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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On 11 March 2020&#44; the World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; declared a new pandemic as the result of the rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus outside China&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 can develop serious viral pneumonia known as COVID-19&#44; characterized by severe respiratory failure&#44; and which has placed a heavy burden on Spanish Intensive Care Units &#40;ICUs&#41; and the national healthcare system as a whole&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> In Europe&#44; the first case of adult acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#41; attributable to SARS-CoV-2 was diagnosed in Italy on 20 February 2020&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and a little less one month later the first patient with ARDS due to COVID-19 was admitted to our ICU&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The admission of patients with COVID-19 to intensive care varies markedly from one country to another&#44; with prevalences ranging from 9&#37; in Italy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> to 32&#37; in China&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> According to data published by the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Instituto de Salud Carlos III</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> on 16 of April 2020&#44; of the total 59&#44;094 hospitalized patients in Spain&#44; 4390 were admitted to the ICU &#8211; this representing a proportion of 7&#46;4&#37;&#46; Taking into account that both the characteristics of the patients admitted to the ICU due to COVID-19 and the care received &#8211; and hence the resulting crude mortality rate &#8211; can differ considerably among different centers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and countries&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#44;7&#8211;10</span></a> the present study was carried out to describe the clinical and respiratory characteristics of a series of consecutive patients with severe COVID-19 in a Spanish tertiary hospital&#44; differentiating the subjects according to ICU outcome after 28 days&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Material and methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A prospective&#44; observational cohort study was made&#44; including all consecutive patients admitted to the Department of Intensive Care Medicine &#40;DICM&#41; from 14 March to 16 April 2020 with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection&#44; based on RT-PCR testing of nasopharyngeal swab and&#47;or bronchial aspirate samples according to the criteria of the WHO&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The RT-PCR tests were made in the reference laboratory &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospital Clinic de Barcelona</span>&#41; up until 24 March 2020&#44; after which testing was made in our laboratory&#44; which was designated as reference laboratory for the province of Tarragona&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospital Universitario de Tarragona Joan XXIII</span> &#40;&#35; CEIM&#58; 066&#47;2020&#41;&#44; and informed consent for secondary use of the automatically compiled data was verbally requested from the patients or their direct relatives&#44; with due reporting of the fact in the electronic case history&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study was carried out using information stored in the database of the clinical information system &#40;CIS&#41; of our center &#40;Centricity Critical Care&#174; &#91;CCC&#93;&#44; General Electric&#41;&#46; The data are compiled in the CIS on a routine basis through manual registries&#44; automated capture from devices and automated integration with the laboratory and the Hospital Information System &#40;SAP&#41; of our center&#46; Depending on the source and type of information&#44; the latter is entered in different tables in the CIS database&#46; Each table contains at least one field or attribute that relates it to another table within the system &#40;relational schema&#41; &#8211; thus allowing integration of all the data through extract&#44; transform and load &#40;ETL&#41; processes&#46; The ETL process that allowed generation of the cohort from the raw database tables of the CIS was fully implemented using free software &#40;Python 3&#46;0&#44; Jupyter Notebook and Docker&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Study variables</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographic data were collected&#44; together with severity parameters &#40;APACHE II SCALE&#41;&#44; level of organ dysfunction upon admission &#40;SOFA score&#41; and comorbidities&#46; Clinical variables &#40;mean blood pressure &#91;MBP&#93;&#44; heart rate &#91;HR&#93; and respiratory frequency &#91;RF&#93;&#41; and variables related to ventilatory support and oxygenation &#40;need for invasive mechanical ventilation &#91;IMV&#93;&#44; high-flow oxygen therapy &#91;HFO&#93;&#44; arterial oxygen pressure &#91;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#93;&#44; arterial carbon dioxide pressure &#91;PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#93;&#44; fractional inspired oxygen &#91;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#93;&#44; arterial pH&#44; PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio&#44; peak pressure &#91;Pmax&#93;&#44; plateau pressure &#40;PPl&#41;&#44; positive end-expiratory pressure &#91;PEEP&#93;&#41; were also recorded&#46; In addition&#44; we considered laboratory test parameters such as hemoglobin concentration&#44; leukocyte count&#44; lactate&#44; C-reactive protein &#40;CRP&#41; and procalcitonin &#40;PCT&#41;&#46; All variables were recorded upon admission and after 7 days for comparative purposes&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The indication of orotracheal intubation &#40;OTI&#41;&#44; HFO or mechanical ventilation &#40;MV&#41; was established by the physician in charge of the patient&#46; There was no specific respiratory management protocol for COVID-19&#46; Due to the recommendation not to use noninvasive ventilation &#40;NIV&#41; or HFO because of the risk of aerosol generation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> NIV was disadvised on the basis of internal consensus&#44; and HFO was indicated in the context of a limited availability of respirators or as a strategy to delay and avoid MV&#46; All the patients with failed HFO were intubated and subsequently received MV&#46; No patients with limitations of life support were considered&#46; The assessment of patient admission to the ICU was carried out in abidance with the ethical recommendations of the SEMICYUC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients were divided into three groups according to outcome after 28 days&#58; survivors &#40;group 1&#41;&#59; non-survivors &#40;group 2&#41;&#44; and patients still in the ICU after 28 days &#40;group 3&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Principal definitions</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia&#58; defined according to the criteria of the Spanish Ministry of Health<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> as a consistent clinical condition&#44; with fever &#40;body temperature &#62; 38&#8239;&#176;C&#41;&#44; cough&#44; sore throat&#44; muscle pain and flu symptoms plus RT-PCR testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and the presence of acute respiratory failure&#44; with lung infiltrations on the chest X-rays&#44; requiring admission to the ICU&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bacterial co-infection&#58; considered in patients with confirmed COVID-19 in which culture of the lower airway sample &#40;bronchoaspirate &#91;BAS&#93; or bronchoalveolar lavage &#91;BAL&#93;&#41; obtained within the first 24&#8239;hours of admission reveals the presence of a pathogenic microorganism at concentrations above the cut-off points defined for each technique&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ventilator-associated pneumonia &#40;VAP&#41;&#58; defined according to the new ATS&#47;IDSA guidelines&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and corresponding to patients who develop a clinical condition characterized by increased radiological infiltration&#44; changes in appearance of the secretions&#44; and culture positivity &#40;BAS or BAL sample&#41; for pathogenic microorganisms at concentrations above the cut-off points defined for the technique&#44; in a sample obtained 48&#8239;hours after the start of MV&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ventilator-associated pneumonia incidence rate per 1000 ventilator days&#44; expressed as density &#40;number of cases per day&#47;person&#47;exposure&#41; and calculated using the formula&#58; incidence rate&#8239;&#61;&#8239;number of cases of VAP during the study period&#47;total days&#47;person&#47;exposure to MV in the population during the study period &#42; 1000&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Failure of HFO&#58; defined as the need for immediate intubation and subsequent mechanical ventilation&#46; The need for OTI was based on clinical and blood gas criteria&#44; and was left to the criterion of the physician in charge&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shock upon admission&#58; defined as the need for any dose of noradrenalin within the first 6&#8239;hours of admission in order to maintain mean blood pressure&#44; and once the required volume replacement measures have been adopted&#44; based on dynamic parameters or echocardiography&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute respiratory distress syndrome&#58; classified according to the definition of Berlin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> into two groups&#58; severe&#47;moderate and mild&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute renal failure was established based on the RIFLE classification&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> with three defined categories&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previously published criteria were used in reference to the comorbidities and the rest of definitions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In view of the characteristics of the study&#44; no sample size calculation was made&#46; The sample size therefore was the same as the number of patients admitted during the study period&#46; Continuous variables were reported as the median and interquartile range &#40;IQR&#41;&#44; while categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages&#46; Differences in distribution of the variables between groups of patients were explored using the chi-square test or the Fisher exact test &#40;categorical variables&#41;&#46; Differences between medians were evaluated using the nonparametric Wilcoxon test or Mann-Whitney U-test&#46; Due to the limited number of cases&#44; no multivariate analyses were made&#46; Statistical significance was considered for p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05&#46; The SPSS&#174; version 25&#46;0 statistical package &#40;IBM&#41; was used throughout&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Results</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">General characteristics</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From 1 February to 14 April 2020&#44; a total of 380 cases of COVID-19 were diagnosed in our hospital&#46; Of these&#44; 43 &#40;11&#46;3&#37;&#41; required admission to the ICU due to acute respiratory failure&#44; and constituted the subject of the present analysis&#46; Seventeen patients &#40;39&#46;5&#37;&#41; were admitted from Internal Medicine&#44; 15 &#40;34&#46;9&#37;&#41; were transferred from other hospitals&#44; and 11 &#40;25&#46;6&#37;&#41; came from the Emergency Department of our hospital&#46; Although the patients received conventional oxygen therapy and in some cases HFO before admission to our ICU&#44; these data were not available for analysis&#46; The median time from arrival in hospital to admission to the ICU was one day &#40;IQR&#58; 0&#46;0-3&#46;0&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The baseline characteristics of the patients are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; At the time of the analysis&#44; 28 patients were discharged live &#40;group 1&#8239;&#61;&#8239;65&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; 10 patients died &#40;group 2&#8239;&#61;&#8239;23&#46;3&#37;&#41; and 5 remained in admission &#40;group 3&#8239;&#61;&#8239;11&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; The median number of days to death was 23 &#40;IQR&#58; 11-40&#41;&#44; and only one patient &#40;2&#46;3&#37;&#41; died within the first 24&#8239;hours of admission&#46; The mean duration of stay in the ICU for the patients in group 1 was 27 days &#40;IQR&#58; 13-34&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; the patients were young &#40;65 years&#41;&#44; predominantly males&#44; and with great disease severity as evidenced by the median APACHE &#40;18&#41; and SOFA scores &#40;6&#41;&#46; A significant rise &#40;p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;02&#41; in mortality was observed over the increasing age intervals&#58; 18-45 years &#40;0&#37;&#41;&#44; 46-64 years &#40;13&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; 65-75 years &#40;35&#46;3&#37;&#41; and &#62; 75 years &#40;66&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; The patients over 75 years of age died early&#44; within the first week &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Forty-four percent of the patients registered no comorbidities&#46; None of the healthcare staff members of our hospital were admitted to the ICU due to COVID-19 during the observation period&#46; The main comorbidities were arterial hypertension &#40;30&#46;2&#37;&#41; and obesity &#40;25&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by diabetes mellitus &#40;18&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD&#41;&#40;9&#46;3&#37;&#41; and ischemic heart disease &#40;9&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; Of the 13 patients with arterial hypertension&#44; 7 &#40;53&#46;8&#37;&#41; had a history of drug treatment in the form of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors &#40;ACEIs&#41; &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;2&#41; or angiotensin receptor antagonists &#40;ARAs&#41;&#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;5&#41;&#46; Only the presence of shock upon admission was more frequent among the non-survivors &#40;80&#37;&#41; than among the survivors &#40;group 1&#8239;&#61;&#8239;42&#46;9&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The other variables considered showed no statistically significant differences between the groups&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Treatment</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The time from symptoms onset to the first antiviral drug dose was considerable&#44; with a median of 8 days &#40;IQR&#58; 6-10&#41; &#8211; no differences being observed between the groups&#46; Lopinavir&#47;ritonavir was administered in 40 cases &#40;93&#37;&#41;&#44; with a median duration of only 5 days &#40;IQR&#58; 3&#46;5-10&#41; due to complications related to important transaminase elevation requiring treatment suspension&#46; Hydroxychloroquine was used in 39 patients &#40;90&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; with a median duration of 5 days&#46; Interferon &#223;-1b was only administered to 15 patients &#40;34&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; due to drug availability problems&#44; and only two patients &#40;4&#46;7&#37;&#41; received tocilizumab in other centers&#44; before transfer to our ICU &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The administration of corticosteroids was not considered among the treatments for COVID-19&#46; Such medication was only used upon admission to the ICU in a single patient &#40;2&#46;3&#37;&#41; as continuation of pre-existing chronic treatment&#46; Five patients &#40;11&#46;6&#37;&#41; received methylprednisolone as rescue therapy due to persistent lung infiltrations after the second week of stay&#44; and four patients &#40;9&#46;3&#37;&#41; received the medication due to other indications such as thrombocytopenia &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#41;&#44; hemolytic anemia &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#41; and skin rash &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;2&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Ventilatory support</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the patients required some type of ventilatory support during the first hours of admission to the ICU&#46; High-flow oxygen was used as initial treatment for respiratory failure due to COVID-19 in 27 patients &#40;62&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; However&#44; after 24&#8239;hours&#44; only four patients responded favorably &#8211; this representing a failure rate of 85&#46;2&#37; &#40;4&#47;27&#41;&#46; On day 7&#44; only two patients maintained HFO&#44; and these were discharged live&#44; with no need for any other type of ventilatory support&#46; The median time to HFO failure was 8&#8239;hours &#40;IQR&#58; 6-20&#41;&#46; All the patients in which HFO failed were subsequently intubated and ventilated&#46; Invasive mechanical ventilation was used as first treatment option for acute respiratory failure in 16 patients &#40;37&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; However&#44; during the first 24&#8239;hours&#44; 37 &#40;86&#37;&#41; of the 43 patients were ventilated&#44; and finally after 7 days&#44; 41 &#40;95&#37;&#41; required IMV&#46; Of the patients subjected to IMV&#44; 34 &#40;82&#37;&#41; required at least one ventilation episode in prone decubitus&#44; with a median of three maneuvers &#40;IQR&#58; 1-5&#41; per patient &#8211; though some underwent over 10 ventilation periods in prone decubitus&#46; Only one patient &#40;2&#46;3&#37;&#41; was referred to the reference hospital for ECMO&#44; and this individual finally died&#46; The median number of days of IMV was 27 &#40;IQR&#58; 15-38&#41;&#44; and proved similar in the survivors &#40;23 days &#91;IQR&#58; 12-30&#93;&#41; and non-survivors &#40;27 days &#91;IQR&#58; 13-38&#93;&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;37&#41;&#46; Of the 37 patients that required IMV&#44; 32 &#40;86&#46;5&#37;&#41; had completed their course in the ICU at the time of the analysis&#44; with a crude mortality rate of 28&#46;1&#37; &#40;9&#47;32&#41;&#44; which was similar to that recorded among the patients who did not require IMV in the first 24&#8239;hours &#40;16&#46;6&#37;&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;55&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 93&#37; of the patients &#40;40&#47;43&#41; met criteria of ARDS&#44; which proved moderate&#47;severe in 32 cases &#40;74&#46;4&#37;&#41; and mild in 8 &#40;18&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; Of the 32 patients with moderate&#47;severe ARDS&#44; 27 &#40;72&#46;9&#37;&#41; received IMV after 24&#8239;hours&#44; but four &#40;14&#46;8&#37;&#41; remained with HFO&#44; and one patient with a face mask and reservoir&#46; All of the patients with mild ARDS required IMV after 24&#8239;hours&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Independently of the ventilatory support received&#44; the median PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> upon admission was 165 &#40;IQR&#58; 125-210&#41;&#44; and the ratio increased significantly up until day 7&#44; reaching 194 &#40;IQR&#58; 153-285&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; A similar PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> behavior was recorded in the survivors&#44; though without reaching statistical significance &#40;p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;07&#41;&#44; while the non-survivors showed a discrete decrease in PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> after 7 days despite the treatment provided &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Bacterial infection and antimicrobial treatment</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 11&#46;6&#37; of the patients &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;5&#41; received antimicrobial treatment &#40;ATB&#41; upon admission to the ICU due to clinically suspected bacterial co-infection&#46; Four patients received ceftriaxone plus a macrolide&#44; and one patient was treated with piperacillin &#47; tazobactam plus a macrolide&#46; No pathogenic microorganisms were isolated from the lower airway samples &#40;BAS&#8239;&#61;&#8239;5&#41; of these patients&#46; In all subjects&#44; antigen testing in urine for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; pneumoniae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Legionella</span> spp&#46; proved negative&#44; in the same way as the bronchoaspirate and blood cultures performed upon admission to the ICU&#46; No case of bacterial co-infection was recorded in our series&#46; The median PCT concentration upon admission was 0&#46;45&#8239;ng&#47;ml &#40;IQR&#58; 0&#46;04-2&#46;45&#41;&#44; while the median C-reactive protein concentration was 23&#8239;mg&#47;dl &#40;IQR&#58; 10-28&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; 13 of the 43 patients &#40;30&#46;2&#37;&#41; developed VAP&#44; representing an incidence of 13&#46;3 cases&#47;1000 days of IMV&#46; The microorganisms isolated were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; anginosus</span> &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;3&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P&#46; aeruginosa</span> &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;3&#41;&#44; methicillin-sensitive <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; aureus</span> &#40;MSSA&#41;&#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;2&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; S&#46; oralis</span> &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K&#46; pneumoniae</span> &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; faecalis</span> &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> spp&#46; &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;1&#41;&#46; None of the respiratory sample analyzed proved positive for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> spp&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Discussion</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study describes the course of 43 seriously ill patients with COVID-19 during the first four weeks of stay in the ICU of a tertiary hospital&#46; Despite the limited number of patients&#44; the results obtained are of great interest due to the existing lack of knowledge of the evolution of this new disease and the differences in the characteristics of the patients&#46; One of the main findings of our study was that one of every two admitted patients had no major comorbidities&#46; This observation is consistent with the data reported by other studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;11</span></a> that describe the absence of comorbidities in over 60&#37; of the patients&#46; In a way similar to what was seen in the influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;pdm09 pandemic&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> obesity was very common in our patients&#46; In contrast&#44; obesity was not mentioned in the studies carried out in China<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> or Italia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> though it is indeed cited in the published experience in Vitoria &#40;Basque Country&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and in a recent study in the United States<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> &#8211; where the incidence of obesity was even higher &#40;41&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; This situation could complicate direct extrapolation of the international data&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;8&#8211;11&#44;21&#44;22</span></a> since different populations are involved&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another relevant finding was that the mortality rate &#40;23&#46;2&#37;&#41; in our series was lower than that in the study from Vitoria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> &#40;31&#37;&#41;&#44; despite the fact that the patients were of similar age and severity&#44; and presented a similar frequency of IMV &#40;94&#37;&#41;&#46; Different publications also report a higher mortality rate&#46; In the study published by Yang et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> the overall mortality rate was 61&#46;5&#37;&#44; though on considering the patients subjected to IMV&#44; the figure reached 81&#37; &#40;30&#47;37&#41; &#8211; which is far higher than the rate obtained in our study &#40;28&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46; It should be noted that in the mentioned study&#44; of the 52 critical patients&#44; only 22 &#40;42&#37;&#41; received IMV&#46; Although the authors did not report the time from failure of other oxygenation techniques to the start of IMV&#44; the high mortality among the patients subjected to IMV suggests an important delay in orotracheal intubation&#46; On the other hand&#44; Wu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> reported an overall mortality rate of 21&#46;9&#37;&#46; In their study&#44; of the 210 included patients&#44; 165 &#40;78&#46;5&#37;&#41; received some type of ventilatory support&#44; though there was a notoriously low incidence of IMV &#40;3&#37;&#41;&#44; while almost half of the patients &#40;48&#46;8&#37;&#41; received nasal cannulas and 30&#37; were subjected to NIV&#46; In turn&#44; Grasselli et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> in Italy&#44; reported a mortality rate of 26&#37;&#46; Although this study made no mention of severity scales&#44; the included population appears to have been more similar to our own series&#44; since of the 1591 subjects&#44; 1287 &#40;80&#37;&#41; were admitted to the ICU&#44; and of these&#44; 89&#37; required IMV&#46; Although the authors associated mortality to the age of the patients&#44; the median age was no different from that of our own series &#40;63 versus 65 years&#41;&#46; In New York&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> of 5700 patients with COVID-19&#44; only 6&#46;5&#37; &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;373&#41; were admitted to the ICU&#44; and 320 of these individuals &#40;85&#46;8&#37;&#41; required IMV&#46; The mortality rate in this subgroup was very high &#40;88&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46; Similar mortality was recorded by Arentz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> in a small population of 21 patients&#46; The high mortality in this series could be related to the fact that the median age was older than in most communications &#40;70 years&#44; IQR&#58; 40-92&#41;&#46; In contrast to the above&#44; our mortality rate was markedly higher than in the study published by Guan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> &#40;only 1&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; In the latter study&#44; most of the 1099 patients were not considered to be in serious condition &#40;none required ventilation&#41;&#46; In the cases considered to be serious &#40;15&#46;7&#37;&#59; 173&#47;1&#46;099&#41;&#44; the mortality rate was 8&#46;1&#37;&#44; despite the fact that of these individuals only 25 &#40;2&#46;2&#37;&#41; received IMV&#46; It is clear that the international studies involve other types of populations and particularly other types of ventilatory support&#44; and this makes it very difficult to extrapolate such experiences to our own setting&#46; The data obtained therefore need to be interpreted with caution&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another observation of interest is the fact that despite the contraindications to the use of HFO&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> the latter was started in over 60&#37; of the patients as first line treatment&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the technique failed in over 85&#37; of the cases&#46; Although the available data do not allow us to evaluate the impact of a delay in intubation upon the patient course&#44; a gap of 8&#8239;hours from HFO failure to intubation possibly may have no strong influence upon the clinical course&#44; considering the observed mortality rate&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A matter of concern was the high VAP rate observed &#40;30&#37; or 13 cases&#47;1000 days of IMV&#41;&#44; which more than doubled the usual VAP rate in our ICU&#46; This incidence was higher than that reported by Xang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> &#40;13&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; though the latter authors did not specify the days of risk exposure &#8211; thereby making it difficult to establish comparisons&#46; The urgency of care during the pandemic&#44; the use of personal protection equipment &#40;PPE&#41;&#44; the rotation of scantly trained staff&#44; and a decrease in the VAP preventive measures may help explain this increase&#46; Nevertheless&#44; such a high incidence must be confirmed by other studies&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; our data show that among the non-survivors&#44; PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> upon admission did not improve after 7 days despite the treatment provided&#46; In the survivors&#44; however&#44; PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was seen to increase after 7 days&#46; It therefore may be postulated that a lack of improvement in PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> after one week of treatment could be a prognostic factor to be considered in future studies&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study clearly has important limitations that need to be mentioned&#46; The first and possibly most important limitation is the small number of patients involved&#44; which may preclude the identification of differences between groups due to type I error&#46; Nevertheless&#44; given the novel characteristics of this pandemic&#44; our results do contribute to existing knowledge &#8211; though the findings must be confirmed by studies involving larger patient samples&#46; On the other hand&#44; our results describe the evolution in a special type of ICU&#44; and might not be extendable to other areas or ICUs&#46; It is clear that both the indication of admission to the ICU&#44; and the complexity of care of these patients&#44; vary greatly among different centers and countries&#46; Such information therefore needs to be analyzed carefully in each study&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; although our data describe a not particularly old patient population with a low prevalence of comorbidities&#44; COVID-19 is seen to often require IMV due to ARDS&#44; and is characterized by a high incidence of HFO failure and important mortality&#46; A lack of improvement of PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> after one week of active treatment could be regarded as a variable associated to early mortality &#8211; though these data require confirmation in future studies&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Authorship</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study conception and design&#58; AR&#44; MB&#44; LC&#44; GM&#44; RC&#44; and ST&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data acquisition and analysis&#58; AR&#44; MB&#44; JG&#44; GM&#44; RC&#44; EPP&#44; ST&#44; CBB&#44; RSP&#44; LC and XT&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data interpretation&#58; AR&#44; MB&#44; LC&#44; GM&#44; RC&#44; ESP&#44; LC&#44; ESP and EPP&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Important intellectual contribution to the contents of the study&#58; AR&#44; MB&#44; GM&#44; RC&#44; ESP&#44; LC&#44; and LC&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drafting of the manuscript&#58; AR&#44; MB&#44; GM&#44; and RC&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Critical review of the contents of the article&#58; JG&#44; EPP&#44; CBB&#44; RSP&#44; ST and XT&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the authors approved the final manuscript submitted for evaluation and possible publication&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in relation to the present article&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AR has received a research grant from Gilead Science for the study of nebulized antibiotics&#44; and has received fees for teaching conferences from Biomerieux&#44; Astellas&#44; Pfizer&#44; Thermo Fisher&#44; MSD&#44; Gilead&#44; Shionogi and BRHAMS&#46; There are no conflicts of interest in relation to the present study&#44; however&#46; The rest of the authors have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe the clinical and respiratory characteristics of a cohort of 43 patients with COVID-19 after an evolutive period of 28 days&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A prospective&#44; single-center observational study was carried out&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Setting</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Intensive care&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Patients</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients admitted due to COVID-19 and respiratory failure&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Interventions</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Variables</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Automatic recording was made of demographic variables&#44; severity parameters&#44; laboratory data&#44; assisted ventilation &#40;HFO&#58; high-flow oxygen therapy and IMV&#58; invasive mechanical ventilation&#41;&#44; oxygenation &#40;PaO2&#44; PaO2&#47;FiO2&#41; and complications&#46; The patients were divided into three groups&#58; survivors &#40;G1&#41;&#44; deceased &#40;G2&#41; and patients remaining under admission &#40;G3&#41;&#46; The chi-squared test or Fisher exact test &#40;categorical variables&#41; was used&#44; along with the Mann-Whitney U-test or Wilcoxon test for analyzing the differences between medians&#46; Statistical significance was considered for p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Results</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 43 patients were included &#40;G1&#8239;&#61;&#8239;28 &#91;65&#46;1&#37;&#93;&#44; G2&#8239;&#61;&#8239;10 &#91;23&#46;3&#37;&#93; and G3&#8239;&#61;&#8239;5&#91;11&#46;6&#37;&#93;&#41;&#44; with a mean age of 65 years &#40;range 52-72&#41;&#44; 62&#37; males&#44; APACHE II 18 &#40;15-24&#41;&#44; SOFA 6 &#40;4-7&#41;&#46; Arterial hypertension &#40;30&#46;2&#37;&#41; and obesity &#40;25&#46;6&#37;&#41; were the most frequent comorbidities&#46; High-flow oxygen therapy was used in 62&#46;7&#37; of the patients&#44; with failure in 85&#37;&#46; In turn&#44; 95&#37; of the patients required IMV and 85&#37; received ventilation in prone decubitus&#46; In the general population&#44; initial PaO2&#47;FiO2 improved after 7 days &#40;165 &#91;125-210&#93; vs&#46;194 &#91;153-285&#93;&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;02&#41;&#44; in the same way as in G1 &#40;164 &#91;125-197&#93; vs&#46; 207 &#91;160-294&#93;&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;07&#41;&#44; but not in G2 &#40;163 &#91;95-197&#93; vs&#46; 135 &#91;85-177&#93;&#41;&#46; No bacterial coinfection was observed&#46; The incidence of IMV-associated pneumonia was high &#40;13 episodes&#47;1000 days of IMV&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients with COVID-19 require early IMV&#44; a high frequency of ventilation in prone decubitus&#44; and have a high incidence of failed HFO&#46; The lack of improvement of PaO2&#47;FiO2 at 7 days could be a prognostic marker&#46;</p></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas y respiratorias de una cohorte de 43 pacientes con COVID-19 tras 28 d&#237;as de evoluci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prospectivo observacional en un solo centro</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">&#193;mbito</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Medicina intensiva</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes</span><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes ingresados por COVID-19 e insuficiencia respiratoria</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Intervenciones</span><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ninguna&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Variables</span><p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se obtuvieron de forma autom&#225;tica variables demogr&#225;ficas&#44; de gravedad&#44; de laboratorio&#44; de asistencia ventilatoria recibida &#40;OAF&#58; oxigenoterapia alto flujo y VMI&#58; ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica invasiva&#41;&#44; de oxigenaci&#243;n &#40;PaO2&#44; PaO2&#47;FiO2&#41; y de complicaciones&#46; Los pacientes se dividieron en 3 grupos&#58; supervivientes&#40;G1&#41;&#44; fallecidos&#40;G2&#41; y aquellos que continuaban ingresados&#40;G3&#41;&#46; Se utiliz&#243; &#8220;chi&#8221; cuadrado o Fisher &#40;variables categ&#243;ricas&#41; y &#8220;U&#8221; Mann-Whitney o Wilcoxon para analizar la diferencia entre medianas&#46; Se consider&#243; significativo un valor de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 43 pacientes &#40;G1&#8239;&#61;&#8239;28&#91;65&#44;1&#37;&#93;&#44;G2&#8239;&#61;&#8239;10&#91;23&#44;3&#37;&#93; y G3&#8239;&#61;&#8239;5&#91;11&#44;6&#37;&#93;&#41;&#44; edad 65&#40;52-72&#41; a&#241;os&#44; 62&#37; hombres&#44; APACHE II 18&#40;15-24&#41;&#44; SOFA 6&#40;4-7&#41;&#44; Hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#40;30&#44;2&#37;&#41; y obesidad&#40;25&#44;6&#37;&#41; fueron las comorbilidades m&#225;s frecuentes&#46; La OAF fue usada en el 62&#44;7&#37; de pacientes&#44; 85&#37; fracas&#243;&#46; El 95&#37; de los pacientes necesit&#243; VMI y el 85&#37; ventilaci&#243;n en prono&#46; En la poblaci&#243;n general&#44; la PaO2&#47;FiO2 inicial mejor&#243; a los 7 d&#237;as &#40;165&#91;125-210&#93; vs&#46; 194&#91;153-285&#93;&#44; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;02&#41;&#44; al igual que en G1&#40;164&#91;125-197&#93; vs&#46; 207&#91;160-294&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;07&#41; pero no en G2 &#40;163&#91;95-197&#93; vs&#46; 135&#91;85-177&#93;&#41;&#46; No se observ&#243; co-infecci&#243;n bacteriana&#46; El desarrollo de neumon&#237;a asociada a la VMI fue elevado &#40;13 episodios&#47;1000 d&#237;as de VMI&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con Covid-19 requieren VMI precoz&#44; elevada frecuencia de ventilaci&#243;n en prono y presentan alta prevalencia de fracaso a OAF&#46; La falta de mejor&#237;a de la PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> a los 7 d&#237;as podr&#237;a ser un marcador de pron&#243;stico&#46;</p></span>"
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          1 => array:2 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0065"
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            "identificador" => "abst0080"
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      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Please cite this article as&#58; Rodr&#237;guez A&#44; Moreno G&#44; G&#243;mez J&#44; Carbonell R&#44; Pic&#243;-Plana E&#44; Benavent Bofill C&#44; et al&#46; Infecci&#243;n grave por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2&#58; experiencia en un hospital de tercer nivel con pacientes afectados por COVID-19 durante la pandemia 2020&#46; Med Intensiva&#46; 2020&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medin.2020.05.018">https&#58;&#47;&#47;doi&#46;org&#47;10&#46;1016&#47;j&#46;medin&#46;2020&#46;05&#46;018</span></p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">List of research members of the HJ23-COVID-19 Working Group are related in the <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0070">Appendix A</a>&#46;</p>"
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            "apendice" => "<p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical laboratory</span></p> <p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Natalia Bast&#243;n-Paz&#44; Carolina Sarvis&#233;-Buil&#44; Frederic G&#243;mez-Bertomeu&#44; Gemma Recio-Comi&#44; Carla Martin-Grau&#44; Silvia Montolio-Breva&#44; Victoria Rivera-Moreno&#44; Modest Sabat&#233;-Pi&#241;ol&#44; Carmen Molina-Clavero&#44; Nuria Serrat-Or&#250;s&#44; Maria Teresa Sans-Mateu and Cristina Guti&#233;rrez-Fornes&#46;</p> <p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epidemiology and prevention of nosocomial infections</span></p> <p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">M&#46; Montserrat Olona-Cabases&#46;</p> <p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ICU Nursing Department</span></p> <p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Xavier Teixid&#243;&#44; Diana Gil-Castillejos and Nuria Burl&#243;-Ar&#233;valo&#46;</p> <p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical Pharmacy</span></p> <p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laura Canadell and Erika Esteve-Pitarch&#46;</p> <p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ICU physicians</span></p> <p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mar&#237;a Bodi&#44; Alejandro Rodr&#237;guez&#44; Gerard Moreno&#44; Christian Villavicencio&#44; Mari Carmen Gilavert&#44; Sara Rosich&#44; &#193;ngel Pobo&#44; M&#243;nica Magret&#44; Gonzalo Sirgo&#44; Vanessa Bl&#225;zquez&#44; Federico Esteban&#44; Iulen Leache&#44; Paula Perello&#44; Iban Oliva&#44; Manuel Samper&#44; Oriol Plans&#44; Marc Cartany&#225;&#44; Sandra Canelles&#44; Raquel Carbonell&#44; Neus Guasch&#44; Cristina Ferr&#233;&#44; Sara Manrique&#44; Xavier Daniel&#44; Silvia Urgeles&#44; Ivan David&#44; Marina Roure&#44; Natalia Murillo&#44; Marina S&#225;nchez and Melina Salgado&#46;</p> <p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ICU Data-Analyses</span></p> <p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Josep G&#243;mez&#44; Manuel Ruiz-Botella&#44; Jordi Albiol and Eduard Mayol&#46;</p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "List of research members of the HJ23-COVID-19 Working Group"
            "identificador" => "sec0070"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of survival &#40;Kaplan-Meier&#41; corresponding to the different age intervals established for the patients included in the study&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">APACHE II&#58; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation&#59; ATB&#58; antibiotic&#59; COPD&#58; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#59; antiviral GAP&#58; days from symptoms onset to first dose of antiviral drug&#59; HC&#58; hydroxychloroquine&#59; L&#47;R&#58; lopinavir&#47;ritonavir&#59; RIFLE&#58; renal dysfunction scale&#59; ARDS&#58; acute respiratory distress syndrome&#59; SOFA&#58; Sequential Organ Failure Assessment&#59; VAP&#58; ventilator-associated pneumonia&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">All comparisons taking group 1 as reference&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 1&#47;survivors &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 3&#47;continued admission &#40;n&#8239;&#61;&#8239;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demographic data and severity parameters</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">65&#46;5 &#40;52-72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">60&#46;5 &#40;50-70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">67&#46;5 &#40;62-75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;54-73&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gender&#44; male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;62&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;64&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>APACHE II&#44; points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;15-24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;14-23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;16-24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;15-26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SOFA&#44; points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;4-7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;5 &#40;3-6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;5 &#40;5-9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;4-6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbidities</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>COPD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;9&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;7&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chronic heart failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;4&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;7&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chronic renal failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;4&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;3&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Obesity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;25&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;21&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;18&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;14&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Autoimmune disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;7&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;3&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ischemic heart disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;9&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;7&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Arterial hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;30&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Management</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antiviral GAP&#44; days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;6-10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;6-10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;5-8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;6&#46;5-12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ATB admission&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;11&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;10&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L&#47;R&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40 &#40;93&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;96&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Duration L&#47;R&#44; days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;4-10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;4-10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;5 &#40;3-10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3&#46;5-7&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;90&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;92&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Duration HC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;5-5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;5-5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;5-5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;5-5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tocilizumab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;4&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;7&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Interferon &#223;-1b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;34&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;32&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Laboratory</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LDH&#44; U&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">480 &#40;403-580&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">415 &#40;367-498&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">575 &#40;494-778&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">535 &#40;497-635&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CPK&#44; U&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71&#46;5 &#40;43-253&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86 &#40;43-168&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#46;5 &#40;43-120&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ND&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Leukocytes&#44; &#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;2 &#40;6&#46;2-11&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;1 &#40;5&#46;4-12&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;1 &#40;7&#46;5-12&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;1 &#40;7&#46;4-15&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lymphocytes&#44; &#215; 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;77 &#40;0&#46;50-0&#46;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;87 &#40;0&#46;55-1&#46;06&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;68 &#40;0&#46;37-0&#46;97&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;61 &#40;0&#46;25-0&#46;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Serum creatinine&#44; mg&#47;ml&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;7 &#40;0&#46;5-1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;6 &#40;0&#46;4-0&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;8 &#40;0&#46;7-1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;8 &#40;0&#46;6-1&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C-reactive protein&#44; mg&#47;dl&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;14-27&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&#46;5 &#40;12&#46;5-26&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;17-27&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;3 &#40;14-31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCT&#44; ng&#47;ml&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;4 &#40;0&#46;1-0&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;16 &#40;0&#46;04-0&#46;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;87 &#40;0&#46;53-1&#46;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;67 &#40;0&#46;31-1&#46;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lactate&#44; mmol&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;7 &#40;1&#46;4-2&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;5 &#40;1&#46;3-1&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;8 &#40;1&#46;4-2&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;6&#40; 1&#46;4-2&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D-dimer&#44; ng&#47;ml&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">599 &#40;465-1&#46;193&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">711 &#40;465-1&#46;440&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">931 &#40;454-1&#46;230&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">468 &#40;278-550&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Platelets&#44; &#215;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">229 &#40;189-303&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">226 &#40;194-309&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">225 &#40;168-289&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">263 &#40;193-436&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Complications</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Shock upon admission&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;58&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">12 &#40;42&#46;9&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">8 &#40;80&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Moderate&#47;severe ARDS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;74&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Acute renal failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pHa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;38 &#40;7&#46;34-7&#46;43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;41 &#40;7&#46;38&#46;7&#46;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;34 &#40;7&#46;28-7&#46;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Variables after 7 days of admission</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pHa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                      "titulo" => "Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan&#44; China&#58; a single-centered&#44; retrospective&#44; observational study"
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                      "titulo" => "Recomendaciones &#233;ticas para la toma de decisiones dif&#237;ciles en las unidades de cuidados intensivos ante la situaci&#243;n excepcional de crisis por la pandemia por COVID-19&#58; revisi&#243;n r&#225;pida y consenso de expertos"
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