Original article
Adherence to protective mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 versus non-COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: Comparison between two prospective cohorts
Adhesión a la ventilación mecánica protectora en el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda asociado a COVID-19 o asociado a otras etiologias: comparación entre dos cohortes prospectivas
E.V. Carvalhoa,b, S.P.S. Pintoa, E.P. Gomesa,b, Ó. Peñuelasc,d, C.G. Stohlera, G.C. Arantesa, L.L. Carvalhoa, R.M.F. Oliveiraa, P.N. Martinsa, M.M. Reboredoa,b, B.V. Pinheiroa,b,
Corresponding author
Bruno.Pinheiro@ebserh.gov.br
Corresponding author at: Av. Eugênio do Nascimento - s/nº, Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil.
Corresponding author at: Av. Eugênio do Nascimento - s/nº, Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil.
a Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, University Hospital of Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
b School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
c Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
d CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
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"apellidos" => "Pinheiro" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "Bruno.Pinheiro@ebserh.gov.br" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, University Hospital of Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author at: Av. Eugênio do Nascimento - s/nº, Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Adhesión a la ventilación mecánica protectora en el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda asociado a COVID-19 o asociado a otras etiologias: comparación entre dos cohortes prospectivas" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2325 "Ancho" => 3341 "Tamanyo" => 337931 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0065" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of ventilatory parameters on the first day of mechanical ventilation in C-ARDS and NC-ARDS patients.</p> <p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of tidal volume, mL/kg PBW against plateau pressure, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O (A) and driving pressure, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O (B). Distribution of PEEP, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O against plateau pressure, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O (C) and driving pressure, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O (D). Dotted lines represent the respective cutoffs for each variable.</p> <p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; C-ARDS: COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome; NC-ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome from other etiologies; PEEP: positive end expiratory pressure; PBW: predicted body weight.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are particularly exposed to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a>. In these patients, only a small proportion of the lungs is aerated and these ventilated areas might be exposed to excessive strain and stress, leading to local inflammation due to mechanical transduction<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a>. The use of low tidal volume (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 to 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/kg of predicted body weight [PBW]) and the maintenance of plateau pressure (P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span>) <30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O might decrease mortality in ARDS patients by reducing VILI occurrence<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a>.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, limiting the V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> based on PBW normalizes the V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> to the lung size but might not guarantee protective mechanical ventilation (MV), particularly in patients with severe ARDS. In these patients, alveolar overdistension can occur at the end of inspiration even with low V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>. Moreover, protective MV might not be guaranteed by limiting the P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span>, especially in patients ventilated with low levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>. Facing these limitations, Amato et al. proposed the driving pressure (DP) as an important parameter to guide the ventilatory strategy in ARDS patients. DP allows to adjust V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> based on the amount of preserved and aerated lung tissue, which can be better estimated by the compliance of the respiratory system (C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">RS</span>) than by the PBW<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>. Observational studies have confirmed the association between lower DP levels during MV and lower mortality in ARDS patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a>.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with severe COVID-19 may develop acute respiratory failure and frequently fulfill the criteria for ARDS according to the Berlin definition<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a>. For those patients, the same principles of protective MV, including V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> of 6−8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/kg PBW, P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span> lower than 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O, and DP lower than 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O, are recommended for both groups of patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the COVID-19 pandemic occurred years after the description of the concepts of protective MV, we hypothesized that adherence to protective MV might be greater during the pandemic, compared with the MV applied to ARDS patients before COVID-19. To test this hypothesis, we compared the ventilatory parameters applied to ARDS patients from two cohorts, one of ARDS caused by COVID-19 (C-ARDS) and the other of ARDS with other etiologies (NC-ARDS).</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Patients and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Design, settings and participants</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study compared two prospective cohorts, one of C-ARDS patients and the other of NC-ARDS patients. The C-ARDS cohort was conducted in two COVID-19 dedicated ICUs in Juiz de Fora (Minas Gerais, Brazil), from March 2020 to June 2021. In this cohort, all consecutive patients aged 18 years or older were eligible for participation if they were admitted to one of the participant ICUs with COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR, received invasive MV, and had ARDS defined by the Berlin criteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>. We excluded patients who had received invasive MV for more than 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h before admission in the participating ICUs, patients who were ventilated for less than 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h, and those for whom life-sustaining treatment was withheld.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To form the NC-ARDS cohort, we performed a secondary analysis of a prospective, observational, multicenter international cohort conducted over 30 days in 2016<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>. For the purpose of this analysis, patients admitted to the 37 participant Brazilian ICUs were included. Among these patients, we included those aged 18 years or older, who received invasive MV, and in whom ARDS was the reason for MV or those who developed ARDS on the first day of MV. In both cases, ARDS diagnosis was based on the Berlin criteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>. We excluded patients who were ventilated for less than 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h, and those for whom life-sustaining treatment was withheld.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study protocols of both cohorts followed the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Ethics Committees of each participant hospital and written informed consent was obtained from the patients’ next of kin (protocols number: 3.949.165 and 1.443.656).</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Data collection</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At admission, the following patient’s characteristics were prospectively recorded: age, sex, severity scores (estimated by Simplified Acute Physiology Score III [SAPS III], in the C-ARDS cohort, and by Simplified Acute Physiology Score II [SAPS II] in the NC-ARDS cohort), cardiovascular dysfunction and renal dysfunction defined as sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) sub-score higher than 2 points for each respective organ.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Day 0 was defined as the first calendar day that a patient received invasive MV in a participant ICU. We did not collect ventilatory parameters on day 0, at the time of patient stabilization after orotracheal intubation and MV initiation, but only on days 1–2, given the patient's delicacy and severity, to make the reproducibility of any future study increase. The following ventilatory parameters were collected on days 1 and 2, as close as possible to 8 a.m.: ventilatory mode, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>, respiratory rate, PEEP, P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span> during volume-controlled mode and maximum airway pressure (P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span>) during pressure-controlled modes, DP (=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span> minus total PEEP or P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> minus total PEEP), C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">RS</span> (=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> divided by DP). V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> was also expressed as V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> normalized for PBW (mL/kg PBW). The PBW was calculated by the following equations: PBW<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(height expressed in cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>–<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>152.4), for males; PBW<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(height expressed in cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>–<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>152.4), for females<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>. Arterial blood gas analysis was recorded simultaneously with the ventilatory parameters.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Outcomes</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary outcome was adherence to protective MV, defined by the presence of all the following three parameters: V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> ≤8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/kg PBW; P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span> ≤30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O; and DP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O. Secondary outcomes included: adherence to each individual component of the protective MV definition, ICU and hospital mortality.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Categorical variables are reported as numbers (relative proportions) and were compared using Chi-square test. Continuous variables are reported as median (25<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span>–75<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> percentile) and were compared using Mann-Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test, as appropriate.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Scatterplots were used to present distributions of V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> versus P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span>, V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> versus DP, PEEP versus P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span>, and PEEP versus DP. We chose cutoffs of 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/kg PBW for V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>, 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O for P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span>, and 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O for DP, based on the definition of protective MV. V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span>, P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span>, DP, and PEEP on day 1 were presented in cumulative distribution plots.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A multivariate logistic model was performed considering the cohort (C-ARDS or NC-ARDS) as the independent variable of interest and the protective MV as the dependent variable. We performed a directed acyclic graph (DAG) to choose the confounders and to avoid over-adjustment of the model. We used the dagitty tool - <a href="http://www.dagitty.net">www.dagitty.net</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>. Briefly, a DAG is a graphical tool that enables the visualization of the relationships between the exposure of interest, the outcome being studied, and all other variables that are associated in some way with at least two other variables in the diagram. A comprehensive review can be found in recent reviews<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a>. In this model, the following confounders were selected: age, sex, C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">RS</span>, ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>), arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>), pH, renal dysfunction (Fig. 1 in Supplementary Appendix).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another multivariate logistic model was performed considering non-adherence to protective MV as the independent variable of interest and ICU mortality as the dependent variable. For this analysis, another DAG was drawn and the following confounders were selected: age, sex, C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">RS</span>, PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, pH, cardiovascular and renal dysfunction (Fig. 2 in Supplementary Appendix). The same model was applied considering non-adherence to protective MV as the independent variable of interest and hospital mortality as the dependent variable.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All analyses were conducted with Stata 15.1 (Stata CorpLP, College Statio, TX, USA), and significance level was set at 0.05.</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall 120 of 902 patients admitted to 37 Brazilian ICUs that participated in the original cohort study met the Berlin criteria for ARDS diagnosis at admission or on the first day of MV and constituted the NC-ARDS cohort. The C-ARDS cohort was constituted of 228 patients admitted to two COVID-19 dedicated ICUs (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows demographic and clinical characteristics, and respiratory parameters on day 1 of MV in both cohorts. Patients with C-ARDS were younger and presented severe form of ARDS less frequently. At baseline, a higher proportion of patients with C-ARDS presented cardiovascular dysfunction and a lower proportion presented renal dysfunction, compared with patients with NC-ARDS. C-ARDS patients received higher V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> and higher PEEP levels, they presented higher P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span> and higher PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/F<span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> compared with patients with NC-ARDS. C-ARDS patients presented lower DP compared with patients with NC-ARDS. Similar results were found on day 2 of MV and they are shown in Table 2 in Supplementary Appendix.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Protective MV, as defined by the three parameters (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> ≤8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/kg PBW; P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span> ≤30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O; and DP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O), was applied to 65.8% of C-ARDS patients and to 50.0% of the NC-ARDS patients (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.005) on day 1 of MV. V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> was lower than 8.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/kg PBW in 86.8% in C-ARDS and in 80.2% in NC-ARDS (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.12) on day 1 of MV. The proportion of patients with P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span> ≤30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O was 91.7% in C-ARDS and 94.9% in NC-ARDS (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.28), and the proportion of patients with DP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O was 75.0% in C-ARDS and 62.4% in NC-ARDS (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.02) on day 1 of MV (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a> shows the distributions of DP and P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span> in different V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> and PEEP levels. Multivariable logistic regression showed that the C-ARDS cohort was independently associated with protective MV on day 1 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On day 2 of MV, protective MV was applied to 67.1% of C-ARDS patients and to 42.0% of the NC-ARDS patients (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001). On day 2, the proportions of patients ventilated with V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> > 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/kg PBW or with P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span> > 30 cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O were similar between the two cohorts. However, 75.4% of C-ARDS patients presented DP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O compared to 53.9% of NC-ARDS patients (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) (Table 3, Figs. 3 and 4 in Supplementary Appendix).</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was neither significant difference in ICU mortality between C-ARDS and NC-ARDS cohorts (48.3% vs. 52.5%, respectively, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.45), nor in hospital mortality (52.2% vs. 60.5%, respectively, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.14) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Protective MV (V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> ≤8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/kg PBW; P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span> ≤30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O; and DP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O) was not independently associated with lower ICU mortality (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>) and hospital mortality (Table 5 in Supplementary Appendix) in both cohorts. Among the individual components of the protective MV definition, there was a significant association between DP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and ICU mortality (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). However, there were no significant associations between V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> ≤8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/kg PBW or P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span> ≤30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and ICU mortality (Table 4 in Supplementary Appendix).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this observational study, which compared two prospective Brazilian cohorts of ARDS patients (C-ARDS and NC-ARDS), we found that a greater proportion of patients with C-ARDS received protective MV, compared with NC-ARDS patients. Multivariable analysis showed that the C-ARDS cohort was independently associated with protective MV. The higher adherence to protective MV in the C-ARDS cohort occurred mainly due to a higher proportion of patients with DP equal to or lower than 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O. Among the three individual components of the protective MV, only driving pressure was independently associated with ICU mortality.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first clinical studies demonstrating that a protective MV could reduce mortality in ARDS patients were based on limiting V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> and P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a>. In our study, the proportion of patients with these two parameters on safe levels was similar between the two cohorts, and in accordance with recent studies in C-ADRS and NC-ARDS patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,18,19</span></a>. These findings might reflect progressive incorporation of ventilatory strategies aimed at reducing VILI throughout the last two decades, as demonstrated by Peñuelas et al. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>. These authors evaluated four cohorts of mechanically ventilated patients (1998, 2004, 2010, and 2016) and showed a significant increase in the use of protective MV over time. Moreover, they showed that 28-day mortality decreased significantly and that a lung protective strategy mediated an important fraction of the effect of temporal evolution on mortality.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">More recently, DP has been considered an important ventilatory variable in the protective ventilatory strategy. Firstly, Amato et al. analyzed data from ARDS patients enrolled in previous randomized trials and demonstrated that DP was the ventilation variable best associated with mortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>. Since then, other authors have demonstrated an association between DP and mortality in ARDS patients of different etiologies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,20,21</span></a>, including ARDS due to COVID-19<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,22</span></a>. In our study, C-ARDS patients presented lower DP than NC-ARDS patients, and a higher proportion of patients in the C-ARDS cohort presented DP equal to or lower than 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O. This difference was responsible for the higher adherence to protective MV in the C-ARDS cohort. It might have occurred due to progressive incorporation of the DP as a protective ventilatory parameter over the years that separate the two cohorts. Moreover, the C-ARDS cohort was formed with patients admitted to two COVID-19 dedicated ICUs over 18 months, i.e. patients with a single clinical condition, a fact that might have improved compliance to protective MV.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ICU and hospital mortality were similar between the two cohorts and in line with mortality rates observed in previous studies of ARDS patients due to COVID-19 or other causes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,22–25</span></a>. In our analysis, the association between protective MV and ICU mortality did not reach statistical significance. When each component of the protective MV was analyzed separately, DP but not V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> and P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span> was independently associated with ICU mortality. This may have occurred because most patients were ventilated with V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> lower than 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/kg PBW and P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span> lower than 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O, leading to insufficient statistical power to detect an association between these variables and mortality. DP presented a broader distribution, especially in the NC-ARDS cohort, which may have happened because the role of DP in protective MV has been described more recently. Another possible explanation for these findings is that once DP is kept under safe levels, the importance of V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> and P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">plat</span> as protective variables decreases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has several relevant limitations. 1. The C-ARDS cohort was formed in only two COVID-19 dedicated ICUs, whereas the NC-ARDS cohort was formed in 37 ICUs from different Brazilian states. Therefore, the NC-ARDS cohort better represents the ventilatory practices in Brazil, compared to the C-ARDS cohort. 2. NC-ARDS was formed over only one month, and C-ARDS cohort was formed over 18 months, during which time adherence to protective MV may have progressively increased. 3. Ventilatory parameters were collected only on the first two days of MV and may not represent those applied during the following days. We cannot exclude the possibility that ventilatory parameters applied beyond day 2 influenced the mortality. 4. Not all clinical variables possibly associated with protective MV or mortality were collected, a fact that might have limited the precision of the DAGs that were drawn for the multivariable analyses. 5. Different disease severity scores were applied in each cohort (SAPS-3 in C-ARDS, SAPS-II in NC-ARDS), consequently they could not be compared.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, we observed a higher adherence to protective MV among C-ARDS patients, mainly secondary to higher adherence to limiting DP. Incorporating DP in the protective MV seems to be important, since, among the three components of the protective MV, DP was the one best associated with mortality. However, to ascertain a causal relationship between DP and mortality in ARDS patients, randomized clinical trials are necessary.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Authors’ contribution</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Erich V. Carvalho: conception and design of the study, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, literature search, drafting the article, final approval of the version to be published.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sérgio P. S. Pinto: conception and design of the study, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, literature search, drafting the article, final approval of the version to be published.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Edimar P. Gomes: conception and design of the study, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, literature search, drafting the article, final approval of the version to be published.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Óscar Peñuelas: conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, revising the article providing intellectual content of critical importance to the work described, final approval of the version to be published.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Caio G. Stohler: acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, revising the article providing intellectual content of critical importance to the work described, final approval of the version to be published.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gustavo C. Arantes: acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, revising the article providing intellectual content of critical importance to the work described, final approval of the version to be published.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lucas L. Carvalho: acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, revising the article providing intellectual content of critical importance to the work described, final approval of the version to be published.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Roberta M. F. Oliveira: acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, revising the article providing intellectual content of critical importance to the work described, final approval of the version to be published.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pedro N. Martins: acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, revising the article providing intellectual content of critical importance to the work described, final approval of the version to be published.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maycon M. Reboredo: conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the article, final approval of the version to be published.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bruno V. Pinheiro: conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the article, final approval of the version to be published.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Funding</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was supported by a <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">National Council for Scientific and Technological Development</span> – CNPq.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Declarations of interest</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1942379" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1673656" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1942378" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Diseño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1673655" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Design, settings and participants" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Data collection" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Outcomes" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Authors’ contribution" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Declarations of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2022-11-27" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-01-08" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1673656" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Adherence ventilation" 1 => "Acute respiratory distress syndrome" 2 => "COVID-19" 3 => "Driving pressure" 4 => "Mechanical ventilation" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1673655" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Adhesión a la ventilación" 1 => "COVID-19" 2 => "Presión de distensión" 3 => "Síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda" 4 => "Ventilación mecánica" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To compare adherence to protective mechanical ventilation (MV) parameters in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by COVID-19 with patients with ARDS from other etiologies.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Multiple prospective cohort study.</p><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Setting: Two Brazilian cohorts of ARDS patients were evaluated. One with COVID-19 patients admitted to two Brazilian intensive care units (ICUs) in 2020 and 2021 (C-ARDS, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>282), the other with ARDS-patients from other etiologies admitted to 37 Brazilian ICUs in 2016 (NC-ARDS, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>120).</p><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients: ARDS patients under MV.</p><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Interventions: None.</p><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Main variables of interest: Adherence to protective MV (tidal volume ≤8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/kg PBW; plateau pressure ≤30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O; and driving pressure ≤15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O), adherence to each individual component of the protective MV, and the association between protective MV and mortality.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adherence to protective MV was higher in C-ARDS than in NC-ARDS patients (65.8% vs. 50.0%, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.005), mainly due to a higher adherence to driving pressure ≤15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O (75.0% vs. 62.4%, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.02). Multivariable logistic regression showed that the C-ARDS cohort was independently associated with adherence to protective MV. Among the components of the protective MV, only limiting driving pressure was independently associated with lower ICU mortality.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Higher adherence to protective MV in patients with C-ARDS was secondary to higher adherence to limiting driving pressure. Additionally, lower driving pressure was independently associated with lower ICU mortality, which suggests that limiting exposure to driving pressure may improve survival in these patients.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparar la adhesión a la ventilación mecánica (VM) protectora en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA) causada por COVID-19 con pacientes con SDRA de otras etiologías.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Diseño</span><p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de cohorte prospectivo.</p><p id="spar0130" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Âmbito: Se evaluaron dos cohortes de pacientes con SDRA: 1.pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en dos unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) brasileñas en 2020 y 2021 (C-ARDS, n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>282); 2.pacientes con SDRA de otras etiologías ingresados en 37 UCI brasileñas en 2016 (NC-ARDS, n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>120).</p><p id="spar0135" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes: Pacientes con SDRA bajo VM invasiva.</p><p id="spar0140" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Intervenciones: No.</p><p id="spar0145" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Variables de interés principals: Adhesión a la VM protectora (volumen tidal ≤8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/kg; presión de meseta ≤30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH2O; y presión de distensión [PD] ≤15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH2O), adhesión a cada componente individual de la VM protectora, y la asociación entre la VM protectora y la mortalidad.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0150" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La adhesión a la VM protectora fue mayor en la cohorte C-ARDS que en la NC-ARDS (65,8% vs. 50,0%, p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,005), principalmente debido a mayor adhesión a la PD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O (75,0% vs. 62,4%, p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,02). La regresión logística multivariable mostró que la cohorte C-ARDS se asoció de forma independiente con la adhesión a la VM protectora. Entre los componentes de la VM protectora, sólo la limitación de la PD se asoció de forma independiente con menor mortalidad en la UCI.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusión</span><p id="spar0155" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La mayor adhesión a la VM protectora en los pacientes con C-ARDS fue secundaria a la mayor adhesión a limitación da PD. Además, una menor PD se asoció de forma independiente a menor mortalidad en la UCI, lo que sugiere que limitar la exposición a altas PD puede mejorar la supervivencia en estos pacientes.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Diseño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are Supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0035"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0040"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0045"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0065" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1113 "Ancho" => 2000 "Tamanyo" => 150462 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0055" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Study participant flow chart.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2261 "Ancho" => 3341 "Tamanyo" => 255333 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0060" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ventilatory parameters on the first day of mechanical ventilation in C-ARDS and NC-ARDS patients.</p> <p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cummulative frequency distribution of tidal volume, mL/kg PBW (A), plateau pressure, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O (B); driving pressure, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O (C); positive end expiratory pressure, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O (D). Vertical dotted lines represent the respective cutoffs for tidal volume, plateau pressure and driving pressure. Horizontal dotted line represents the median of applied PEEP.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2325 "Ancho" => 3341 "Tamanyo" => 337931 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0065" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of ventilatory parameters on the first day of mechanical ventilation in C-ARDS and NC-ARDS patients.</p> <p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of tidal volume, mL/kg PBW against plateau pressure, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O (A) and driving pressure, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O (B). Distribution of PEEP, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O against plateau pressure, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O (C) and driving pressure, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O (D). Dotted lines represent the respective cutoffs for each variable.</p> <p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; C-ARDS: COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome; NC-ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome from other etiologies; PEEP: positive end expiratory pressure; PBW: predicted body weight.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0070" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Categorical variables expressed as n (%), continuous variables expressed as median (IQR).</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">RS</span>: compliance of the respiratory system; DP: driving pressure; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>: fraction of inspired oxygen; ICU: intensive care unit; IQR: interquartile range; MV: mechanical ventilation; PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>: arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure; PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>: ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fraction of inspired oxygen; PBW: predicted body weight; PEEP: positive end expiratory pressure; Pplat: plateau pressure; SAPS: simplified acute physiology score.</p><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Organ dysfunction defined by a score of 2 points or more in the respective domain of the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA).</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Numbers and percentages of missing data, and their distribution across both cohorts are shown in Table 1 in Supplementary Appendix.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NC-ARDS cohort(<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>120) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">C-ARDS cohort(<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>228) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">67 (54–80) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">64 (53–74) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.045 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">56 (46.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">123 (53.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PBW (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60.6 (55.1–64.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">61.5 (52.4–67.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SAPS-2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50.0 (41.0–65.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SAPS-3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45.0 (39.5−54.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ARDS severity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mild \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41 (36.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">106 (46.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48 (42.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">105 (46.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 (20.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (6.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Co-existing organ dysfunction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cardiovascular \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">66 (55.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">157 (68.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Renal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 (26.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 (15.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mode of ventilation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.036 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pressure-controlled ventilation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">65 (54.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">131 (56.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Volume-controlled ventilation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">49 (40.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">96 (42.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pressure-support ventilation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (3.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (0.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Others \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (1.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 (0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tidal volume, mL/kg of PBW \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.1 (5.2–7.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.5 (5.9–7.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Peak pressure, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.0 (20.0–29.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.0 (24.0–29.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Plateau pressure, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (18–26) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24 (22–27) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Driving pressure, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.0 (11.0–18.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.0 (11.0–15.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PEEP, cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.0 (5.0–10.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.0 (10.0–12.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">RS</span>, mL/cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32.1 (24.9–38.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.6 (24.7–36.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adherence to \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Protective MV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">58 (50.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">150 (65.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> ≤ 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/kg PBW \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">93 (80.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">198 (86.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pplat ≤ 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">111 (94.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">209 (91.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DP ≤ 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">73 (62.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">171 (75.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.60 (0.40–0.81) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.60 (0.50–0.78) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, mm Hg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">176 (106–240) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">195 (147–248) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, mm Hg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40 (36–47) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45 (40–53) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">pH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.34 (7.27–7.40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.34 (7.28–7.40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Outcomes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ICU mortality \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63 (52.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">110 (48.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hospital mortality \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">72 (60.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">119 (52.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3236121.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, and respiratory parameters on day 1 of mechanical ventilation and outcomes in patients from NC-ARDS and C-ARDS cohorts.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0075" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">C-CARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19, CI: confidence interval, C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">RS</span>: compliance of the respiratory system, PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>: ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fraction of inspired oxygen; PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>: arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Multivariable odds ratio (95% CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C-ARDS cohort \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.58 (0.34–0.99) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.047 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.99 (0.98–1.02) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.927 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.23 (0.74–2.05) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.419 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">RS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.93 (0.90–0.96) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.00 (0.99–1.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.072 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.97 (0.94–0.99) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">pH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.01 (0.98–1.04) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.616 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Renal dysfunction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.11 (0.58–2.12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.756 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3236122.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Multivariable logistic regression assessing the association between C-ARDS cohort and non-protective mechanical ventilation on day 1.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0080" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CI: confidence interval, C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">RS</span>: compliance of the respiratory system; MV: mechanical ventilation, PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>: ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fraction of inspired oxygen; PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>: arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Protective MV as the independent variable of interest</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Driving pressure as the independent variable of interest</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Odds ratio(95% CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Odds ratio(95% CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Protective MV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.74 (0.44–1.25) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.269 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Driving pressure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.11 (1.00–1.23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.046 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.03 (1.02–1.05) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.03 (1.02–1.05) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.56 (0.34−0.94) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.030 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.64 (0.38–1.09) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">RS</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.97 (0.95–1.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.065 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.00 (0.96–1.04) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.99 (0.99–1.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.061 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.99 (0.99–1.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.96 (0.94−0.99) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.008 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.97 (0.94–0.99) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">pH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.95 (0.92−0.98) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.95 (0.92–0.98) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cardiovascular dysfunction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.60 (0.95–2.69) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.072 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.70 (1.00–2.88) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.046 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Renal dysfunction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.41 (0.74–2.68) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.293 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.42 (0.74–2.71) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3236123.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Multivariable logistic regression assessing the association between protective mechanical ventilation and driving pressure in C-ARDS and NC-ARDS cohorts, on day 1 and ICU-mortality.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.docx" "ficheroTamanyo" => 31495 ] ] 7 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0010" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc2.docx" "ficheroTamanyo" => 30234 ] ] 8 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0015" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc3.docx" "ficheroTamanyo" => 23325 ] ] 9 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0020" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc4.docx" "ficheroTamanyo" => 25871 ] ] 10 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0025" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc5.docx" "ficheroTamanyo" => 25419 ] ] 11 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0030" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "mmc6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1901 "Ancho" => 3341 "Tamanyo" => 439232 ] ] ] 12 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0035" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "mmc7.jpeg" "Alto" => 1967 "Ancho" => 3341 "Tamanyo" => 448524 ] ] ] 13 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0040" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "mmc8.jpeg" "Alto" => 2424 "Ancho" => 3341 "Tamanyo" => 269934 ] ] ] 14 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0045" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "mmc9.jpeg" "Alto" => 2308 "Ancho" => 3341 "Tamanyo" => 329627 ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:26 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ventilator-induced lung injury and lung mechanics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J.H.T. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2024 November | 2 | 3 | 5 |
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