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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Background</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oxygen therapy is one of the primary supportive care for patients with or at risk of developing hypoxic respiratory failure&#44; who are admitted to the emergency department and intensive care units&#46; To date&#44; no clinically useful biomarker for O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> toxicity is available&#44; and data on the effects of hyperoxia on markers of oxidative stress are equivocal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Numerous studies have demonstrated that hyperoxia &#40;paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62; 100&#160;mmHg&#41; can be harmful and is associated with adverse outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lungs are the first organs affected by oxygen toxicity&#46; In previous studies lung damage and gut microbiota alteration were observed during exposure of mice to hyperoxia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> Although paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> reflects the oxygen supply in the artery&#44; it does not necessarily provide information about the burden of oxygen in the lungs&#44; which can be much higher than systemic levels when a high fraction of oxygen &#40;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; is used&#46; At the same time&#44; alveolar hyperoxia may not result in extremely high paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels due to occasional existing alveolar- capillary diffusion disturbances or intrapulmonary shunting&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hyperoxia causes oxidative stress due to the formation of reactive oxygen species &#40;ROS&#41; and inflammation in the lungs&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> which may impair the surfactant system&#44; leading to alveolar collapse and a reduction in pulmonary compliance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Excessive oxygen administration can lead to hyperoxic vasoconstriction in the pulmonary system and atelectasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> as well as impair muco-ciliary clearance and the antimicrobial capacity of immune cells&#44; contributing to the development of secondary ventilator-associated pneumonia &#40;VAP&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> In preterm neonates&#44; hyperoxia is associated with chronic diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have shown that hyperoxia is also associated with negative effects on other organ systems&#44; such as the central nervous system and on the cardiovascular system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> Some studies report an increased risk of mortality in critically ill patients associated with hyperoxia&#44; with the most pronounced effects seen at extreme levels of paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6&#44;17&#44;18</span></a> An association between hyperoxia and mortality was also suggested in critically ill children beyond the neonatal period&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; the previous studies still does not provide definitive information about the optimal paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels to target during the ventilation of critically ill patients&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this retrospective observational study&#44; the incidence of pulmonary events and other coded diagnoses that typically occur in our critically ill patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit were examined&#46; Additionally&#44; the study investigated the relationship between oxygen therapy and in- hospital mortality&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objective of the study was to determine whether hyperoxia leads to a higher occurrence of pulmonary events such as bacterial&#44; viral&#44; or fungal pneumonia&#44; atelectasis&#44; acute respiratory failure&#44; pyothorax&#44; and other coded diseases&#44; ultimately resulting in increased in- hospital mortality compared to normoxia&#46; Furthermore&#44; the study assessed the utility of linking paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels to the onset of coded diseases in ICU- patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Study design</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This retrospective observational cohort study was approved by our Medical Ethics Commission&#46; The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards outlined in the latest version of the Helsinki Declaration &#40;2013&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Participants</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We enrolled all adult patients who received treatment in our surgical ICU during the period of 12 months&#46; All adult patients &#40;&#8805;18 years&#41; who had been mechanically ventilated for at least 24&#160;h were screened for inclusion in the study&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients in the cohort were categorized into two groups based on their mean paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values&#58; the normoxia group with paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#8804;100&#160;mmHg and the &#8220;mild&#8221; hyperoxia group with paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62;100&#160;mmHg&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We excluded patients who were not intubated&#44; patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#44; as per the Berlin definition<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#41;&#44; those on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation &#40;ECMO&#41;&#44; patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &#40;COPD GOLD IV&#41;&#44; cases of brain death&#44; individuals with neutropenia&#44; and pregnant women&#46; Additionally&#44; to prevent potential bias&#44; we excluded cases of ICU readmissions that occurred within the same hospitalization&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our patients in both groups had various lung diseases&#46; 5 patients in the group with paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#160;&#8804;&#160;100&#160;mmHg and 11 patients with paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#160;&#62;&#160;100&#160;mmHg had lung diseases such as COPD GOLD 1&#8211;2&#44; bronchial asthma&#44; and emphysema&#46; One patient had a restrictive ventilation disorder with long-term oxygen therapy &#40;LTOT&#41; due to scoliosis&#46; One patient had a suspected bronchial cancer&#44; while another patient had been treated for bronchial cancer seven years prior&#46; The most common disease was COPD&#46; One patient in each group had LTOT&#46; The other patients were not significantly impaired in their daily lives by their lung disease&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this observational study involving multiple variables&#44; we analysed and computed the mean values of all paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements from arterial blood gases &#40;ABGs&#41; taken within the initial 24&#160;h of mechanical ventilation&#46; Depending on the presence of respiratory insufficiency or other clinical conditions&#44; between 9 and 21 ABG tests were conducted within a 24-h period &#40;refer to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Variables</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we analysed data from patients recorded in I-SH&#47; i&#46;s&#46;h&#46;med &#40;the hospital&#8217;s electronic patient record system&#44; SAP&#41; who were admitted to our surgical ICU during the period of 12 months&#46; We systematically conducted searches for all relevant DRGs &#40;German Diagnosis Related Groups&#41; that were documented throughout the patient&#8217;s ICU stay and that might be influenced by hyperoxia&#46; Specifically&#44; for new pulmonary diagnoses&#44; an inclusive list of various pulmonary events&#44; such as bacterial&#47;viral&#47;fungal infections&#44; pleural effusions&#44; pyothorax&#44; pneumonitis&#44; and atelectasis&#44; was considered&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further&#44; we compared the values of common ICU scoring systems that reflect the severity of the disease&#58; sequential organ failure assessment &#40;SOFA&#41;&#44; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II &#40;APACHE&#41; and Simplified Acute Physiology Score - II &#40;SAPS II&#41; upon admission&#46; Additionally&#44; we considered the maximal value of the SOFA score during the ICU stay&#44; as this can change with the onset of a new infection or organ dysfunction&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inspired oxygen fraction &#40;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> from ABGs&#44; positive end-expiratory pressure &#40;PEEP&#41;&#44; and lactate averages were defined as the mean values of all measurements within the first 24&#160;h after admission&#46; Furthermore&#44; patients&#39; data included age&#44; body mass index &#40;BMI&#41;&#44; and length of stay &#40;LOS&#41; in the ICU&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary endpoint of this study was pulmonary events&#46; The secondary outcomes included the incidence of other infections&#44; new organ dysfunctions&#44; and in-hospital mortality in both groups&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Statistical methods</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A comprehensive descriptive statistical analysis was conducted&#44; presenting the mean&#44; standard deviation&#44; minimum&#44; median&#44; and maximum values for all continuous data and scores upon admission as well as their maximum during the stay&#46; Binary data were reported with absolute and relative frequencies&#46; Baseline demographics&#44; prognostic variables&#44; scores&#44; and ventilation modalities were compared between the groups using chi-square and Wilcoxon tests&#44; as appropriate&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cumulative survival probabilities were plotted using the Kaplan&#8211;Meier method and compared using the log-rank test&#46; Statistical significance was indicated by a p-value &#40;determined through the Pearson Chi-Square test and two-sided Wilcoxon Test&#41; below 0&#46;05 for patient baseline characteristics and secondary outcomes&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The statistical data analysis was performed using SPSS-Software &#40;IBM &#174; SPSS &#174; Statistics Version 23&#41; and Microsoft Excel&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Results</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We enrolled 112 patients undergoing elective or emergency surgery&#44; organ transplantation&#44; patients with sepsis or septic shock&#44; post-surgical complications&#44; and hemorrhage that required admission to the ICU&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 189 patients were identified as potential study participants&#46; Out of these&#44; 112 met our inclusion criteria and were eligible for analysis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; All patients were assigned to two groups&#58; the normoxia group consisted of patients with paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#8804; 100&#160;mmHg &#40;n&#160;&#61;&#160;43&#41;&#44; and the &#8220;mild&#8221; hyperoxia group consisted of patients with paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62;100&#160;mmHg &#40;n&#160;&#61;&#160;69&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">53 out of 69 patients in the &#39;mild&#39; hyperoxia group and 33 out of 43 patients in the normoxia group required surgery and were subsequently treated postoperatively in the ICU&#46; The average duration of surgery was 3&#46;6&#160;h in the hyperoxia group and 3&#46;2&#160;h in the normoxia group&#46; Patients were ventilated invasively with pressure control both in the operating room and subsequently in the intensive care unit&#44; following the current ARDS guidelines&#46; According to our study protocol&#44; only patients who were only invasively ventilated were evaluated in the first 24&#160;h in the intensive care unit&#44; ensuring that ventilatory support was not conducted for at least this period&#46;</p><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Primary outcome</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of pulmonary events related to oxygen therapy was analysed&#46; This included bacterial&#44; viral&#44; and fungal infections&#44; pleural effusions&#44; pyothorax&#44; pneumonitis&#44; and atelectasis&#46; Pleural effusions occurred in 70&#37; of the normoxia group compared to 58&#37; of the hyperoxia group &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;23&#41;&#46; Similarly&#44; pneumonia due to sepsis was observed in 12&#37; of the normoxia group and 29&#37; of the hyperoxia group &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;42&#41;&#46; The onset of atelectasis&#44; bacterial pneumonia&#44; aspergillosis&#44; herpes simplex virus pneumonia&#44; acute respiratory failure with hypoxia&#44; pyothorax&#44; and aspiration pneumonitis were similar in both groups&#46; There were no statistically significant differences in the values &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Secondary outcomes</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were also no statistically significant between-group differences in the incidence of non- pulmonary new infections and organ dysfunctions &#40;DRG Codes&#41; that occurred during the ICU stay&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; In patients with hemorrhage &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;53&#41; and polytrauma &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;15&#41; as reasons for admission to the ICU&#44; more patients received oxygen therapy resulting in paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62; 100&#160;mmHg&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both study groups had similar age&#44; BMI&#44; lactate levels&#44; and severity of disease scores at admission and during their ICU stay&#44; as shown in the baseline characteristics in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Notably&#44; the PEEP and FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels were significantly lower in the group of patients with paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62;100&#160;mmHg &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;03 and p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;01&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; The &#8220;mild&#8221; hyperoxia group spent an average of 1&#46;2 day longer in the ICU &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;59&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Out of 69 patients in the hyperoxia group&#44; 27 &#40;39&#46; 1&#37;&#41; and out of 43 patients in the group with PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#8804; 100&#160;mmHg&#44; 12 &#40;27&#46; 9&#37;&#41; died during their ICU stay or further hospitalization&#46; The Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival analysis presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a> shows no statistically significant differences between the groups in survival estimates &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;5428&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Discussion</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this retrospective observational cohort study&#44; our aim was to examine the relationship between arterial partial pressure of oxygen&#44; a ventilation parameter&#44; and various outcome variables&#44; such as pulmonary events&#44; the onset of other coded diseases&#44; and in-hospital mortality&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consistent with previous studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;22</span></a> we used paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> as a more precise ventilation parameter for the analysis of the oxygen therapy in invasive ventilated ICU patients&#46; This choice was made due to the S-shaped nature of the oxygen- hemoglobin dissociation curve&#44; where even slight differences in SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> can lead to significant variations in paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The highest paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> observed in the &#8220;mild&#8221; hyperoxia group was 168&#160;mmHg&#44; a value considerably lower than the paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> thresholds used in prior studies&#46; In those studies&#44; hyperoxia was typically defined as paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> of 300&#160;mmHg or higher&#46; Notably&#44; such high paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels were associated with either increased mortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;23</span></a> or worse neurological outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> In our patient cohort&#44; we specifically examined the impact of oxygen therapy on groups with only &#8220;mild&#8221; hyperoxia&#44; where there were no extreme differences paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in values&#46; Our analysis focused on evaluating disparities in pulmonary events and in-hospital mortality within this context&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our patient groups were homogenous regarding the severity of the disease &#40;median APACHE score 29 vs&#46; 31&#41; and median paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels &#40;96&#160;mmHg vs&#46; 113&#160;mmHg&#41;&#46; Due to this homogeneity&#44; it was likely possible to mitigate the potential effect of sicker patients receiving more oxygen&#44; which could lead to an overestimation of the oxygen&#8217;s impact on mortality&#46; On the other hand&#44; nowadays&#44; more clinicians generally recognize the potential deleterious effects of prolonged aggressive oxygen therapy&#44; resulting in excessive paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> However&#44; current practice still appears to involve clinicians tolerating a certain degree of hyperoxia to maintain a &#8216;safety buffer&#8217; against hypoxemia&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results are consistent with the systematic review&#44; meta-analysis&#44; and trial sequential analysis conducted by Barbateskovic et al&#46;&#44; which showed neither beneficial nor harmful effects of higher versus lower oxygenation strategies&#46; Similarly&#44; no evidence was found indicating that a higher oxygenation strategy versus a lower oxygenation strategy had a profound effect on the all-cause mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As of the current data&#44; there is no consensus or established definitions for cut-off values&#44; including both the lower and upper limits for partial pressure of oxygen&#44; that can differentiate between beneficial and harmful effects for the patient&#46; In this study&#44; which involved a relatively small patient cohort&#44; it was not feasible to establish such cut-off values&#46; PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values between 70 and 170&#160;mmHg are likely appropriate for critically ill ventilated patients&#44; depending on the clinical condition&#44; given the absence of a dependable measurement of tissue oxygenation for clinical application&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our findings contrast with those of a previous single-center randomized clinical trial&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> wherein lower mortality was noted among patients receiving conservative oxygen therapy compared to those subjected to usual oxygen therapy&#46; The outcomes of this trial might have been influenced by initial baseline disparities among the study groups&#44; such as age&#44; illness severity&#44; and organ failures&#46; Moreover&#44; the study was prematurely terminated after an interim analysis revealed elevated mortality in one of the study groups&#44; possibly leading to an overestimation of effects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ICU- patients with hemorrhage and polytrauma as admission causes were over-represented in the hyperoxia group &#40;28&#37; vs&#46; 35&#37; p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;53 and 2&#37; vs&#46; 10&#37; p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;15&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; These patients often receive oxygen therapy&#44; as clinicians tend to administer oxygen more aggressively in such critical and dynamic situations with a potential increased risk of hypoxia aggravated by blood loss&#46; This could potentially provide an explanation for this discrepancy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the hyperoxia group&#44; bacterial pneumonia occurred more often &#40;49 &#37; vs&#46; 42&#37; in the other group&#44; p- value&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;5593&#41;&#46; Based on our understanding of daily practices in our ICU&#44; we would explain this by the frequent tracheal suctioning of secretions or the performance of bronchoscopy to remove secretions&#46; During these procedures&#44; the fraction of inspired oxygen is typically increased to 100&#37;&#46; Consequently&#44; we might have observed falsely elevated values paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in this group&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; there is evidence that prolonged aggressive oxygen therapy can impair pulmonary innate immunity and the capacity for bacterial phagocytosis&#46; In a study by Six et al&#46;&#44; a clear association between hyperoxia &#40;remarkably defined as paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62; 120&#160;mmHg&#41; at ICU admission and ventilator- associated pneumonia &#40;VAP&#41; as a secondary pulmonary infection was suggested&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies on animal models have shown an association between hyperoxia and bacterial infection&#46; Hyperoxia-induced suppression of macrophage phagocytosis of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa causes an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection&#44; which can lead to higher mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a> Another study found that hyperoxia increased mortality in mice with Acinobacter Pneumonia&#59; however&#44; the administration of procysteine was able to improve survival by enhancing the phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages in mice kept under hyperoxic conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the recent study by Damiani et al&#46; involving patients with SARS- CoV-2 viral pneumonia&#44; &#8220;the prevalence of hyperoxemia was independently associated with a higher risk of ICU mortality&#44; as well as a greater risk of developing VAP&#8221;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> In our patient cohort only cases of herpes simplex virus pneumonia were observed as viral pneumonia&#44; and the overall incidence of this was low&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interestingly&#44; with regard to non- pulmonary diagnoses&#44; no cases of mesenteric ischemia occurred in either patient group&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our retrospective study has demonstrated that relating paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> to outcomes and coded diseases&#44; particularly in surgical ICU patients&#44; is relatively challenging&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our evaluation certainly has limitations&#46; Firstly&#44; this is a retrospective single-center study&#44; and the patient cohort&#44; consisting of 112 enrolled surgical critical care patients&#44; is relatively small&#46; However&#44; our patient groups were well-balanced and homogenous in terms of the median APACHE score &#40;29 vs&#46; 31&#41; and the median paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels&#46; Furthermore&#44; a comprehensive analysis was conducted regarding the interaction between all relevant DRG-Codes in intensive care medicine&#44; such as sepsis&#44; septic shock&#44; organ transplantation&#44; delirium&#44; prolonged weaning&#44; and so on&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Secondly&#44; in our study&#44; we focused on mortality during the hospital stay without follow-up&#44; unlike other studies&#44; which means that mortality in both groups might be underestimated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;30</span></a> In this study&#44; we explored a detailed list of different diagnoses typically occurring during an ICU stay and their correlation with paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; Specifically&#44; pulmonary diseases were investigated&#44; including various lung infections&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Conclusions</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we observed no differences in pulmonary events&#44; other coded diseases&#44; or in-hospital mortality related to oxygen therapy in &#8220;mild&#8221; hyperoxia group compared to the normoxia group&#46; However&#44; further prospective multicentre studies involving a larger number of patients are necessary to conduct a precise protocol- based analysis of arterial partial pressure and other ventilation parameters&#44; and to establish a connection between these factors and the outcomes and coded diseases in critically ill patients&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From now&#44; while the &#8220;optimal level&#8221; remains unknown and may vary based on specific clinical conditions&#44; it is recommended to target PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values within the normal range&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In other words&#44; carefully titrating PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> is advised to prevent both hypoxemia and excessive hyperoxemia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Ethics approval and consent to participate</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This retrospective exploratory cohort study received approval from Medical Ethics Commission of the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University&#44; Heidelberg&#44; Germany &#40;Approval ID&#58; Votum S-357&#47;2020&#41;&#46; This study was carried out in compliance with the ethical standards outlined in the latest version of the Helsinki Declaration &#40;2013&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Consent for publication</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Requirement for written informed consent and consent for publication was waived by the Ethics Commission&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">Availability of data and materials</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All data are stored for at least 10 years&#46; The datasets analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0180">Competing interests</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no competing interests&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0185">Funding</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The participating institutions obtained no public or private funding for this work&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0190">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LS helped design the work&#44; analysed and interpreted the data&#44; was a major contributor in writing the manuscript&#44; and critically reviewed and revised the final manuscript&#46; DN and FU helped design the work and critically reviewed and revised the final manuscript&#46; TB helped design the work&#44; analysed the data&#44; critically reviewed and revised the final manuscript&#46; MW and AK helped design the work&#44; critically reviewed and revised the final manuscript&#46; MOFK helped design the work&#44; analysed and interpreted the data&#44; drafted the manuscript&#44; and critically reviewed and revised the final manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0195">Declaration of Generative AI and AI- assisted technologies in the writing process</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the preparation of this work the authors used ChatGPT in order to improve readability and language&#46; After using this chatbot&#44; the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>"
            1 => "F<span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>"
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            3 => "ABG"
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            0 => "Hiperoxia"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Oxygen has been used liberally in ICUs for a long time to prevent hypoxia in ICU- patients&#46; Current evidence suggests that paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62;300&#160;mmHg should be avoided&#44; it remains uncertain whether an &#8220;optimal level&#8221; exists&#46; We investigated how &#8220;mild&#8221; hyperoxia influences diseases and in-hospital mortality&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This is a retrospective study&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Setting</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">112 mechanically ventilated ICU-patients were enrolled&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Patients or participants</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">112 ventilated patients were included and categorized into two groups based on the median paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values measured in initial 24&#160;h of mechanical ventilation&#58; normoxia group &#40;paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#8804; 100&#160;mmHg&#44; n&#160;&#61;&#160;43&#41; and hyperoxia group patients &#40;paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62; 100&#160;mmHg&#44; n&#160;&#61;&#160;69&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Interventions</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No interventions were performed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Main variables of interest</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The primary outcome was the incidence of pulmonary events&#44; the secondary outcomes included the incidence of other new organ dysfunctions and in-hospital mortality&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Results</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The baseline characteristics&#44; such as age&#44; body mass index&#44; lactate levels&#44; and severity of disease scores&#44; were similar in both groups&#46; There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of pulmonary events&#44; infections&#44; and new organ dysfunctions between the groups&#46; 27 out of 69 patients &#40;39&#46;1&#37;&#41; in the &#8220;mild&#8221; hyperoxia group and 12 out of 43 patients &#40;27&#46;9&#37;&#41; in the normoxia group died during their ICU or hospital stay &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;54&#41;&#46; The mean APACHE Score was 29&#46;4 &#40;SD 7&#46;9&#41; in the normoxia group and 30&#46;0 &#40;SD 6&#46;7&#41; in the hyperoxia group &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;62&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We found no differences in pulmonary events&#44; other coded diseases&#44; and in-hospital mortality between both groups&#46; It remains still unclear what the &#34;best oxygen regime&#34; is for intensive care patients&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El ox&#237;geno durante mucho tiempo se ha utilizado generosamente en la UCI para prevenir la hipoxia de los pacientes&#46; Las pruebas actuales sugieren que debe evitarse una paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62;300&#160;mmHg&#44; pero a&#250;n no se sabe con certeza si existe un &#34;nivel &#243;ptimo&#34;&#46; Se investig&#243; c&#243;mo la hiperoxia &#34;leve&#34; influye en la morbi-mortalidad intrahospitalaria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">&#193;mbito</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 112 pacientes de UCI con ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes o participantes</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los 112 pacientes se clasificaron en dos grupos en funci&#243;n de los valores medios de paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2&#44;</span> medidos durante las primeras 24 horas de la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#58; pacientes del grupo de normoxia &#40;paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#8804; 100&#160;mmHg&#44; n&#160;&#61;&#160;43&#41; y pacientes del grupo de hiperoxia &#40;paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62; 100&#160;mmHg&#44; n&#160;&#61;&#160;69&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Intervenciones</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No se realizaron intervenciones&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Principales variables de inter&#233;s</span><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El resultado primario fue la incidencia de episodios pulmonares&#44; los resultados secundarios incluyeron la incidencia de otras disfunciones org&#225;nicas nuevas y la mortalidad intrahospitalaria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las caracter&#237;sticas basales&#44; como la edad&#44; el &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#44; los niveles de lactato y las puntuaciones de gravedad de la enfermedad&#44; fueron similares en ambos grupos&#46; No hubo diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas en la incidencia de episodios pulmonares&#44; infecciones y nuevas disfunciones org&#225;nicas entre los grupos&#46; Pudo observarse que 27 de 69 pacientes &#40;39&#44;1&#37;&#41; del grupo de hiperoxia &#34;leve&#34; y 12 de 43 pacientes &#40;27&#44;9&#37;&#41; del grupo de normoxia fallecieron durante su estancia en la UCI o en el hospital &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44;54&#41;&#46; La puntuaci&#243;n APACHE media fue de 29&#44;4 &#40;DE 7&#44;9&#41; en el grupo de normoxia y de 30&#44;0 &#40;DE 6&#44;7&#41; en el grupo de hiperoxia &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44;62&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No encontramos diferencias en episodios pulmonares&#44; otras enfermedades codificadas y mortalidad intrahospitalaria entre ambos grupos&#46; Sigue sin estar claro cu&#225;l es el &#34;mejor suministro de ox&#237;geno&#34; para los pacientes de cuidados intensivos&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#8804; 100&#160;mmHg&#44; n&#160;&#61;&#160;43</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">paO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#62; 100&#160;mmHg&#44; n&#160;&#61;&#160;69</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">P-value&#44; Wilcoxon Test &#40;Two-sided&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Range &#40;min-max&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Range&#40;min-max&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Age&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68&#46;1 &#40;12&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31&#8722;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&#46;8 &#40;13&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#8722;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;09085&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">BMI&#44; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;5 &#40;7&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#8722;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;5 &#40;6&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#8722;55&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;15102&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2&#44;</span> &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&#46;9 &#40;10&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#8722;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;6 &#40;10&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#8722;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;00292&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2&#44;</span> mmHg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">93&#46;3 &#40;5&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79&#8722;100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">118&#46;3 &#40;16&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">113&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">101&#8722;168&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SAPSII&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64&#46;9 &#40;20&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#8722;106&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&#46;4 &#40;19&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#8722;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;60567&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SOFA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;6 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#8722;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;8 &#40;3&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#8722;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;56322&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MaxSOFA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;3 &#40;3&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#8722;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;7 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#8722;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;38261&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">APACHE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;4 &#40;7&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#8722;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#46;0 &#40;6&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;43&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pneumonia due to sepsis</span>&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;12&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;4295&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pyothorax</span>&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspiration pneumonitis</span>&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;4783&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Non-healing surgical wound&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;12&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;3010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anastomotic insufficiency&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Herpes simplex virus pneumonia</span>&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acute kidney failure&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;33&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acute liver failure&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;13&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1992&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Delirium&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;30&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;29&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prolonged weaning&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;28&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;19&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;3509&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">STEMI&#47;NSTEMI&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;6473&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Arrhythmia&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;17&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2784&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CIP&#47;CIM&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;3702&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">MODS&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;12&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;3010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cause of admission to ICU&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Emergency procedure&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;47&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;42&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;6975&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Elective surgery&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1046&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Polytrauma&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1502&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Liver transplant&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;6473&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Complications after surgery&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;42&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5515&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Hemorrhage&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;28&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;35&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5346&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Sepsis at admission&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;30&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;0000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DRG &#8211; Codes and causes of admission to ICU&#46;</p>"
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