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rua Robert Koch 60, Vila Operária, Londrina, Paraná 86038-440, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Clinical Medical, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rua Robert Koch 60, Vila Operária, Londrina, Paraná 86038-440, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "El análisis de las tasas de reingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos después de la puesta en práctica de un equipo de respuesta rápida en un hospital universitario" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1711 "Ancho" => 2286 "Tamanyo" => 252906 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flowchart of patients through the study.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the great advances in artificial support systems for organ dysfunction and failure, the resources available for health are limited. In this scenario the management of health care quality and optimization of available resources are essential factors for maintaining good health systems functioning.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to evaluate health care quality in the field of intensive care, readmission is an indicator of great importance, since it applies both to patient safety and optimization of health resources.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Identifying patients who have a higher risk for readmission and indicating the follow-up of a specialized team in the intensive care post-discharge period are useful tools in this context.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The risk factors most often identified in the literature for readmission to the ICU are respiratory and cardiovascular dysfunctions at the time of discharge. The most frequent readmission diagnoses are hypoxic respiratory failure, inadequate bronchial toilet, gastrointestinal bleeding, neurological disorders, and sepsis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient follow-up by a specialized team in the post intensive care period in order to prevent readmissions resulted in reduced readmission rates in pediatric patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>; however, the results are conflicting for adult patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> An early proactive detection of severity called “ICU without walls” was able to decrease mortality in adult patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Identifying the benefits of implementing a rapid response team and defining the scope of its activities in health institutions are critical factors for optimizing the cost-effective performance of this specialized team.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to compare readmission rates in the ICU before and after the implementation of a Rapid Response Team and identify risk factors for readmission in these patients.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Patients and methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This quasi-experimental before–after study was conducted from January to December 2008 and January 2010 to December 2012 (before and after the implementation of the RRT, respectively) in a University Hospital. The study was conducted in a public university hospital with 330 beds, situated in the south of Brazil, serving a geographic region with an estimated population of 1,790,000 inhabitants. The ICU for adults consists of 20 beds, and had an occupancy rate above 95% throughout the study period. All consecutive patients who were discharged from the ICU during the study periods were included. Patients discharged in the first period of the study (January to December 2008) were considered as the control group. Patients discharged in the second period of the study, who were cared for by the RRT, were considered as the intervention group. Patients under the age of 18, in a palliative care condition at the time of ICU discharge, and those who were discharged from hospital less than 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after ICU discharge were excluded.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">General data were collected, such as gender, age, length of time in hospital and type of ICU referral classified as clinical or surgical according to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation</span> (APACHE II) definitions, trauma patients were classified as surgical if they were admitted to the ICU in the immediate post-operative period. Diagnosis at admission to the ICU, the ICU and hospital discharge dates, and the outcome on the date of discharge from the ICU and 30 days after discharge from the ICU were also collected.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data collected during the ICU stay were: presence of chronic disease, need for mechanical ventilation, use of vasoactive drugs, and the APACHE II, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sequential Organ Failure Assessment</span> (SOFA) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System</span> (TISS 28) scores. The TISS 28 was denominated TISSa at the time of ICU admission and TISSd at discharge from the ICU. Other variables collected were the length of hospital stay and time in the ICU.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RRT at the investigated institution was implemented in 2009 and was composed of an intensive care physician and physical therapist. The RRT operated in handling the requests for treatment of code events in the adult patient wards and also as an ICU-without-walls model.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> One of the functions of the RRT was the performance of daily assessments (in the morning and afternoon) of critically ill patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to lack of available beds. This activity was performed throughout the period that the patient waited for a vacancy until the transfer to the ICU or until the referral was cancelled for any reason. Another function of the RRT was to evaluate patients recently discharged from the ICU to prevent readmissions. Evaluation of the RRT performance to prevent readmissions was carried out by comparing the period prior to its implementation (January to December 2008) with the period one year after its implementation (January 2010 to December 2012). The sources used for data collection were the patient medical records and electronic database of the hospital. The calculation of the scores was performed according to the definitions of the respective systems.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8–10</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Readmission was defined as any patient who had a readmission referral to the ICU after discharge or during the same hospital stay, excluding those with new scheduled admissions due to elective surgical procedures. Readmissions were classified as a recurrence of the original disease, when the diagnosis of readmission was the same as the first admission, or as a new problem, if the diagnosis for readmission was different to the original disease. The readmissions were divided according to the time since the ICU discharge; up to 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and over 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Chronic disease was defined according to the description of the Charlson comorbidity index.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Continuous variables are expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile ranges. Categorical variables are expressed as absolute and relative frequency. The Student's <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test or an equivalent non-parametric test (Mann–Whitney) was used for comparison of continuous variables. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Bivariate analysis was performed to analyze predictors of outcome (readmission to the ICU). Multivariate logistic regression applying the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stepwise forward method</span> was used to assess factors that independently contributed to explain the outcome, the effect of each factor was expressed as an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI 95%).</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The area under the ROC (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">receiver operating characteristic</span>) curve was calculated to evaluate the accuracy and compare the performance of the prognostic score in discriminating readmitted from non-readmitted patients. Hospital mortality was described as frequency and by the Kaplan–Meier survival curve. The significance level was set at 5% and analyzes were performed using the MedCalc program for Windows, version 15.2.2 (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium).</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Ethics</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was approved by the local ethics committee for research involving human beings, No. 032/2013.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Results</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the study period, 2993 patients were admitted to the ICU, of which 2086 were survivors at the time of discharge from this sector. Of these, 345 patients were excluded (16.5%) so that 380 patients were analyzed in the control group and 1361 patients in the intervention group (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Patients enrolled in both groups were similar regarding severity of illness evaluated by the APACHE II score, use of mechanical ventilation, and length of stay in the ICU. However, the groups presented differences regarding age, gender, and SOFA scores. Readmission rates for the entire hospitalization period tended to be lower in the intervention group (6.7%) compared with the control group (9.2%, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.093) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). When analyzing the annual readmission rates there was a decreasing trend in readmissions after 2011 in the intervention group (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>), that is, two years after implementation of the RRT.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the logistic regression model, clinical referral, APACHE II score, and SOFA on the day of ICU discharge were independently associated with readmission (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). An ROC curve was performed for the APACHE II and SOFA on discharge considering a readmission referral to the ICU as the outcome. For the APACHE II the area under the curve was 0.683 with a cutoff point of 15 to predict readmission and respective sensitivity and specificity were (71.4% and 59.6%, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0.0001</span>). For the SOFA at discharge the area under the curve was 0.636 with a cutoff point of 2 to predict readmission and respective sensitivity and specificity were (57.1% and 69.1%, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0.0001</span>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the readmission diagnoses, 34 (27.0%) were considered as a recurrence of the original disease. Sixty-two patients (49.2%) were readmitted due to sepsis. Acute pulmonary edema, gastrointestinal bleeding, cardiopulmonary arrest, subarachnoid hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism, arrhythmia, and congestive heart failure were other reasons that led to readmission.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mortality on the 30th day after ICU discharge was higher among readmitted patients compared with those not readmitted (47.6% vs. 8.5%, respectively; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study compared the clinical outcomes of patients who were discharged from the ICU and assessed the impact of the introduction of an RRT to follow-up these patients. There was reduction in readmission rates one year after RRT implementation but no change in length of stay in the hospital or ICU. The independent risk factors for readmission to the ICU were APACHE II and SOFA scores and classification of patients as a clinical referral to the ICU.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Readmission rates are variable in the literature. They depend both on the definition of the time interval established, as well as the predominant characteristics of the service and patients studied. Some researchers have associated unexpected death within seven days of discharge from the ICU in the calculation of readmission rates, thus obtaining higher values.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Some studies extend the definition of readmission to all unplanned readmissions to the ICU during the same hospital stay, while other publications consider a time interval of 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after the ICU discharge.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The results of the present study are consistent when compared with studies of a similar design.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another consideration is related to the availability of intensive care beds. In the study by Wagner et al. involving more than 200,000 patients, the readmission rate was 3.9% with an average length of ICU stay of 48.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h when occupancy was high (95%), and 2.9% and 55.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h, respectively, when occupancy was low (5%), suggesting an increase in early ICU discharge and a consequent increase in readmissions in periods of low bed availability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> The institution in the present study presented ICU occupancy rates above 95% during the study period, with longer stays in the ICU than described by other authors and readmission rates similar to the period of high occupancy. One possible explanation for this discrepancy is the absence of an intermediate care unit in the investigated hospital, delaying the discharge until the patient is able to be cared for in a low complexity unit and therefore with a low risk of readmission.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Factors associated with readmission to the ICU in the patients registered in the present study are consistent with the literature. In a review published by Rosenberg et al., in 2000, the main risk factors for readmission were respiratory disorders, including hypoxia and bronchial toilet difficulty, followed by cardiac abnormalities, gastrointestinal bleeding, and neurological disorders.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Other studies have found the same diagnoses leading to readmission.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a> In the present study, disease severity scores, such as the APACHE II and SOFA on the day of discharge, were different between readmitted and non-readmitted patients, as observed in other published studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,18</span></a> Despite the area under the curve revealing a poor discrimination ability to predict readmission, the cut off points could be of help to detect high risk patients and prevent readmissions.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RRT intervention resulted in a reduction in readmission rates over time, one year after implementation of this service. The maturation period has proven to be important for assessing the effectiveness of rapid response systems. It is considered that the maturity of the entire system promotes heightened sensitivity, with recognition of the warning signs and more activations leading to better results and outcomes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19,20</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the long term benefits demonstrated by the RRT in reducing readmission rates in the present study, we suggest that referral for RRT follow-up post ICU should be considered, especially for patients identified as higher risk.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are limitations to be considered in the present study. As it was conducted in a single center, extrapolation of the findings should be performed with caution in populations with similar characteristics. The study aimed to evaluate several consecutive months to avoid seasonal bias. An analysis of the number of activations/admitted patients should be carried out to complement the data. In addition, the study was retrospective, with part of the data collected from medical records, which is prone to errors and data loss. The strength of this study lies in the fact that it is one of the few studies conducted in Latin America to describe readmission data and performance of a specialized team caring for patients after discharge from the ICU and using a score of therapeutic intervention.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conclusion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RRT intervention resulted in a sustained reduction in readmission rates one year after implementation of this service. The APACHE II score and SOFA on discharge from the ICU were independent factors associated with readmission, as well as clinical referral to the ICU. The use of a specialized team in health institutions is recommended for surviving patients from the ICU.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Funding</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding to declare.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Contribution of the authors</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paula, RB: conception of the study, acquisition of data, drafting the article, final approval of the version to be submitted.</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tanita MT: analysis and interpretation of data, revising the article, final approval of the version to be submitted.</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Festti, J: conception of the study, acquisition of data, revising the article, final approval of the version to be submitted.</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardoso, LTQ: design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, revising the article, final approval of the version to be submitted.</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Grion, CMC: design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, revising the article, final approval of the version to be submitted.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflict of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres904237" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Setting" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Patients" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Intervention" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Main variables of interest" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec884830" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres904238" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Diseño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Lugar" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Pacientes" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0065" "titulo" => "Intervención" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0070" "titulo" => "Principales variables de interés" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0075" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0080" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec884829" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Ethics" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Contribution of the authors" ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 14 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-06-10" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-11-03" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec884830" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Patient readmission" 1 => "Intensive care units" 2 => "Rapid response team" 3 => "Quality indicators in health care" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec884829" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Readmisión del Paciente" 1 => "Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos" 2 => "Equipo Hospitalario de Respuesta Rápida" 3 => "Indicadores de Calidad de la Atención de Salud" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To compare readmission rates to the intensive care unit (ICU) before and after the implementation of a rapid response team (RRT), and to identify risk factors for readmission.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A quasi-experimental before–after study was carried out.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Setting</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A University Hospital.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Patients</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">All patients discharged from the ICU from January to December 2008 (control group) and from January 2010 to December 2012 (intervention group).</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Intervention</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Implementation of an RRT.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Main variables of interest</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The data included demographic parameters, diagnoses upon admission, ICU readmission, APACHE II, SOFA, and TISS 28 scores, and routine daily assessment by an RRT of patients discharged from the ICU.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">During the study interval, 380 patients were analyzed in the period prior to the implementation of the RRT and 1361 after implementation. There was a tendency toward decreased readmission rates one year after RRT implementation. The APACHE II score and SOFA score at ICU discharge were independent factors associated to readmission, as well as clinical referral to the ICU.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The RRT intervention resulted in a sustained decrease in readmission rates one year after implementation of this service. The use of a specialized team in health institutions can be recommended for ICU survivors.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Setting" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Patients" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Intervention" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Main variables of interest" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparar las tasas de reingreso en la UCI antes y después de la implementación de un equipo de respuesta rápida (RRT) e identificar los factores de riesgo para la readmisión.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Diseño</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio cuasiexperimental before-after.</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Lugar</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hospital universitario.</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Todos los pacientes que fueron dados de alta de la UCI de enero a diciembre de 2008 (grupo control) y de enero 2010 a diciembre 2012 (grupo intervención).</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Intervención</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Implementación de un RRT.</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Principales variables de interés</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los datos incluidos demográfica, los diagnósticos de ingreso, readmisión UCI, APACHE II, SOFA y TISS 28 puntuación y de evaluación de los pacientes dados de alta de la UCI por un TSR.</p></span> <span id="abst0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Durante el período de estudio, 380 pacientes fueron analizados en el período anterior a la implementación de la RRT y 1,361 después de la implementación. Hubo una tendencia a disminuir las tasas de reingreso después de un año de la implementación de un RRT. APACHE II y SOFA de alta de la UCI fueron factores independientes asociados a la readmisión, así como lo tipo de paciente médico.</p></span> <span id="abst0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La intervención del RRT resultó en una reducción sostenida de las tasas de reingreso un año después de la implementación de este servicio. El uso de un equipo especializado en instituciones de salud puede ser recomendado para los pacientes supervivientes de la UCI.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Diseño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Lugar" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Pacientes" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0065" "titulo" => "Intervención" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0070" "titulo" => "Principales variables de interés" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0075" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0080" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1711 "Ancho" => 2286 "Tamanyo" => 252906 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flowchart of patients through the study.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 974 "Ancho" => 1610 "Tamanyo" => 64544 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Annual readmission rate after discharge from the ICU.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1221 "Ancho" => 1631 "Tamanyo" => 105766 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Kaplan–Meier survival curve for patients readmitted and not readmitted by the thirtieth day of hospitalization.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ICU – Intensive care unit; APACHE II – Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation; SOFA – Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; TISS – Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System; TISSa – TISS score on admission to ICU; TISSd – TISS score on discharge from ICU; MV – mechanical ventilation; LOHS – length of hospital stay.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control group<br>(<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>380) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Intervention group<br>(<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1361) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54 (39–67) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.2 (42.8–72.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Male gender (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">186 (48.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">766 (56.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">†</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Clinical patient \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">145 (38.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">362 (26.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">†</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">APACHE II \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14 (11–18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15 (11–19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.267<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SOFA on admission \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (2–6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 (2–6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.039<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SOFA on discharge \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (1–3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (0–3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TISSa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 (18–26) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 (18–26) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.773<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TISSd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 (14–18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 (13–19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.421<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MV (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">118 (31.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">471 (34.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.195<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">†</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LOHS before first admission (days) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.5 (1–9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (2–10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.060<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Length of stay in ICU (days) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 (1–5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (1–6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.354<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LOHS (days) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 (10–26.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17 (9–31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.647<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Readmissions (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35 (9.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91 (6.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.093<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">†</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Readmissions within 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14 (3.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58 (4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.617<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">†</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1520368.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Mann–Whitney test.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "†" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Chi-squared test; values of continuous variables are expressed as median (interquartile range).</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients discharged from the Intensive Care Unit.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CI 95% – confidence interval; APACHE II – Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation; SOFA – Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; TISS – Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System; TISSa – TISS score on admission to ICU; TISSd – TISS score on discharge from ICU; MV – mechanical ventilation; LOHS – length of hospital stay.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Univariate analysis</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Logistic regression</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Odds ratio \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CI 95% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Odds ratio \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CI 95% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.003–1.027 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.011 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Male gender \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.094 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.746–1.604 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.647 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Clinical referral \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.469 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.941–2.294 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.091 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.525 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.016–2.287 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.041 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">APACHE II \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.028 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.990–1.068 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.149 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.059 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.030–1.090 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SOFA on admission \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.021 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.936–1.114 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.642 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SOFA on discharge \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.151 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.029–1.287 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.013 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.160 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.061–1.269 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TISSa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.027 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.982–1.073 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.241 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TISSd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.984 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.951–1.018 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.346 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.982–1.022 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.843 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LOHS before first admission \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.211 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.651–2.251 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.545 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Length of stay in ICU \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.708 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.459–1.092 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.118 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">RRT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.003–1.027 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.011 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1520369.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Stepwise forward logistic regression.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Univariate and multivariate<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a> analysis of factors associated with readmission after discharge from the ICU.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:20 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Factors associated with death and readmission into the intensive care unit" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M.C.M. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 2024 October | 48 | 49 | 97 |
| 2024 September | 43 | 36 | 79 |
| 2024 August | 65 | 41 | 106 |
| 2024 July | 94 | 32 | 126 |
| 2024 June | 61 | 45 | 106 |
| 2024 May | 65 | 37 | 102 |
| 2024 April | 71 | 39 | 110 |
| 2024 March | 57 | 25 | 82 |
| 2024 February | 53 | 39 | 92 |
| 2024 January | 55 | 32 | 87 |
| 2023 December | 38 | 38 | 76 |
| 2023 November | 39 | 40 | 79 |
| 2023 October | 43 | 29 | 72 |
| 2023 September | 40 | 33 | 73 |
| 2023 August | 40 | 24 | 64 |
| 2023 July | 40 | 20 | 60 |
| 2023 June | 35 | 14 | 49 |
| 2023 May | 51 | 27 | 78 |
| 2023 April | 39 | 20 | 59 |
| 2023 March | 104 | 35 | 139 |
| 2023 February | 107 | 26 | 133 |
| 2023 January | 65 | 24 | 89 |
| 2022 December | 61 | 41 | 102 |
| 2022 November | 86 | 44 | 130 |
| 2022 October | 70 | 31 | 101 |
| 2022 September | 41 | 30 | 71 |
| 2022 August | 46 | 46 | 92 |
| 2022 July | 51 | 39 | 90 |
| 2022 June | 44 | 25 | 69 |
| 2022 May | 55 | 54 | 109 |
| 2022 April | 49 | 39 | 88 |
| 2022 March | 70 | 57 | 127 |
| 2022 February | 67 | 53 | 120 |
| 2022 January | 62 | 41 | 103 |
| 2021 December | 52 | 45 | 97 |
| 2021 November | 56 | 46 | 102 |
| 2021 October | 105 | 74 | 179 |
| 2021 September | 68 | 37 | 105 |
| 2021 August | 51 | 32 | 83 |
| 2021 July | 31 | 32 | 63 |
| 2021 June | 47 | 47 | 94 |
| 2021 May | 57 | 53 | 110 |
| 2021 April | 124 | 70 | 194 |
| 2021 March | 114 | 36 | 150 |
| 2021 February | 88 | 37 | 125 |
| 2021 January | 80 | 33 | 113 |
| 2020 December | 79 | 18 | 97 |
| 2020 November | 82 | 23 | 105 |
| 2020 October | 57 | 22 | 79 |
| 2020 September | 51 | 25 | 76 |
| 2020 August | 111 | 24 | 135 |
| 2020 July | 75 | 40 | 115 |
| 2020 June | 87 | 20 | 107 |
| 2020 May | 86 | 25 | 111 |
| 2020 April | 29 | 16 | 45 |
| 2020 March | 34 | 15 | 49 |
| 2020 February | 114 | 36 | 150 |
| 2020 January | 53 | 37 | 90 |
| 2019 December | 51 | 39 | 90 |
| 2019 November | 47 | 25 | 72 |
| 2019 October | 133 | 33 | 166 |
| 2019 September | 40 | 28 | 68 |
| 2019 August | 45 | 35 | 80 |
| 2019 July | 41 | 27 | 68 |
| 2019 June | 36 | 28 | 64 |
| 2019 May | 71 | 36 | 107 |
| 2019 April | 47 | 23 | 70 |
| 2019 March | 42 | 39 | 81 |
| 2019 February | 25 | 33 | 58 |
| 2019 January | 32 | 32 | 64 |
| 2018 December | 40 | 22 | 62 |
| 2018 November | 31 | 46 | 77 |
| 2018 October | 39 | 35 | 74 |
| 2018 September | 19 | 10 | 29 |
| 2018 August | 17 | 12 | 29 |
| 2018 July | 25 | 12 | 37 |
| 2018 June | 27 | 7 | 34 |
| 2018 May | 19 | 3 | 22 |
| 2018 April | 22 | 8 | 30 |
| 2018 March | 47 | 17 | 64 |
| 2018 February | 24 | 6 | 30 |
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