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setting a trend in the daily clinical practice of a large number of intensive care units &#40;ICU&#41; worldwide&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We share concerns about progressive resistance to cefuroxime and amoxicillin-clavulanate of germs that cause respiratory infection in this group of patients&#44; which would make this protective measure against a potentially lethal complication obsolete&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The protocol of empirical antibiotic therapy for aspiration pneumonia in our hospital includes&#44; as occurs in others&#44; amoxicillin-clavulanate as first choice&#46; Our group has recently performed a retrospective&#44; observational study <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> trying to identify resistance patterns of the most common microorganisms isolated from bronchial aspirates in patients admitted to the ICU after resuscitated cardiac arrest&#46; Patients admitted after resuscitated cardiac arrest during the years 2013&#8211;2015 were included&#46; The inpatient cases included met a hospital stay &#60;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h without prior antibiotic therapy&#46; The patients who had had tracheobronchial secretion cultures in the first 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after hospital admission were selected&#46; A total of 62 patients were included&#46; In most &#40;87&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; the cardiac arrest had an out-of-hospital origin&#46; Therapeutic hypothermia was performed in 50&#46;0&#37; of the patients&#46; The most commonly used empirical antibiotic was amoxicillin-clavulanate &#40;54&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by piperacillin-tazobactam &#40;6&#46;5&#37;&#41; and levofloxacin &#40;4&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46; Microbiological isolation in bronchial aspirates was obtained in 24 patients &#40;38&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; The most frequent were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> &#40;22&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> &#40;14&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacter cloacae</span> &#40;14&#46;8&#37;&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> &#40;11&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Serratia marcescens</span> &#40;11&#46;1&#37;&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemophilus influenzae</span> &#40;7&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; It was observed that 48&#46;1&#37; of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate&#44; 18&#46;5&#37; to piperacillin-tazobactam and 14&#46;8&#37; to third-generation cephalosporin&#46; No microorganism was resistant to quinolones or carbapenems&#46; The epidemiology of our healthcare environment is similar to that described in another recent study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> which showed a high rate of resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate &#40;15&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the high prevalence of amoxicillin-clavulanate resistant microorganisms isolated in early respiratory infections in these patients&#44; we agree with Dr&#46; Sirvent that the use of more effective antibiotics should be assessed instead of cefuroxime or amoxicillin-clavulanate&#46; However&#44; it is crucial to take into account the local epidemiology and the individual characteristics of each patient&#44; as well as to evaluate the risk of resistance development that this fact could entail&#46; The design of new RCT&#39;s could clarify&#44; in coming years&#44; the best path to follow&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding was received&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Antibiotic resistance: thinking outside the hospital
Resistencia a antibióticos: pensando fuera del hospital
A.J. Roldán-Reina
Corresponding author
roldanyreina@gmail.com

Corresponding author. Álvaro Jesús Roldán Reina, C/San Vicente 22, escalera 1, 1/A. Tel.: +699259124.
, R. Martín-Bermúdez, Y. Corcia-Palomo, L. Martín-Villén
Department of Intensive Care, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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setting a trend in the daily clinical practice of a large number of intensive care units &#40;ICU&#41; worldwide&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We share concerns about progressive resistance to cefuroxime and amoxicillin-clavulanate of germs that cause respiratory infection in this group of patients&#44; which would make this protective measure against a potentially lethal complication obsolete&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The protocol of empirical antibiotic therapy for aspiration pneumonia in our hospital includes&#44; as occurs in others&#44; amoxicillin-clavulanate as first choice&#46; Our group has recently performed a retrospective&#44; observational study <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> trying to identify resistance patterns of the most common microorganisms isolated from bronchial aspirates in patients admitted to the ICU after resuscitated cardiac arrest&#46; 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<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> &#40;14&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacter cloacae</span> &#40;14&#46;8&#37;&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> &#40;11&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Serratia marcescens</span> &#40;11&#46;1&#37;&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemophilus influenzae</span> &#40;7&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; It was observed that 48&#46;1&#37; of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate&#44; 18&#46;5&#37; to piperacillin-tazobactam and 14&#46;8&#37; to third-generation cephalosporin&#46; No microorganism was resistant to quinolones or carbapenems&#46; The epidemiology of our healthcare environment is similar to that described in another recent study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> which showed a high rate of resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate &#40;15&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the high prevalence of amoxicillin-clavulanate resistant microorganisms isolated in early respiratory infections in these patients&#44; we agree with Dr&#46; Sirvent that the use of more effective antibiotics should be assessed instead of cefuroxime or amoxicillin-clavulanate&#46; However&#44; it is crucial to take into account the local epidemiology and the individual characteristics of each patient&#44; as well as to evaluate the risk of resistance development that this fact could entail&#46; The design of new RCT&#39;s could clarify&#44; in coming years&#44; the best path to follow&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding was received&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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