Letter to the Editor
Animal models for neurotoxicity assessment in cardiac arrest
Modelos animales para evaluar la neurotoxicidad en el paro cardíaco
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Yamanaka, S. Inoue" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "K." "apellidos" => "Yamanaka" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Inoue" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0210569118302717" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medin.2018.09.009" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0210569118302717?idApp=WMIE" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173572719301651?idApp=WMIE" "url" => "/21735727/0000004300000007/v1_201910040722/S2173572719301651/v1_201910040722/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S2173572719301638" "issn" => "21735727" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medine.2017.10.016" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-10-01" "aid" => "1131" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and SEMICYUC" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Med Intensiva. 2019;43:446-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 103 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 26 "HTML" => 62 "PDF" => 15 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Scientific Letter</span>" "titulo" => "Flow cytometry analysis of CD64, CD18, CD11a and CD11b in four children with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bordetella pertussis</span> infection and admitted to critical care: New biomarkers?" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "446" "paginaFinal" => "449" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Análisis mediante citometría de flujo de CD64, CD18, CD11a and CD11b en cuatro niños con infección grave por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bordetella pertussis</span>: ¿Nuevos biomarcadores?" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3648 "Ancho" => 3167 "Tamanyo" => 826736 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flow cytometry analysis of patients with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bordetella pertussis</span> infection. The granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes were identified on dot-plot profile and gated by its CD64 expression. The positive CD64 region is marked by a discontinued line. In patient 4 the positive CD64 granulocytes are rounded by a discontinued circle. In each patient, and from left to right, the CD18 expression is showed in the A dot-plot, the CD11b expression is showed in the B dot-plot, CD11a expression is showed in the C dot-plot and granulocytes CD11b<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span>/CD11a<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> are showed in the D dot-plot. mCD64: mean fluorescence intensity or MFI of CD64 in monocytes; gCD64: MFI of CD64 in granulocytes; gCD64<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span>: percentage of positive CD64 granulocytes.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "A. García-Salido, A. Serrano-González, A.M. de Azagra-Garde, M. Nieto-Moro, G.J. Melen, M. Ramírez-Orellana" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "García-Salido" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Serrano-González" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A.M." "apellidos" => "de Azagra-Garde" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Nieto-Moro" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G.J." "apellidos" => "Melen" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Ramírez-Orellana" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173572719301638?idApp=WMIE" "url" => "/21735727/0000004300000007/v1_201910040722/S2173572719301638/v1_201910040722/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>" "titulo" => "Animal models for neurotoxicity assessment in cardiac arrest" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "Dear Editor:" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "paginaInicial" => "450" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Rodriguez-Rodriguez, L. Boyero, L. Sempere, A. Vilches-Arenas" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Rodriguez-Rodriguez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Boyero" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "lboyero@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Sempere" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Vilches-Arenas" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Neurocríticos, U.G.C. Cuidados Críticos, H.U. Virgen del Rocío-IbiS, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública. H.U.V. Macarena-Universidad de Sevilla, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Modelos animales para evaluar la neurotoxicidad en el paro cardíaco" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have read the article by Yamanaka et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> entitled “Amiodarone does not affect cerebral injury in a rat model of transient forebrain ischemia” with great interest. Authors conclude that the administration of amiodarone after transient forebrain ischemia do not contribute to additional neuronal damage in rats. These results encourage authors to cautiously propose that same results would be appreciated in amiodarone use for resuscitation in patients with cardiac arrest, and hence suggest that its current application is appropriate.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although authors recognize it is not a real model of cardiac arrest, they justify its use based on variability and mortality rate of cardiac arrest models. However, we have found in literature very refined and reliable cardiac arrest models that achieve high reproducibility and, therefore, are established and widely used for resuscitation and neurological injury research after cardiac arrest.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Cardiac arrest models are characterized by reproducing the cessation of circulation and breathing, generating a true global ischemia that affects all organs, including the brain, followed by restoration of blood flow. Thereby, global cerebral ischemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation affects anterior and posterior circulation. Nevertheless, arterial occlusion models, such as the one described in the article, do not normally guarantee some trickle flow from the posterior circulation of the Willis circle to the forebrain of the rat.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Additionally, Yamanaka et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> do not describe pulseless activity.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the model originally described by Sanderson et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> couples bilateral carotid vessel occlusion with reduced systemic mean arterial blood pressure (30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg) for generating brain ischemia, this scenario is not appropriate to reproduce many brain ischemia clinical situations, especially in a drug test context. In particular, after liver ischemia, which is not mimicked in the model but highly probable in cardiac arrest, the clearance of amiodarone could be decreased, fact that could increase cerebral toxicity risk, as Yamanaka et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> already recognize.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite high mortality rates are inherent in cardiac arrest models ought to their own pathophysiology, much work is being done to improve these rates. In fact, in a recent paper of cardiac arrest model, authors report a 7-day survival rate of up to 85%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study of the neurocritical pathology results extremely complex due it's own nature. The use of animal models to analyze this kind of injury results very useful, but in many cases these models are far from patient's reality. Neurocritical pathologies are very heterogeneous, since patients have associated comorbidities and the mechanisms of injury are diverse. Therefore, multiple animal models have been developed for the study of the neurocritical pathology. Each model has its advantages and disadvantages, but none is ideal.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For all these data, we consider Yamanaka et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> paper very interesting in the context of amiodarone neurotoxicity analysis in cerebral ischemia animal model, but we do not consider it appropriate to draw conclusions about its application in cardiac arrest.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Amiodarone does not affect cerebral injury in a rat model of transient forebrain ischemia" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "K. 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Wider" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Vis Exp" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "22" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Metformin improves neurologic outcome via AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated autophagy activation in a rat model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. Zhu" 1 => "K. Liu" 2 => "K. Huang" 3 => "Y. Gu" 4 => "Y. Hu" 5 => "S. Pan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Am Heart Assoc" "fecha" => "2018" "paginaInicial" => "7" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735727/0000004300000007/v1_201910040722/S217357271930164X/v1_201910040722/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "64604" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Letters to the Editor" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735727/0000004300000007/v1_201910040722/S217357271930164X/v1_201910040722/en/main.pdf?idApp=WMIE&text.app=https://medintensiva.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S217357271930164X?idApp=WMIE" ]
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