Recommendations for specialized nutritional-metabolic treatment of the critical patient
Recommendations for specialized nutritional-metabolic treatment of the critical patient: Acute lung disease. Metabolism and Nutrition Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC)
Recomendaciones para el tratamiento nutrometabólico especializado del paciente crítico: enfermedad pulmonar aguda. Grupo de Trabajo de Metabolismo y Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC)
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Metabolism and Nutrition Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC)" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "52" "paginaFinal" => "54" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "T. Grau Carmona, B. Vila García, S. Sánchez Alonso" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Grau Carmona" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "teodoro.grau@salud.madrid.org" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Vila García" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Sánchez Alonso" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Parla (Madrid), Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Recomendaciones para el tratamiento nutrometabólico especializado del paciente crítico: enfermedad pulmonar aguda. Grupo de Trabajo de Metabolismo y Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC)" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Critical patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) are at a high risk of malnutrition due to their background disease condition, catabolism secondary to the acute illness, and the need in many cases for mechanical ventilation (MV). As a result, these patients must be assessed from the nutritional perspective, with consideration of the use of specialized nutritional support.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Questions</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">What is the best formula for the critically ill with acute lung disease? Are high calorie density diets indicated for restricting volume supply?</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypercaloric and hyperproteic complete nutrition formulas are widely used in patients with ARF, particularly in the presence of volume overload. Water overload, lung edema and renal failure are frequent in patients with ARF, and are associated to a poorer prognosis. Therefore, in patients with ARF that require water restriction measures, high calorie content nutrition formulas are recommended (1.5–2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal/ml), with a protein supply of 1.2–2.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/kg/day.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In recent years a number of studies have supported the use of trophic and non-complete enteral nutrition in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and in those in which prolonged MV is expected. No significant differences in terms of mortality, the duration of MV or infectious complications have been documented.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4</span></a> Nevertheless, methodological limitations mean that these findings must be interpreted with caution.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients requiring MV during at least 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h are at nutritional risk. In individuals subjected to prolonged MV (over 8 days), it is advisable to secure at least 80% of the calorie target in a gradual manner in the first 8 days of MV, whether using enteral nutrition (EN) or total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or complementary feeding. This strategy has been associated to increased survival after 6 months and to improved physical recovery three months after discharge from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> At present, it seems adequate for critical patients in the first week of admission to receive a calorie supply of 20–25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal/kg/day, with a high protein supply (>1.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/kg/day).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Indirect calorimetry is the method of choice for calculating the calorie requirements, though its use is limited, particularly when high oxygen concentrations are used<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Do low carbohydrate and high fat content diets play a role?</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Different studies have shown the benefit of starting early nutritional support in critical patients, though it must be remembered that an excessive energy supply causes lipogenesis, with an increased production of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, and this may contribute to weaning failure. The composition in terms of macronutrients possibly plays no relevant role in the production of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in patients, provided the nutritional requirements are adjusted and overfeeding is avoided.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> On the other hand, diets rich in fats and poor in carbohydrates have not shown significant efficacy in critical patients with ARF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A mixture of long-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids in 1/1 or 1/2 proportion is able to reduce the amount of linoleic acid and reduce the effects upon pulmonary vasoconstriction. Linoleic acid can contribute to increase lung shunting and to unfavorable immune changes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> However, no improved clinical outcomes have been demonstrated with such mixtures.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Are diets enriched with ω-3 fatty acids, γ-linolenic acid and antioxidants indicated?</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To date, the published data on the clinical efficacy of diets with combinations of fats rich in eicosapentanoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, γ-linolenic acid and antioxidants in the nutrition of patients with ARDS have been contradictory. The heterogeneity of the studies, the lack of information referred to clinical management, the use of formulas with mixtures of pharmaconutrients, and the disparity of results imply that the routine use of such enteral formulas cannot be recommended.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Lipid emulsions enriched with ω-3 fatty acids have not demonstrated a decrease in mortality, and the data referred to other outcomes such as nosocomial infection and mean duration of stay are contradictory.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Is it necessary to monitor the levels of phosphorus and other micronutrients?</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypophosphoremia is a frequent laboratory test finding in patients with ARF. It is associated to respiratory failure and can at least partially influence weakness of the respiratory muscles.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The rapid correction of respiratory acidosis after MV can also contribute to hypophosphoremia by increasing glycolysis and facilitating phosphorus penetration into the intracellular compartment. It is particularly important to determine its levels in malnourished patients or individuals at risk of suffering refeeding syndrome.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">How does mechanical ventilation in prone decubitus condition the administration of nutritional support?</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although a common practice in the ICU, few studies have evaluated the safety of enteral nutrition in patients in prone decubitus. In a prospective, controlled before-after study of 38 patients ventilated in prone decubitus and receiving enteral nutrition, the authors recorded no increased incidence of digestive or respiratory complications versus supine decubitus, and recommended raising the patient headrest to 25° during MV in prone decubitus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The authors of another prospective study in patients ventilated in prone decubitus concluded that enteral nutrition is feasible and safe, and is not associated to an increased risk of gastrointestinal complications or bronchoaspiration pneumonia – provided tolerance is closely monitored.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Both studies administered enteral nutrition via a nasogastric tube.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">How do noninvasive mechanical ventilation and high-flow oxygen therapy condition the administration of nutritional support?</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients requiring noninvasive MV, oral intake is typically inadequate and difficult to apply. Few studies have evaluated the administration of enteral nutrition in these patients, though some publications have reported an increase in airway complications in patients administered this type of nutrition and subjected to noninvasive MV – though with no impact upon mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Another prospective study did not find fasting or underfeeding to worsen the prognosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Given the risk of bronchoaspiration, it seems reasonable to administer enteral nutrition at low doses, with close monitoring of signs of intolerance, and complementing with parenteral nutrition if the patient does not tolerate complete enteral dosing.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to the use of high-flow oxygen therapy devices, these allow satisfactory reintroduction of oral feeding or the use of oral nutritional supplements, with no contraindications apart from those secondary to the patient disease process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Recommendations</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with acute lung disease, low carbohydrate and high fat diets have not been found to be effective; their use is therefore not recommended (Level of evidence: moderate. Grade of recommendation: high).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the existing evidence, the routine use of lipid diets or emulsions enriched with ω-3 fatty acids in patients with ARDS is not recommended (Level of evidence: moderate. Grade of recommendation: moderate).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with ARDS, it is not advisable to administer ω-3 fatty acids dissociated from enteral nutrition (Level of evidence: moderate. Grade of recommendation: moderate).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with ARDS, it is advisable to monitor the phosphorus levels, particularly during weaning from ventilation (Level of evidence: low. Grade of recommendation: high).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Enteral nutrition is recommended during ventilation in prone decubitus (Level of evidence: moderate. Grade of recommendation: high).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients subjected to noninvasive mechanical ventilation, the use of enteral nutrition may be considered, even though at trophic doses, with close monitoring of signs of intolerance (Level of evidence: low. Grade of recommendation: moderate).</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dr. Grau-Carmona has served as consultant to Lyrics Pharmaceutical from October 2017 to February 2019 in the development of a clinical trial, and has received payment for conference lectures in 2018 and 2019 from Orion Pharmaceutical S.A. and B. Braun Medical S.A. None of these activities constitute a conflict of interest in relation to the recommendations of the present study. Dr. Sánchez-Alonso has received funding from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Nestlé</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">Abbott</span> for participation in training courses. Dr. Vila-García declares that she has no conflicts of interest.</p></span><span id="sec1045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect2045">Note to supplement</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This article forms part of the supplement “Recommendations for specialized nutritional-metabolic management of the critical patient. Metabolism and Nutrition Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC)”, with the sponsorship of <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs3">Abbott Nutrition</span>.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Questions" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "What is the best formula for the critically ill with acute lung disease? Are high calorie density diets indicated for restricting volume supply?" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Do low carbohydrate and high fat content diets play a role?" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Are diets enriched with ω-3 fatty acids, γ-linolenic acid and antioxidants indicated?" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Is it necessary to monitor the levels of phosphorus and other micronutrients?" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "How does mechanical ventilation in prone decubitus condition the administration of nutritional support?" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "How do noninvasive mechanical ventilation and high-flow oxygen therapy condition the administration of nutritional support?" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Recommendations" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec1045" "titulo" => "Note to supplement" ] 5 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-10-18" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-02-04" "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Grau Carmona T, Vila García B, Sánchez Alonso S. Recomendaciones para el tratamiento nutrometabólico especializado del paciente crítico: enfermedad pulmonar aguda. Grupo de Trabajo de Metabolismo y Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC). Med Intensiva. 2020;44:52–54.</p>" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">This article forms part of the supplement “Recommendations for specialized nutritional-metabolic management of the critical patient. Metabolism and Nutrition Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC)”, with the sponsorship of Abbott Nutrition.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:18 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Early exposure to recommended calorie delivery in the intensive care unit is associated with increased mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S.J. Peterson" 1 => "O.B. Lateef" 2 => "S. Freels" 3 => "L. McKeever" 4 => "G. Fantuzzi" 5 => "C.A. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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