Extracorporeal lung support in patients with severe respiratory failure secondary to the 2010–2011 winter seasonal outbreak of influenza A (H1N1) in Spain

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Avellanas, A. Ricart, J. Botella, F. Mengelle, I. Soteras, T. Veres, M. Vidal" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.L." "apellidos" => "Avellanas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Ricart" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Botella" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Mengelle" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Soteras" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Veres" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." 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Marco-Schulke, M. Sánchez-Casado, V.A. Hortigüela-Martín, M. Quintana-Díaz, S. Rodríguez-Villar, M.J. Pérez-Pedrero, A. Velasco-Ramos, A. Canabal-Berlanga, M.Á. Arrese-Cosculluela" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C.M." "apellidos" => "Marco-Schulke" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Sánchez-Casado" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V.A." "apellidos" => "Hortigüela-Martín" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Quintana-Díaz" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Rodríguez-Villar" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.J." "apellidos" => "Pérez-Pedrero" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Velasco-Ramos" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Canabal-Berlanga" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.Á." "apellidos" => "Arrese-Cosculluela" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173572712000537?idApp=WMIE" "url" => "/21735727/0000003600000003/v1_201212101020/S2173572712000537/v1_201212101020/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original" "titulo" => "Extracorporeal lung support in patients with severe respiratory failure secondary to the 2010–2011 winter seasonal outbreak of influenza A (H1N1) in Spain" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "193" "paginaFinal" => "199" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "J. Bonastre, B. Suberviola, J.C. Pozo, J.E. Guerrero, A. Torres, A. Rodríguez, I. Martín-Loeches" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Bonastre" "email" => array:2 [ 0 => "jbonastremora@gmail.com" 1 => "bonastre_jua@gva.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "¿" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Suberviola" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J.C." "apellidos" => "Pozo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J.E." "apellidos" => "Guerrero" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Torres" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." 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"apellidos" => "Martín-Loeches" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] ] ] 7 => array:1 [ "colaborador" => "SEMICYUC-CIBERES-REIPI working group" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Santander, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Clínic, Instituto del Tórax, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospìtal Juan XXIII, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Tarragona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Parc Taulí, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Sabadell, Spain" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Uso de oxigenador de membrana extracorpóreo en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda grave refractaria en la epidemia de gripe estacional 2010–2011 por influenza A (H1N1) en España" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1167 "Ancho" => 1596 "Tamanyo" => 116533 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Outcome among the patients subjected to ECMO." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe salient characteristic of the pandemic caused by the influenza A (H1N1) virus is the frequent appearance of acute respiratory failure episodes, associated to high mortality rates.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1–3</a> The principal underlying etiology in both the Spanish national and international clinical series is rapidly progressive viral pneumonia—this being the leading reason for admission to Intensive Care among such patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">4–8</a> The seriousness of the patient condition, often characterized by hypoxemia refractory to conventional treatment, has led to the adoption of rescue treatment measures in such cases, with both drugs (e.g., corticosteroids) and non-pharmacological measures, including different supportive and ventilation strategies (alveolar recruitment maneuvers, ventilation in prone decubitus, nitric oxide (NO), etc.). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an example of such supportive therapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045">9,10</a> The present article describes the experience gained with the utilization of ECMO in patients admitted to the Spanish Intensive Care Units (ICUs) during the seasonal influenza outbreak of the year 2010, produced by the influenza A (H1N1) virus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a>Material and methodsThis prospective and observational study of patients admitted to the ICU was carried out in a total of 148 Spanish hospitals. The data were obtained from a voluntary registry created and auspiced by the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units (Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva Crítica y Unidades Coronarias, SEMICYUC), the Spanish Research Network in Infectious Disease (REIPI), and the Networked Research Center of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Juan XXIII University Hospital in Tarragona (Spain) (IRB NEMAGRIP/11809). Patient identity was kept confidential, and no informed consent was required, given the observational nature of the study. The data were reported by the physician attending the patients. Information was collected on all the patients consecutively admitted with a diagnosis of influenza A (H1N1) between weeks 50–52 of the year 2010, and weeks 1–4 of the year 2011. All included patients were ≥15 years of age. In all cases, the diagnosis of influenza A (H1N1) infection was confirmed by real time, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing of nasopharyngeal secretions and/or tracheal secretions requested by the attending physician upon admission to the ICU. The determination was carried out in each participating hospital center or in a core laboratory when the test was not locally available. Cases were defined by the presence of an acute respiratory condition with laboratory RT-PCR confirmation. The registry only included confirmed cases.The criteria for admission to the ICU, the management regimens, including the need for intubation and mechanical ventilation, and the antibiotic or antiviral treatments were not protocolized and were established by the physician attending the patient. Systemic corticosteroids were prescribed when the patient developed septic shock refractory to usual treatment (hydrocortisone) or as coadjuvant treatment in pneumonia (methylprednisolone). Antiviral therapy consisted of oral oseltamivir (75mg/12h or 150mg/12h) or zanamivir via the intravenous route (600mg/12h), according to the criterion of the supervising physician. The decision regarding the indication of ECMO as ventilatory support in situations of refractory hypoxemia was not standardized, and was established by the physician attending the patient. Likewise, there was no consensus-based protocol referred to the indications, contraindications and therapeutic objectives of ECMO ventilatory support. Five hospital centers implemented ECMO: La Fe University Hospital (Valencia), Reina Sofia University Hospital (Cordoba), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (Santander), Gregorio Marañón University Hospital (Madrid), and the Clinic University Hospital (Barcelona). In all cases ECMO pertained to the hospital reporting the cases, with the exception of one patient in which the intensivists and heart surgeon of La Fe University Hospital (Valencia) visited the ICU of Játiva Hospital (Valencia) where the patient had been admitted. Following implantation of the device, the patient was transferred to the reference hospital center under ECMO ventilatory support in a medicalized ambulance.DefinitionsPrimary viral pneumonia was defined as the presence of a clinical condition consisting of acute respiratory failure and alveolar condensations on the chest X-rays in at least two lung lobes, with negative respiratory and blood sample cultures during the acute phase of the influenza infectious process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a>Community acquired respiratory co-infection (CARC) was defined as any infection diagnosed within the first two days of admission to hospital.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> Infections occurring at a later point were regarded as nosocomial infections. The definition of hospital-acquired pneumonia was based on the current criteria of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Disease Society of America.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a> Obesity was considered in the presence of a body mass index (BMI) of >30kg/m2. Vaccinated patients were defined as those who had received the monovalent or seasonal vaccine for influenza A (H1N1) corresponding to 2009, or the seasonal vaccine for influenza 2010–2011. The presence of renal failure was defined according to the criteria of the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a>Statistical analysisDiscrete variables are reported as numbers (percentages), while continuous variables are expressed as the median (25–75% interquartile range).Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS version 15.0 statistical package for MS Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).ResultsAnalysis was limited to the data of the first 300 adults admitted to the 148 Spanish ICUs during the seasonal influenza outbreak of the winter of 2010–2011. In all cases the cause of the respiratory disease was the influenza A (H1N1) virus, confirmed by RT-PCR testing.A total of 239 patients (79.7%) required intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). ECMO was indicated as ventilatory support in 9 patients (3% of the total and 3.8% of the ventilated subjects). In each of the 5 hospital centers ECMO was used in two patients, except in the Clinic Hospital in Barcelona, where the technique was used in a single patient. The patients were young, with a median age of 36 years (27.5–42.0), and 58% were males. The median APACHE II and SOFA scores were 15.0 (12.5–24.0) and 5.5 (4.0–8.8), respectively. Comorbidities were present in four patients (44.4%)—the most prevalent condition being chronic renal failure requiring conventional renal filtration in two cases (22.2%). No patient had been vaccinated. In all cases the clinical condition corresponded to viral pneumonia, and in two cases the latter was associated to bacterial coinfection produced by Pseudomona aeruginosa. The median stay of the total cases in both the ICU and in hospital was long—17 (13.5–38.5) and 29 (13.5–44.5) days, respectively—and longer in those who survived than in the patients who died (19.5 versus 15 days in the ICU and 15 versus 29 day in hospital). All of the patients received antiviral treatment with oseltamivir, with a delay of 5 days from symptoms onset. Corticosteroids were used in 6 patients (66.7%), fundamentally due to septic shock refractory to the usual management measures. Vasopressors proved necessary in 7 patients (77.8%). Seven patients presented or developed renal failure. Of these, 5 were subjected to continuous renal replacement therapy while two were subjected to both continuous techniques and conventional hemodialysis.All patients were intubated and subjected to mechanical ventilation. In three subjects noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) had been previously attempted but failed. The invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) modalities, the rescue measures in relation to refractory hypoxemia, and the blood gas parameters prior to the introduction of ECMO are described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. The most widely used invasive mechanical ventilation modality was the pressure-controlled technique. Some hypoxemia rescue measure was used in 7 of the patients (77.7%) – the most frequently used option being ventilation in prone decubitus and the utilization of nitric oxide in 55.5% of the patients. The severity of respiratory failure prior to ECMO implantation was evidenced by the need for high oxygen concentrations and positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) in the respirator, as well as by hypercapnia, the lowering of pH and the low PaO2/FiO2 ratio, with a median value of 66.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The characteristics of ECMO (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) show insertion of the device to be early (after a median of 4.5 days of invasive mechanical ventilation). As expected, most were venous–venous procedures (88.9%), though posteriorly conversion to the venous–arterial technique was required in one patient due to the appearance of left ventricle dysfunction. In only one case venous–arterial cannulation was carried out from the start as ventilatory and circulatory support. The median duration of assistance was 6 days. Complications were relatively frequent, with at least one complication in 44.4% of the cases. The most common problems were pump dysfunction and bleeding at the cannulation points, requiring pump replacement and revision of the cannula insertion points. In no case did the complications lead to patient death.The results in terms of patient outcome are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>. Of the 9 patients subjected to ECMO, the device could be removed in 5 cases (55.5%) as a result of improvement of the respiratory condition, and four of these patients (44.4%) were discharged from the ICU and hospital. The remaining patient died 7 days after suspending ECMO, as a result of septic shock and multiorgan failure (MOF). The other four patients died while receiving ECMO (due to septic shock in two cases, multiorgan failure in one, and refractory respiratory failure in another).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThis is the first article to describe the experience in Spain with ECMO in critical patients admitted to the ICU during the seasonal influenza A (H1N1) epidemic in the winter of 2010–2011.Our findings are similar to those reported by other international registries and publications (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). The availability of the technique is generally limited to third level hospitals with adequate technological and human resources. In this country only 5 of the 148 participating ICUs (3.4%) incorporated ECMO, in concordance with similar data from registries in countries such as Australia–New Zealand<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> or Canada,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a> with healthcare systems similar to our own, and where the percentage of ICUs with the technique was reported to be 8% (15/187) and 11.8% (4/34), respectively. The same resource-concentrating policy referred to the availability of ECMO is also recommended by the health authorities in Italy,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> with the accreditation of only 14 ECMO-equipped ICUs in the entire country. The concentration of ECMO in a few reference hospital centers is not an insurmountable barrier against application of the technique to seriously ill patients admitted to other centers and who cannot be moved to reference hospitals. Although in our series only one patient was subjected to ECMO in another hospital lacking the technique, followed by transfer with the device to the corresponding reference hospital, extensive experience has been gained in countries such as Australia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> Italy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> or Sweden,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> where 55.9% (36/68), 46% (28/60) and 92.3% (12/13) of the devices were implanted in patients admitted to hospitals lacking ECMO—followed by transfer to the reference centers. This approach moreover appears safe and without major complications, as reflected in numerous series of up to 40 patients transferred with ECMO.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a> The creation of a multidiscipline hospital ECMO team with the participation of an intensivist, and the development of protocols referred to the indications and contraindications of the technique, allow adequate selection of the patients and their safe transfer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">16,18,19</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The recorded 3% ECMO utilization rate in patients with influenza A (H1N1) admitted to the ICU is lower than that reported by the first Australian registries (11.6%),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> and is closer to the 4.2% reported in Canada,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> 5.2% in Ireland<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a> or 6.4% in Chile.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a> There are also multicenter registries of critical patients with influenza A in Mexico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">22</a> and Argentina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> where no ECMO devices have been implanted as respiratory assists. The variations in ECMO utilization rates are related to the type of healthcare system and the healthcare technological development of the different countries.ECMO, as an invasive and complex technique requiring trained personnel, is not regarded as the initial rescue option in patients with severe and refractory hypoxemia. In most of our patients (77.7%), the technique was preceded by at least one ventilatory maneuver or drug measure such as ventilation in prone decubitus, the administration of nitric oxide, or the use of prostaglandins. This approach is standard practice, with percentages in the Canadian,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> Australian<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> and Italian<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> series of between 28.6% and 81%. Ventilation in prone decubitus has been the most widely used initial measure in all the series (20–55% of the total patients), followed by nitric oxide (17.32%). High-frequency ventilation in turn was the least used option (0–5%).Despite the lack of a uniform and consensus-based protocol referred to the indications of ECMO, the patient population appears to have been selected according to the international recommendations of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">23</a> These are young patients, with severe respiratory failure defined by the high oxygen concentrations and PEEP values of the ventilators, and the hypoxemia, hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis findings of the blood gas determinations. The timing of ECMO implantation also appears to have been correct, i.e., early, after a median of 4.5 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, before the patients develop lung fibrosis and multiorgan failure. Promptness in introducing ECMO appears to result in increased survival in these patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070">14,15</a> In this context, the Italian registry<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> reports that those patients who survived received ECMO after a median of one day on mechanical ventilation, versus 5 days in those who died. Moreover, each day of mechanical ventilation before introducing ECMO resulted in a significant increase in mortality risk [OR 1.29 (95%CI 1.092–1.527)].The hospital survival rate in our series, i.e., 44.4% (4/9), is somewhat lower than the percentages reported by the larger series: 71% (48/68) for ICU and 47% (32/68) for hospital survival in Australia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> 71% (35/49) for both ICU and hospital survival in Italy,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> and 66.6% (4/6) in Canada.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a> Comparatively better results have also been reported by the international ELSO registry<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">24</a> of adult patients with influenza A subjected to ECMO, with a survival rate of 64.3% (153/238). In contrast, our survival rate does not differ from that described by the Chilean multicenter survey,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a> with a hospital survival rate of 50% (2/5), and is also in line with the data published by some French hospital centers with extensive experience in the use of ECMO, with a 44.4% survival rate (4/9).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">25</a> These results cannot be attributed to a greater rate of complications of the procedure, which was similar to those reported by other series,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070">14,15</a> though they can be partially attributed to the small size of our series and to the learning curve associated with all new techniques—since to date the Spanish hospital with the greatest experience has not used ECMO in more than two patients with influenza A and refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).The only randomized study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">26</a> comparing conventional treatment versus ECMO in patients with severe and refractory ARDS, which moreover did not include patients with influenza A (H1N1) infection, reported that the healthcare costs in the ECMO treatment group doubled those in the conventional treatment group. Analysis of the cost of each QALY (quality-adjusted life year) gained yielded a figure of 19,252 English pounds per year, which was considered to be cost-effective and assimilable by the national healthcare system in the United Kingdom.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">27</a> In addition, it should be mentioned that the number needed to treat (NNT) in order to save a life was found to be low (only 6 patients). To our knowledge, no studies have been made of the healthcare costs of incorporating ECMO to patients with influenza A. The data supplied by one of the participating Spanish hospitals estimated the expendable materials cost of ECMO (pump, oxygenator and circuit), assuming an average of 15 days of ventilatory and/or circulatory support, to be 300–565 euros/day, depending on the ECMO model used. We therefore believe that at the present time, and based on the available information, ECMO can be viewed as a treatment of reasonable cost, assimilable by the national healthcare system, and with an acceptable cost-efficacy ratio. Here again it must be underscored that this appraisal of the technique and its possibilities are applicable provided ECMO is concentrated in only a few hospitals, with the option of implanting the device in patients in second and third level centers that lack the technique, followed by transfer with ECMO to the reference hospitals, in accordance with the protocol of the CESAR study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">26</a> and the recommendations of both the Italian<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> and the Australian health authorities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a>The small sample size of our study is one of its main limitations. In the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic of the autumn–winter of 2010, ECMO use was merely anecdotal in Spain (three patients out of 968 admissions to the ICU). Despite this small sample size, however, we wish to stress that this is the first and only series published in this country to date, and describes the experience of those Spanish hospitals that implant ECMO in patients with these characteristics. The data obtained therefore cannot be extrapolated to other countries or to the pediatric population. Another weakness of the study is the lack of a uniform and consensus-based protocol establishing the indications of ECMO, its contraindications and the clinical and analytical objectives of the technique. The different types of assistance provided in the small number of patients involved may also have distorted the mentioned results to some extent.Although there is presently not enough scientific evidence to recommend the utilization of ECMO in patients with ARDS secondary to influenza A (H1N1), the use of ECMO should be considered in patients with hypoxemia refractory to other “less invasive” rescue measures such as ventilation in prone decubitus or the administration of nitric oxide or prostaglandins. The clinical results obtained in our series are satisfactory, with hospital survival in the order of 50%. The clinical data derived from large patient series should be used to establish uniform criteria regarding the adequate selection of those patients who are most likely to benefit from the technique, and the best timing of the introduction of ECMO. Due to the complexity involved and the need for considerable resources, and with a view to ensuring better care and cost-effectiveness results, the technique should be implemented in adequately equipped reference hospitals with the possibility of forming multidisciplinary teams capable of applying ECMO in other centers and of transferring patients from such centers to the reference hospital.FundingThis study was partially supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spanish ministry of Innovation and Science).Conflicts of interestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres9081" "titulo" => array:8 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Objective" 2 => "Design" 3 => "Setting" 4 => "Patients" 5 => "Main variables of interest" 6 => "Results" 7 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec10521" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres9082" "titulo" => array:8 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Objetivo" 2 => "Diseño" 3 => "Ámbito" 4 => "Pacientes" 5 => "Principales variables de interés" 6 => "Resultados" 7 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec10522" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Definitions" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2011-10-03" "fechaAceptado" => "2011-12-08" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec10521" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)" 1 => "Influenza A (H1N1)" 2 => "Critically ill patients" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec10522" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Oxigenador de membrana extracorpórea (ECMO)" 1 => "Gripe A (H1N1)" 2 => "Paciente crítico" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectiveTo describe the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in refractory respiratory failure. DesignA prospective, observational, multi-center study was carried out. SettingIntensive Care Units (ICU) in 148 Spanish hospitals. PatientsSubjects admitted during epidemic weeks 50–52 of 2010 and weeks 1–4 of 2011, receiving respiratory support with ECMO. Main variables of interestClinical and blood gas features, complications and survival of patients with ECMO. ResultsOut of 300 ICU admitted patients, 239 (79.6%) were mechanically ventilated. ECMO was available in only 5 ICUs. Nine patients were treated with ECMO (3% of the total and 3.2% of the ventilated patients). In 77.7% of the cases some hypoxemia rescue technique was previously used. ECMO was initiated when ARDS proved refractory to standard treatment. ECMO therapy was started a median of 4.5 days after the onset of mechanical ventilation. The median duration of ECMO was 6 days. Veno-venous (VV) ECMO was the most frequent cannulation mode (88.9%). Four patients had complications associated with ECMO therapy. The median ICU and hospital stay was 17 and 29 days, respectively. In five patients (55.5%), ECMO assistance was satisfactory suspended. The ICU and hospital survival rate was 44.4%. ConclusionsThe use of ECMO in refractory respiratory failure in patients with influenza A (H1N1) is rare in Spain. The hospital survival achieved with its use allows it to be regarded as a possible rescue technique in these patients." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "ObjetivoDescribir la utilización de la oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) en la insuficiencia respiratoria refractaria. DiseñoEstudio prospectivo, observacional y multicéntrico. ÁmbitoServicios de Medicina Intensiva (SMI) de 148 hospitales españoles. PacientesEnfermos ingresados entre las semanas 50-52 del 2010 y la 1-4 del 2011 con el diagnóstico de gripe A (H1N1) que recibieron soporte respiratorio con ECMO. Principales variables de interéscaracterísticas clínicas, gasométricas, complicaciones y supervivencia de los pacientes con ECMO. ResultadosIngresaron 300 pacientes y se ventilaron 239 (79,6%). Sólo cinco SMI disponían de la técnica. Se indicó la ECMO en nueve (3% del total y 3,2% de los ventilados). En el 77,7% se empleó previamente alguna técnica de rescate frente a la hipoxemia. La canulación mayoritaria fue veno-venosa (88,9%). Su colocación fue precoz, tras una mediana de 4,5 días de ventilación mecánica. La duración mediana de la asistencia fue de seis días. Cuatro pacientes presentaron complicaciones asociadas a la ECMO. La mediana de estancia en el SMI y hospitalaria fue 17 y 29 días respectivamente. En cinco pacientes (55,5%) se pudo retirar la asistencia con la ECMO. La supervivencia tanto del SMI como hospitalaria fue del 44,4%. ConclusionesEl uso de la ECMO en la insuficiencia respiratoria refractaria en pacientes con gripe A (H1N1) es poco frecuente en nuestro país. La supervivencia hospitalaria lograda con su uso permite considerarla como una posible técnica de rescate en estos pacientes." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Bonastre J, et al. Uso de oxigenador de membrana extracorpóreo en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda grave refractaria en la epidemia de gripe estacional 2010–2011 por influenza A (H1N1) en España. Med Intensiva. 2012;36:193–9." ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1167 "Ancho" => 1596 "Tamanyo" => 116533 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Outcome among the patients subjected to ECMO." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "IQR, interquartile range 25–75; %, percentage; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ECMO (n=9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) mode</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pressure-controlled IMV, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (66.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Volume-controlled IMV, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (33.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Refractory hypoxemia rescue techniques</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Prone decubitus, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (55.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Nitric oxide, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (55.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Prostaglandins, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (22.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High-frequency ventilation, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ventilator and pre-ECMO blood gas parameters</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">FiO2, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.0 (0.7–1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PEEP, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.0 (8.5–15.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaO2, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">66.0 (64.0–73.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaCO2, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54.0 (42.4–66.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">pH, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.30 (7.22–7.37) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaO2/FiO2, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">66.0 (64.0–102.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Characteristics of ECMO support</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Days of pre-ECMO IMV, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.5 (1.7–7.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Type of ECMO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Venous–venous, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 (77.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Venous–arterial, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (11.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Venous–venous→venous–arterial, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (11.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Duration of ECMO, in days, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.0 (5.0–22.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Complications of ECMO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients with at least one complication, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (44.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bleeding at cannulation site, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (33.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pump dysfunction, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (33.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Thrombocytopenia, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (11.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab8631.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mechanical ventilation modalities, refractory hypoxemia rescue techniques, blood gas parameters before implantation, and characteristics of support with ECMO." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "IQR, interquartile range; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; na, data not available; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; %, percentage." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ANZIC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> ANZ-ECMO<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Freed DH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patroniti N<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NicolayN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Holzgraefe B<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ICU included in the registry (n) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">187 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ICU with ECMO, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (8.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (11.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 in all Italy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (3.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 in all Sweden \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients with influenza A (H1N1)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">With IMV (n) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">133 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">162 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">With IMV and ECMO (n) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Place of ECMO application</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">In reference center, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 (44.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32(53) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1(8.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">In other hospital, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36 (55.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28 (47) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 (0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (91.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pre-ECMO rescue techniques</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ventilation in prone decubitus, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (17.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (33.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (26.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Nitric oxide, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 (29.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 (14.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High-frequency ventilation, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (4.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (50) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (4.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Prostaglandins, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (20.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pre-ECMO values</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">FiO2, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (1–1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (1–1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (1–1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (1–1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PEEP, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 (15–20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 (99)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (14–19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 (15–20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaO2, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">58 (17)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">52 (38–58) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaCO2, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">69 (54–83) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57 (47–71) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47 (41–57) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">pH, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.2 (7.1–7.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.31 (0.05)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.3 (7.2–7.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.3 (7.3–7.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaO2/FiO2, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">56 (48–63) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">58 (17)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63 (56–79) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">49 (37–67) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.3 (7.3–7.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Days IMV pre-ECMO, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (1–5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (2–8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (1–5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (0.5–7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Days assistance with ECMO, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (7–15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (14–15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (7–17) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53 (11–120) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (9–30) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ICU stay, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (13–32) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28 (18–37) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (14–37) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">96 (74–98) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hospital stay, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28 (15–43) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39 (22–50) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ICU survival</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ECMO, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48 (70.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (66.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 (71.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (75.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (91.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">IMV, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">121 (91.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">140 (86.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39 (76.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hospital survival</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ECMO, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 (47.0)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (66.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 (71.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (75.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (91.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">IMV, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">116 (87.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">140 (86.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39(76.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">na \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab8632.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "22 of the 68 patients were still in hospital." ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Mean (standard deviation)." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Clinical characteristics and survival of patients with influenza A (H1N1) infection admitted to the ICU published in different studies." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:27 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pneumonia and 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Extracorporeal lung support in patients with severe respiratory failure secondary to the 2010–2011 winter seasonal outbreak of influenza A (H1N1) in Spain

Uso de oxigenador de membrana extracorpóreo en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda grave refractaria en la epidemia de gripe estacional 2010–2011 por influenza A (H1N1) en España

J. Bonastrea,

Corresponding author

jbonastremora@gmail.com
bonastre_jua@gva.es

Corresponding author.

, B. Suberviolab, J.C. Pozoc, J.E. Guerrerod, A. Torrese, A. Rodríguezf, I. Martín-Loechesg, SEMICYUC-CIBERES-REIPI working group

a Servicio Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Valencia, Spain

b Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Santander, Spain

c Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain

d Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain

e Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Clínic, Instituto del Tórax, Barcelona, Spain

f Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospìtal Juan XXIII, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Tarragona, Spain

g Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Parc Taulí, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Sabadell, Spain

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The salient characteristic of the pandemic caused by the influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41; virus is the frequent appearance of acute respiratory failure episodes&#44; associated to high mortality rates&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> The principal underlying etiology in both the Spanish national and international clinical series is rapidly progressive viral pneumonia&#8212;this being the leading reason for admission to Intensive Care among such patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;8</span></a> The seriousness of the patient condition&#44; often characterized by hypoxemia refractory to conventional treatment&#44; has led to the adoption of rescue treatment measures in such cases&#44; with both drugs &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; corticosteroids&#41; and non-pharmacological measures&#44; including different supportive and ventilation strategies &#40;alveolar recruitment maneuvers&#44; ventilation in prone decubitus&#44; nitric oxide &#40;NO&#41;&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46; Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation &#40;ECMO&#41; is an example of such supportive therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> The present article describes the experience gained with the utilization of ECMO in patients admitted to the Spanish Intensive Care Units &#40;ICUs&#41; during the seasonal influenza outbreak of the year 2010&#44; produced by the influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41; virus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This prospective and observational study of patients admitted to the ICU was carried out in a total of 148 Spanish hospitals&#46; The data were obtained from a voluntary registry created and auspiced by the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Medicina Intensiva Cr&#237;tica y Unidades Coronarias</span>&#44; SEMICYUC&#41;&#44; the Spanish Research Network in Infectious Disease &#40;REIPI&#41;&#44; and the Networked Research Center of Respiratory Diseases &#40;CIBERES&#41;&#46; The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Juan XXIII University Hospital in Tarragona &#40;Spain&#41; &#40;IRB NEMAGRIP&#47;11809&#41;&#46; Patient identity was kept confidential&#44; and no informed consent was required&#44; given the observational nature of the study&#46; The data were reported by the physician attending the patients&#46; Information was collected on all the patients consecutively admitted with a diagnosis of influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41; between weeks 50&#8211;52 of the year 2010&#44; and weeks 1&#8211;4 of the year 2011&#46; All included patients were &#8805;15 years of age&#46; In all cases&#44; the diagnosis of influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41; infection was confirmed by real time&#44; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction &#40;RT-PCR&#41; testing of nasopharyngeal secretions and&#47;or tracheal secretions requested by the attending physician upon admission to the ICU&#46; The determination was carried out in each participating hospital center or in a core laboratory when the test was not locally available&#46; Cases were defined by the presence of an acute respiratory condition with laboratory RT-PCR confirmation&#46; The registry only included confirmed cases&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The criteria for admission to the ICU&#44; the management regimens&#44; including the need for intubation and mechanical ventilation&#44; and the antibiotic or antiviral treatments were not protocolized and were established by the physician attending the patient&#46; Systemic corticosteroids were prescribed when the patient developed septic shock refractory to usual treatment &#40;hydrocortisone&#41; or as coadjuvant treatment in pneumonia &#40;methylprednisolone&#41;&#46; Antiviral therapy consisted of oral oseltamivir &#40;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h or 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; or zanamivir via the intravenous route &#40;600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&#44; according to the criterion of the supervising physician&#46; The decision regarding the indication of ECMO as ventilatory support in situations of refractory hypoxemia was not standardized&#44; and was established by the physician attending the patient&#46; Likewise&#44; there was no consensus-based protocol referred to the indications&#44; contraindications and therapeutic objectives of ECMO ventilatory support&#46; Five hospital centers implemented ECMO&#58; La Fe University Hospital &#40;Valencia&#41;&#44; Reina Sofia University Hospital &#40;Cordoba&#41;&#44; Marqu&#233;s de Valdecilla University Hospital &#40;Santander&#41;&#44; Gregorio Mara&#241;&#243;n University Hospital &#40;Madrid&#41;&#44; and the Clinic University Hospital &#40;Barcelona&#41;&#46; In all cases ECMO pertained to the hospital reporting the cases&#44; with the exception of one patient in which the intensivists and heart surgeon of La Fe University Hospital &#40;Valencia&#41; visited the ICU of J&#225;tiva Hospital &#40;Valencia&#41; where the patient had been admitted&#46; Following implantation of the device&#44; the patient was transferred to the reference hospital center under ECMO ventilatory support in a medicalized ambulance&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Definitions</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Primary viral pneumonia was defined as the presence of a clinical condition consisting of acute respiratory failure and alveolar condensations on the chest X-rays in at least two lung lobes&#44; with negative respiratory and blood sample cultures during the acute phase of the influenza infectious process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Community acquired respiratory co-infection &#40;CARC&#41; was defined as any infection diagnosed within the first two days of admission to hospital&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Infections occurring at a later point were regarded as nosocomial infections&#46; The definition of hospital-acquired pneumonia was based on the current criteria of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Disease Society of America&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Obesity was considered in the presence of a body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; of &#62;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Vaccinated patients were defined as those who had received the monovalent or seasonal vaccine for influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41; corresponding to 2009&#44; or the seasonal vaccine for influenza 2010&#8211;2011&#46; The presence of renal failure was defined according to the criteria of the Acute Kidney Injury Network &#40;AKIN&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Discrete variables are reported as numbers &#40;percentages&#41;&#44; while continuous variables are expressed as the median &#40;25&#8211;75&#37; interquartile range&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS version 15&#46;0 statistical package for MS Windows &#40;SPSS&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analysis was limited to the data of the first 300 adults admitted to the 148 Spanish ICUs during the seasonal influenza outbreak of the winter of 2010&#8211;2011&#46; In all cases the cause of the respiratory disease was the influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41; virus&#44; confirmed by RT-PCR testing&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 239 patients &#40;79&#46;7&#37;&#41; required intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation &#40;IMV&#41;&#46; ECMO was indicated as ventilatory support in 9 patients &#40;3&#37; of the total and 3&#46;8&#37; of the ventilated subjects&#41;&#46; In each of the 5 hospital centers ECMO was used in two patients&#44; except in the Clinic Hospital in Barcelona&#44; where the technique was used in a single patient&#46; The patients were young&#44; with a median age of 36 years &#40;27&#46;5&#8211;42&#46;0&#41;&#44; and 58&#37; were males&#46; The median APACHE II and SOFA scores were 15&#46;0 &#40;12&#46;5&#8211;24&#46;0&#41; and 5&#46;5 &#40;4&#46;0&#8211;8&#46;8&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; Comorbidities were present in four patients &#40;44&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#8212;the most prevalent condition being chronic renal failure requiring conventional renal filtration in two cases &#40;22&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; No patient had been vaccinated&#46; In all cases the clinical condition corresponded to viral pneumonia&#44; and in two cases the latter was associated to bacterial coinfection produced by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomona aeruginosa&#46;</span> The median stay of the total cases in both the ICU and in hospital was long&#8212;17 &#40;13&#46;5&#8211;38&#46;5&#41; and 29 &#40;13&#46;5&#8211;44&#46;5&#41; days&#44; respectively&#8212;and longer in those who survived than in the patients who died &#40;19&#46;5 versus 15 days in the ICU and 15 versus 29 day in hospital&#41;&#46; All of the patients received antiviral treatment with oseltamivir&#44; with a delay of 5 days from symptoms onset&#46; Corticosteroids were used in 6 patients &#40;66&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; fundamentally due to septic shock refractory to the usual management measures&#46; Vasopressors proved necessary in 7 patients &#40;77&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46; Seven patients presented or developed renal failure&#46; Of these&#44; 5 were subjected to continuous renal replacement therapy while two were subjected to both continuous techniques and conventional hemodialysis&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients were intubated and subjected to mechanical ventilation&#46; In three subjects noninvasive mechanical ventilation &#40;NIMV&#41; had been previously attempted but failed&#46; The invasive mechanical ventilation &#40;IMV&#41; modalities&#44; the rescue measures in relation to refractory hypoxemia&#44; and the blood gas parameters prior to the introduction of ECMO are described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; The most widely used invasive mechanical ventilation modality was the pressure-controlled technique&#46; Some hypoxemia rescue measure was used in 7 of the patients &#40;77&#46;7&#37;&#41; &#8211; the most frequently used option being ventilation in prone decubitus and the utilization of nitric oxide in 55&#46;5&#37; of the patients&#46; The severity of respiratory failure prior to ECMO implantation was evidenced by the need for high oxygen concentrations and positive end-expiratory pressures &#40;PEEP&#41; in the respirator&#44; as well as by hypercapnia&#44; the lowering of pH and the low PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ratio&#44; with a median value of 66&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The characteristics of ECMO &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; show insertion of the device to be early &#40;after a median of 4&#46;5 days of invasive mechanical ventilation&#41;&#46; As expected&#44; most were venous&#8211;venous procedures &#40;88&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; though posteriorly conversion to the venous&#8211;arterial technique was required in one patient due to the appearance of left ventricle dysfunction&#46; In only one case venous&#8211;arterial cannulation was carried out from the start as ventilatory and circulatory support&#46; The median duration of assistance was 6 days&#46; Complications were relatively frequent&#44; with at least one complication in 44&#46;4&#37; of the cases&#46; The most common problems were pump dysfunction and bleeding at the cannulation points&#44; requiring pump replacement and revision of the cannula insertion points&#46; In no case did the complications lead to patient death&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results in terms of patient outcome are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; Of the 9 patients subjected to ECMO&#44; the device could be removed in 5 cases &#40;55&#46;5&#37;&#41; as a result of improvement of the respiratory condition&#44; and four of these patients &#40;44&#46;4&#37;&#41; were discharged from the ICU and hospital&#46; The remaining patient died 7 days after suspending ECMO&#44; as a result of septic shock and multiorgan failure &#40;MOF&#41;&#46; The other four patients died while receiving ECMO &#40;due to septic shock in two cases&#44; multiorgan failure in one&#44; and refractory respiratory failure in another&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the first article to describe the experience in Spain with ECMO in critical patients admitted to the ICU during the seasonal influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41; epidemic in the winter of 2010&#8211;2011&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our findings are similar to those reported by other international registries and publications &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The availability of the technique is generally limited to third level hospitals with adequate technological and human resources&#46; In this country only 5 of the 148 participating ICUs &#40;3&#46;4&#37;&#41; incorporated ECMO&#44; in concordance with similar data from registries in countries such as Australia&#8211;New Zealand<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> or Canada&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> with healthcare systems similar to our own&#44; and where the percentage of ICUs with the technique was reported to be 8&#37; &#40;15&#47;187&#41; and 11&#46;8&#37; &#40;4&#47;34&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; The same resource-concentrating policy referred to the availability of ECMO is also recommended by the health authorities in Italy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> with the accreditation of only 14 ECMO-equipped ICUs in the entire country&#46; The concentration of ECMO in a few reference hospital centers is not an insurmountable barrier against application of the technique to seriously ill patients admitted to other centers and who cannot be moved to reference hospitals&#46; Although in our series only one patient was subjected to ECMO in another hospital lacking the technique&#44; followed by transfer with the device to the corresponding reference hospital&#44; extensive experience has been gained in countries such as Australia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Italy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> or Sweden&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> where 55&#46;9&#37; &#40;36&#47;68&#41;&#44; 46&#37; &#40;28&#47;60&#41; and 92&#46;3&#37; &#40;12&#47;13&#41; of the devices were implanted in patients admitted to hospitals lacking ECMO&#8212;followed by transfer to the reference centers&#46; This approach moreover appears safe and without major complications&#44; as reflected in numerous series of up to 40 patients transferred with ECMO&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> The creation of a multidiscipline hospital ECMO team with the participation of an intensivist&#44; and the development of protocols referred to the indications and contraindications of the technique&#44; allow adequate selection of the patients and their safe transfer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;18&#44;19</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recorded 3&#37; ECMO utilization rate in patients with influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41; admitted to the ICU is lower than that reported by the first Australian registries &#40;11&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and is closer to the 4&#46;2&#37; reported in Canada&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> 5&#46;2&#37; in Ireland<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> or 6&#46;4&#37; in Chile&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> There are also multicenter registries of critical patients with influenza A in Mexico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> and Argentina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> where no ECMO devices have been implanted as respiratory assists&#46; The variations in ECMO utilization rates are related to the type of healthcare system and the healthcare technological development of the different countries&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ECMO&#44; as an invasive and complex technique requiring trained personnel&#44; is not regarded as the initial rescue option in patients with severe and refractory hypoxemia&#46; In most of our patients &#40;77&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; the technique was preceded by at least one ventilatory maneuver or drug measure such as ventilation in prone decubitus&#44; the administration of nitric oxide&#44; or the use of prostaglandins&#46; This approach is standard practice&#44; with percentages in the Canadian&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Australian<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and Italian<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> series of between 28&#46;6&#37; and 81&#37;&#46; Ventilation in prone decubitus has been the most widely used initial measure in all the series &#40;20&#8211;55&#37; of the total patients&#41;&#44; followed by nitric oxide &#40;17&#46;32&#37;&#41;&#46; High-frequency ventilation in turn was the least used option &#40;0&#8211;5&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the lack of a uniform and consensus-based protocol referred to the indications of ECMO&#44; the patient population appears to have been selected according to the international recommendations of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization &#40;ELSO&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> These are young patients&#44; with severe respiratory failure defined by the high oxygen concentrations and PEEP values of the ventilators&#44; and the hypoxemia&#44; hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis findings of the blood gas determinations&#46; The timing of ECMO implantation also appears to have been correct&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; early&#44; after a median of 4&#46;5 days of invasive mechanical ventilation&#44; before the patients develop lung fibrosis and multiorgan failure&#46; Promptness in introducing ECMO appears to result in increased survival in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> In this context&#44; the Italian registry<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> reports that those patients who survived received ECMO after a median of one day on mechanical ventilation&#44; versus 5 days in those who died&#46; Moreover&#44; each day of mechanical ventilation before introducing ECMO resulted in a significant increase in mortality risk &#91;OR 1&#46;29 &#40;95&#37;CI 1&#46;092&#8211;1&#46;527&#41;&#93;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hospital survival rate in our series&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; 44&#46;4&#37; &#40;4&#47;9&#41;&#44; is somewhat lower than the percentages reported by the larger series&#58; 71&#37; &#40;48&#47;68&#41; for ICU and 47&#37; &#40;32&#47;68&#41; for hospital survival in Australia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> 71&#37; &#40;35&#47;49&#41; for both ICU and hospital survival in Italy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and 66&#46;6&#37; &#40;4&#47;6&#41; in Canada&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Comparatively better results have also been reported by the international ELSO registry<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> of adult patients with influenza A subjected to ECMO&#44; with a survival rate of 64&#46;3&#37; &#40;153&#47;238&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; our survival rate does not differ from that described by the Chilean multicenter survey&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> with a hospital survival rate of 50&#37; &#40;2&#47;5&#41;&#44; and is also in line with the data published by some French hospital centers with extensive experience in the use of ECMO&#44; with a 44&#46;4&#37; survival rate &#40;4&#47;9&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> These results cannot be attributed to a greater rate of complications of the procedure&#44; which was similar to those reported by other series&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> though they can be partially attributed to the small size of our series and to the learning curve associated with all new techniques&#8212;since to date the Spanish hospital with the greatest experience has not used ECMO in more than two patients with influenza A and refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The only randomized study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> comparing conventional treatment versus ECMO in patients with severe and refractory ARDS&#44; which moreover did not include patients with influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41; infection&#44; reported that the healthcare costs in the ECMO treatment group doubled those in the conventional treatment group&#46; Analysis of the cost of each QALY &#40;quality-adjusted life year&#41; gained yielded a figure of 19&#44;252 English pounds per year&#44; which was considered to be cost-effective and assimilable by the national healthcare system in the United Kingdom&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> In addition&#44; it should be mentioned that the number needed to treat &#40;NNT&#41; in order to save a life was found to be low &#40;only 6 patients&#41;&#46; To our knowledge&#44; no studies have been made of the healthcare costs of incorporating ECMO to patients with influenza A&#46; The data supplied by one of the participating Spanish hospitals estimated the expendable materials cost of ECMO &#40;pump&#44; oxygenator and circuit&#41;&#44; assuming an average of 15 days of ventilatory and&#47;or circulatory support&#44; to be 300&#8211;565 euros&#47;day&#44; depending on the ECMO model used&#46; We therefore believe that at the present time&#44; and based on the available information&#44; ECMO can be viewed as a treatment of reasonable cost&#44; assimilable by the national healthcare system&#44; and with an acceptable cost-efficacy ratio&#46; Here again it must be underscored that this appraisal of the technique and its possibilities are applicable provided ECMO is concentrated in only a few hospitals&#44; with the option of implanting the device in patients in second and third level centers that lack the technique&#44; followed by transfer with ECMO to the reference hospitals&#44; in accordance with the protocol of the CESAR study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> and the recommendations of both the Italian<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and the Australian health authorities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The small sample size of our study is one of its main limitations&#46; In the influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41; pandemic of the autumn&#8211;winter of 2010&#44; ECMO use was merely anecdotal in Spain &#40;three patients out of 968 admissions to the ICU&#41;&#46; Despite this small sample size&#44; however&#44; we wish to stress that this is the first and only series published in this country to date&#44; and describes the experience of those Spanish hospitals that implant ECMO in patients with these characteristics&#46; The data obtained therefore cannot be extrapolated to other countries or to the pediatric population&#46; Another weakness of the study is the lack of a uniform and consensus-based protocol establishing the indications of ECMO&#44; its contraindications and the clinical and analytical objectives of the technique&#46; The different types of assistance provided in the small number of patients involved may also have distorted the mentioned results to some extent&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although there is presently not enough scientific evidence to recommend the utilization of ECMO in patients with ARDS secondary to influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;&#44; the use of ECMO should be considered in patients with hypoxemia refractory to other &#8220;less invasive&#8221; rescue measures such as ventilation in prone decubitus or the administration of nitric oxide or prostaglandins&#46; The clinical results obtained in our series are satisfactory&#44; with hospital survival in the order of 50&#37;&#46; The clinical data derived from large patient series should be used to establish uniform criteria regarding the adequate selection of those patients who are most likely to benefit from the technique&#44; and the best timing of the introduction of ECMO&#46; Due to the complexity involved and the need for considerable resources&#44; and with a view to ensuring better care and cost-effectiveness results&#44; the technique should be implemented in adequately equipped reference hospitals with the possibility of forming multidisciplinary teams capable of applying ECMO in other centers and of transferring patients from such centers to the reference hospital&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Funding</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was partially supported by the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Instituto de Salud Carlos III</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor">Spanish ministry of Innovation and Science</span>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => array:8 [
            0 => "Abstract"
            1 => "Objective"
            2 => "Design"
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            4 => "Patients"
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            0 => "Resumen"
            1 => "Objetivo"
            2 => "Dise&#241;o"
            3 => "&#193;mbito"
            4 => "Pacientes"
            5 => "Principales variables de inter&#233;s"
            6 => "Resultados"
            7 => "Conclusiones"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-10-03"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2011-12-08"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation &#40;ECMO&#41;"
            1 => "Influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;"
            2 => "Critically ill patients"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Oxigenador de membrana extracorp&#243;rea &#40;ECMO&#41;"
            1 => "Gripe A &#40;H1N1&#41;"
            2 => "Paciente cr&#237;tico"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation &#40;ECMO&#41; in refractory respiratory failure&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Design</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A prospective&#44; observational&#44; multi-center study was carried out&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Setting</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Intensive Care Units &#40;ICU&#41; in 148 Spanish hospitals&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Subjects admitted during epidemic weeks 50&#8211;52 of 2010 and weeks 1&#8211;4 of 2011&#44; receiving respiratory support with ECMO&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Main variables of interest</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical and blood gas features&#44; complications and survival of patients with ECMO&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Out of 300 ICU admitted patients&#44; 239 &#40;79&#46;6&#37;&#41; were mechanically ventilated&#46; ECMO was available in only 5 ICUs&#46; Nine patients were treated with ECMO &#40;3&#37; of the total and 3&#46;2&#37; of the ventilated patients&#41;&#46; In 77&#46;7&#37; of the cases some hypoxemia rescue technique was previously used&#46; ECMO was initiated when ARDS proved refractory to standard treatment&#46; ECMO therapy was started a median of 4&#46;5 days after the onset of mechanical ventilation&#46; The median duration of ECMO was 6 days&#46; Veno-venous &#40;VV&#41; ECMO was the most frequent cannulation mode &#40;88&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Four patients had complications associated with ECMO therapy&#46; The median ICU and hospital stay was 17 and 29 days&#44; respectively&#46; In five patients &#40;55&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; ECMO assistance was satisfactory suspended&#46; The ICU and hospital survival rate was 44&#46;4&#37;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The use of ECMO in refractory respiratory failure in patients with influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41; is rare in Spain&#46; The hospital survival achieved with its use allows it to be regarded as a possible rescue technique in these patients&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir la utilizaci&#243;n de la oxigenaci&#243;n por membrana extracorp&#243;rea &#40;ECMO&#41; en la insuficiencia respiratoria refractaria&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio prospectivo&#44; observacional y multic&#233;ntrico&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">&#193;mbito</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Servicios de Medicina Intensiva &#40;SMI&#41; de 148 hospitales espa&#241;oles&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Pacientes</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Enfermos ingresados entre las semanas 50-52 del 2010 y la 1-4 del 2011 con el diagn&#243;stico de gripe A &#40;H1N1&#41; que recibieron soporte respiratorio con ECMO&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Principales variables de inter&#233;s</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas&#44; gasom&#233;tricas&#44; complicaciones y supervivencia de los pacientes con ECMO&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ingresaron 300 pacientes y se ventilaron 239 &#40;79&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#46; S&#243;lo cinco SMI dispon&#237;an de la t&#233;cnica&#46; Se indic&#243; la ECMO en nueve &#40;3&#37; del total y 3&#44;2&#37; de los ventilados&#41;&#46; En el 77&#44;7&#37; se emple&#243; previamente alguna t&#233;cnica de rescate frente a la hipoxemia&#46; La canulaci&#243;n mayoritaria fue veno-venosa &#40;88&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Su colocaci&#243;n fue precoz&#44; tras una mediana de 4&#44;5 d&#237;as de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46; La duraci&#243;n mediana de la asistencia fue de seis d&#237;as&#46; Cuatro pacientes presentaron complicaciones asociadas a la ECMO&#46; La mediana de estancia en el SMI y hospitalaria fue 17 y 29 d&#237;as respectivamente&#46; En cinco pacientes &#40;55&#44;5&#37;&#41; se pudo retirar la asistencia con la ECMO&#46; La supervivencia tanto del SMI como hospitalaria fue del 44&#44;4&#37;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El uso de la ECMO en la insuficiencia respiratoria refractaria en pacientes con gripe A &#40;H1N1&#41; es poco frecuente en nuestro pa&#237;s&#46; La supervivencia hospitalaria lograda con su uso permite considerarla como una posible t&#233;cnica de rescate en estos pacientes&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as&#58; Bonastre J&#44; et al&#46; Uso de oxigenador de membrana extracorp&#243;reo en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda grave refractaria en la epidemia de gripe estacional 2010&#8211;2011 por influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41; en Espa&#241;a&#46; Med Intensiva&#46; 2012&#59;36&#58;193&#8211;9&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Outcome among the patients subjected to ECMO&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IQR&#44; interquartile range 25&#8211;75&#59; &#37;&#44; percentage&#59; IMV&#44; invasive mechanical ventilation&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Refractory hypoxemia rescue techniques</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prone decubitus&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;55&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nitric oxide&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;55&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prostaglandins&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;22&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">High-frequency ventilation&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Ventilator and pre-ECMO blood gas parameters</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">FiO</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;0 &#40;0&#46;7&#8211;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PEEP&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;0 &#40;8&#46;5&#8211;15&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PaO</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&#46;0 &#40;64&#46;0&#8211;73&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PaCO</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#46;0 &#40;42&#46;4&#8211;66&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pH&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;30 &#40;7&#46;22&#8211;7&#46;37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PaO</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#47;FiO</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&#46;0 &#40;64&#46;0&#8211;102&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Characteristics of ECMO support</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Days of pre-ECMO IMV&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;5 &#40;1&#46;7&#8211;7&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Type of ECMO</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Venous&#8211;venous&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;77&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Venous&#8211;arterial&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Venous&#8211;venous<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8594;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>venous&#8211;arterial&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duration of ECMO&#44; in days&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;0 &#40;5&#46;0&#8211;22&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Complications of ECMO</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Patients with at least one complication&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;44&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bleeding at cannulation site&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pump dysfunction&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Thrombocytopenia&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mechanical ventilation modalities&#44; refractory hypoxemia rescue techniques&#44; blood gas parameters before implantation&#44; and characteristics of support with ECMO&#46;</p>"
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      2 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IQR&#44; interquartile range&#59; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; fraction of inspired oxygen&#59; na&#44; data not available&#59; PEEP&#44; positive end-expiratory pressure&#59; IMV&#44; invasive mechanical ventilation&#59; &#37;&#44; percentage&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ANZIC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> ANZ-ECMO<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Freed DH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patroniti N<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NicolayN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Holzgraefe B<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ICU included in the registry &#40;n&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">187&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ICU with ECMO&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;8&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;11&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 in all Italy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;3&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 in all Sweden&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Patients with influenza A &#40;H1N1&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>With IMV &#40;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">133&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">162&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>With IMV and ECMO &#40;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Place of ECMO application</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>In reference center&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;44&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#40;53&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#40;8&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>In other hospital&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;55&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;47&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;91&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pre-ECMO rescue techniques</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ventilation in prone decubitus&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;17&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;33&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;26&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nitric oxide&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;29&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;14&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High-frequency ventilation&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;4&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;4&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Prostaglandins&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;20&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pre-ECMO values</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#8211;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#8211;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#8211;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#8211;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PEEP&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;15&#8211;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;99&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;14&#8211;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;15&#8211;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58 &#40;17&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">52 &#40;38&#8211;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69 &#40;54&#8211;83&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57 &#40;47&#8211;71&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;41&#8211;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pH&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;2 &#40;7&#46;1&#8211;7&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;31 &#40;0&#46;05&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;3 &#40;7&#46;2&#8211;7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;3 &#40;7&#46;3&#8211;7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;48&#8211;63&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58 &#40;17&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63 &#40;56&#8211;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">49 &#40;37&#8211;67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;3 &#40;7&#46;3&#8211;7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Days IMV pre-ECMO&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#8211;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;2&#8211;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#8211;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#46;5&#8211;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Days assistance with ECMO&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;7&#8211;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;14&#8211;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;7&#8211;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53 &#40;11&#8211;120&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;9&#8211;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ICU stay&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;13&#8211;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;18&#8211;37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;14&#8211;37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96 &#40;74&#8211;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospital stay&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;15&#8211;43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;22&#8211;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ICU survival</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ECMO&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48 &#40;70&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;66&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;71&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;75&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;91&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IMV&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">121 &#40;91&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">140 &#40;86&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;76&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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Article information

ISSN: 21735727
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.medine.2012.05.001

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