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1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For those patients who were admitted more than once to the ICU during the same hospitalization&#44; only the first data on ICU admission were analyzed&#46; To be admitted&#44; the oncologist and the ICU physician generally were agreed that patients had a potential chance of recovering from the acute problem&#46; In contrast&#44; patients without any further oncology specific treatment options were offered end-of-life care on the referring ward and not transferred to the ICU&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Data collection and outcomes</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following variables on ICU admission were extracted from the medical records&#58; age&#44; sex&#44; Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index score with the exclusion of malignancy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> primary tumour location&#44; clinical stage of cancer&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> patient origin &#40;hospital ward or emergency department&#41;&#44; malignancy-unrelated admission&#44; type of admission &#40;medical or surgical&#41;&#44; emergency surgery&#44; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation &#40;APACHE&#41; II score&#44; transfusion of blood products within 15 days prior to ICU admission&#44; sepsis according to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and adverse event to chemotherapy as cause for admission in ICU&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The outcome of interest was the SARF-MV&#44; defined as the need of invasive mechanical ventilation because of the presence of respiratory distress symptoms such as tachypnea &#40;respiratory rate<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#41;&#44; an arterial partial pressure of oxygen &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#47;fraction of inspired oxygen &#40;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; ratio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg or hypercapnia with abnormal mental status&#46; We also assessed the effect of SARF-MV on clinical outcomes such as length of ICU and hospital stay&#44; as well as ICU and hospital mortality&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Categorical variables are showed as count with percentage and numerical variables as median with 25th to 75th interquartile range &#40;IQR&#41;&#46; Difference between groups was performed using Pearson&#39;s chi-square test &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; or Fisher&#39;s exact test as appropriated for categorical variables&#59; because of lack of normality&#44; the Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test was used for numerical variables&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors associated with SARF-MV&#46; Explanatory variables yielding <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-values<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 by univariate analysis and those clinically relevant were considered to enter in the initial model&#46; Parsimony of the model was guaranteed&#46; Because of lack of normality&#44; numerical variables were stratified according to the analysis of the functional form and clinical significance&#46; Development of model was based on backward stepwise &#40;likelihood ratio&#41; significance testing &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value to enter&#58; 0&#46;10&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value to remove&#58; 0&#46;15&#41;&#46; The Hosmer&#8211;Lemeshow test was used to check the goodness of fit&#46; Discrimination capability was evaluated by determination of the area under the receiver operating characteristic &#40;ROC&#41; curve&#46; Results were summarized as odds ratio &#40;OR&#41; and respective 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;CI&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The survival was estimated by the Kaplan&#8211;Meier method&#46; The follow-up time was marked by the date of ICU admission and by the date of hospital discharge&#46; The survival rate was compared using the log-rank test&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical test with a two tailed <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 was considered as significant&#46; Data were analyzed using IBM<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> Statistics 21&#46;0 &#40;IBM&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Characteristics of study population</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 691 patients were analyzed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The main characteristics of study population are depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Patients with history of chronic disease were 468 &#40;67&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; The median in the Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index score was 3&#46;0 points &#40;IQR 2&#46;0&#8211;5&#46;0 points&#41;&#59; a score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 points was observed in 86&#46;4&#37; of subjects&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Postoperative care was the most common cause for admission in ICU &#40;78&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; Gastrointestinal tract &#40;46&#46;6&#37;&#41; and thorax &#40;27&#46;4&#37;&#41; were the most frequent sites for surgical interventions&#46; The emergency surgery was carried out in 5&#46;5&#37; of the operated patients&#46; The most common causes for admission in ICU in medical patients were acute respiratory failure &#40;32&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; infections &#40;30&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; cardiovascular disorders &#40;19&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; neurological disorders &#40;9&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; and others &#40;8&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Probability of death estimated by APACHE II was 11&#46;7&#37; &#40;IQR 8&#46;5&#8211;18&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Eighty-one patients &#40;11&#46;7&#37;&#41; required vasopressors during their stay in ICU&#46; Thirty-four patients &#40;4&#46;9&#37;&#41; were re-admitted to ICU during the same hospitalization&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Risk factors for SARF-MV</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 109 patients &#40;15&#46;8&#37;&#41; developed SARF-MV&#46; The SARF-MV rate was 31&#46;1&#37; for medical patients and 11&#46;6&#37; for surgical patients&#46; ARF secondary to non-pulmonary sepsis &#40;31&#46;2&#37;&#41; such as peritonitis &#40;25 cases&#41;&#44; urinary tract infection &#40;two cases&#41;&#44; soft tissue infection &#40;six cases&#41; and central nervous system infection &#40;one case&#41;&#44; as well as pneumonia &#40;22&#46;9&#37;&#41; were the main causes of SARF-MV&#46; Other causes were postoperative respiratory failure &#40;18&#46;3&#37;&#41; because of difficult weaning &#40;seven cases&#41;&#44; circulatory instability &#40;six&#41;&#44; atelectasis &#40;two cases&#41; or volume overload &#40;five cases&#41;&#59; non-septic neurological disorders &#40;11&#46;0&#37;&#41; such as brain metastasis &#40;four cases&#41;&#44; ischaemic stroke &#40;five cases&#41; or brain haemorrhage &#40;three cases&#41;&#59; cardiovascular disorders &#40;10&#46;1&#37;&#41; such as acute pulmonary embolism &#40;four cases&#41;&#44; acute myocardial infarction &#40;three cases&#41;&#44; acute pulmonary oedema &#40;two cases&#41; or haemorrhage &#40;two cases&#41;&#59; and non-septic pulmonary disorders &#40;6&#46;4&#37;&#41; such as aspiration &#40;two cases&#41; or acute respiratory distress syndrome because of pancreatitis &#40;one case&#41; and drugs reaction &#40;four cases&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the univariate analysis&#44; primary tumour location&#44; clinical stage of cancer&#44; admission from the emergency department&#44; medical admission&#44; malignancy-unrelated admission&#44; sepsis&#44; adverse event to chemotherapy&#44; and APACHE II score were related with SARF-MV &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In multivariate logistic regression analysis&#44; brain tumour&#44; stage IV-cancer&#44; sepsis at ICU admission&#44; and APACHE II score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 points were independently associated with increased risk of SARF-MV &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Outcomes of patients with SARF-MV</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The overall ICU and hospital mortality rate was 10&#46;9&#37; and 14&#46;0&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; Median length of ICU and hospital stay was 3&#46;0 days &#40;IQR 2&#46;0&#8211;4&#46;0 days&#41; and 9&#46;0 days &#40;IQR 6&#46;0&#8211;13&#46;0 days&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; Compared with patients without respiratory failure&#44; those with SARF-MV had a prolonged length of ICU stay &#40;Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#44; an increased ICU mortality rate &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>155&#46;53&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#44; and an increased hospital mortality rate &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>172&#46;37&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The median ICU and hospital survival time of the total cohort was 14&#46;0 days &#40;95&#37; CI 11&#46;4&#8211;16&#46;6 days&#41; and 39&#46;0 days &#40;95&#37; CI 34&#46;6&#8211;43&#46;4 days&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; Of the 109 patients with SARF-MV&#44; 49 died in ICU&#46; Of the 49 patients&#44; 27 died from septic shock&#44; 10 from respiratory failure&#44; six from neurological disorders&#44; five from cardiogenic shock&#44; and one from hypovolemic shock due to haemorrhage&#46; Therefore&#44; the ICU mortality rate for SARF-MV patients was 45&#46;0&#37;&#44; with a median ICU survival time of 11&#46;0 days &#40;95&#37; IC 8&#46;6&#8211;13&#46;4 days&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; other 10 patients with SARF-MV died in hospital wards after being transferred from ICU&#59; of them&#44; eight patients died from septic shock and two from acute cardiovascular problems&#44; so the hospital mortality rate for SARF-MV patients was 54&#46;1&#37;&#44; with a median hospital survival time of 14&#46;0 days &#40;95&#37; CI 11&#46;2&#8211;16&#46;8 days&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Kaplan&#8211;Meier method showed that patients with SARF-MV had a decreased ICU &#40;Log-rank test<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#46;75&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; and hospital survival rate &#40;Log-rank test<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>128&#46;91&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; compared with patients without SARF-MV &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A and C&#41;&#46; In a subgroup analysis&#44; both surgical and non-surgical patients with SARF-MV had a decreased ICU &#40;Log-rank test<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#46;19&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; and hospital survival rate &#40;Log-rank test<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>176&#46;06&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; compared with patients without SARF-MV &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B and D&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This retrospective analysis showed that patients with cancer admitted to the ICU had a SARF-MV rate of 15&#46;8&#37;&#46; The need of MV was higher in others studies&#44; accounting for 35&#8211;50&#37; of critically ill cancer patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;11&#44;12</span></a> These differences with our results appear to derive from differences in the composition of the studied participants&#46; In our study&#44; most patients were admitted to the ICU for elective postoperative care&#46; However&#44; SARF-MV rate in medical patients was comparable to those reported in the international cohorts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found that brain tumour&#44; stage IV of cancer&#44; sepsis at ICU admission and APACHE II score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 points were independently associated with SARF-MV&#46; There are not studies in the literature evaluating risk factors for SARF-MV in critically ill cancer patients&#44; so that this is the first study conducted under that purpose&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We observed an advanced cancer &#40;tumour stage III or IV&#41; rate of 63&#46;3&#37; for SARF-MV patients&#46; Other authors found similar results&#46; From 53 terminal cancer patients&#44; Singh et al&#46; found a MV rate of 77&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In patients with advanced solid cancer admitted to ICU&#44; Xia and Wang observed that 57&#46;4&#37; of them required invasive MV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Thus&#44; advanced oncological disease may be related with SARF-MV&#46; This association is explained by several factors such as primary or metastatic pulmonary infiltrates&#44; infectious complication secondary to immunosuppression&#44; organ dysfunction&#44; respiratory muscle weakness due to malnutrition&#44; and drug-induced lung toxicity&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;17&#8211;19</span></a> all of which can predispose to SARF-MV&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tumour site such as brain or lung can be a factor related with the need of MV in critically ill cancer patients&#44; which is mainly explained by the local effect of the tumour&#46; Patients with primary lung cancer or secondary pulmonary infiltrates are at high risk of MV as reported in previous studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Pulmonary infiltrates predispose to infection&#44; atelectasis&#44; hemoptysis&#44; pulmonary oedema&#44; and pleural effusion&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> with gas exchange disturbances and a high respiratory muscles work increasing the risk of SARF-MV&#46; On the other hand&#44; we identified that brain tumour was associated with SARF-MV&#46; The most frequent intracranial brain tumours are brain metastases&#44; and all types of cancer can develop this complication&#46; Primary o secondary brain tumours cause brain oedema&#44; intracranial hypertension&#44; alteration in consciousness level&#44; and need of MV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In addition&#44; some intervention such as neurosurgery or chemotherapy also would explain the higher rates of MV&#46; Yutaka et al&#46; observed that neurosurgery for brain tumour was associated with the need of MV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Flexman et al&#46; reported similar results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Chemotherapy may have detrimental effects on central nervous system&#46; Central nervous system neurotoxicity resulting from chemotherapy manifests as a wide range of clinical syndromes including acute&#44; subacute&#44; and chronic encephalopathies&#44; posterior reversible encephalopathy&#44; acute cerebellar dysfunction&#44; chronic cognitive impairment&#44; myelopathy&#44; meningitis&#44; and neurovascular syndromes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> So that&#44; MV would be required as supportive therapy for these clinical entities&#44; which vary by causative agent&#44; degree of severity&#44; evolution&#44; and timing of occurrence&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sepsis affects the respiratory muscle because of muscular autophagy&#44; dysfunction&#44; decreased synthesis&#44; and degradation of contractile proteins&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a> More than fifteen years ago&#44; Soares et al&#46; identified that 63&#37; of cancer patients requiring mechanical ventilatory support for more than 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h had sepsis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Recently&#44; Yoo et al&#46; also observed an infectious aetiology rate of 64&#37; for cancer patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates causing acute respiratory failure admitted in ICU&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> We identified that sepsis was an independent factor associated with increased risk of SARF-MV&#44; which suggests that sepsis acts as early prognostic factor in cancer patients admitted in ICU as observed in critically ill non-cancer patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The APACHE II score was associated with SARF-MV&#46; This model was developed for mortality prediction&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> but higher values indicate a greater severity of illness&#46; Hence&#44; the underlying pathophysiological disturbances may be associated with pulmonary damage and need of MV in critically ill cancer patients&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to methodological design and included patients in previous studies&#44; the ICU mortality rate and the hospital mortality rate in cancer patients range between 30&#37; and 77&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;15</span></a> and 30&#37; and 56&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;29</span></a> respectively&#46; Over time&#44; however&#44; mortality rates have decreased&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In ventilated cancer patients&#44; some studies have shown an ICU mortality rate and a hospital mortality rate greater than 50&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;26</span></a> and 65&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;26&#44;31</span></a> respectively&#46; We observed a similar mortality rate for SARF-MV patients&#46; SARF-MV is known as a risk factor for mortality in non-cancer patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#59; however&#44; their effect on outcomes has not been completely established for critically ill cancer subpopulation before&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MV is a temporary life-support method&#59; however&#44; despite the benefits of this therapy&#44; many patients die after the initiation of mechanical ventilation&#44; even though their arterial blood gases may have normalized&#46; Mortality associated with SARF-MV can be associated with multiple factors including complications of ventilation such as barotrauma&#44; oxygen toxicity&#44; haemodynamic compromise&#44; and ventilator-induced lung injury&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#8211;35</span></a> as well as infectious complication such as ventilator-associated pneumonia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> In cancer patients the local and systemic effects of tumour may play an additional role&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The length of hospital stay was similar between those patients with SARF-VM and those patients without SARF-VM&#46; This is because higher hospital mortality rate among those subjects with SARF-VM&#44; which in fact&#44; died earlier&#46; So that&#44; the median length of hospital stay for ventilated patients was close to the median length of hospital stay for non-ventilated patients&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study has several shortcomings&#46; First&#44; our study was conducted at a single institution confined to oncological patients with a specialized ICU for critically ill cancer patients&#46; Additionally&#44; most patients were admitted to the ICU for postoperative care&#46; Therefore&#44; results of this study can only be applicable to other centres in which experienced intensivists are available for oncological and surgical critical care&#46; Secondly&#44; although data were extracted from a prospective database&#44; given its retrospective nature&#44; selection bias may have influenced our findings&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results of this study demonstrated a significant association between some clinical factors with SARF-MV in cancer patients including primary tumour location&#44; clinical stage of cancer&#44; sepsis and APACHE II score&#46; Our finding also highlights the powerful effect of SARF-MV on outcomes&#46; However&#44; this observation needs to be further evaluated by a multicentre&#44; prospective study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Author&#39;s contribution</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FDMB contributed in the Concepts&#44; Design&#44; Definition of intellectual content&#44; Literature search&#44; Clinical studies&#44; Experimental studies&#44; Data acquisition&#44; Data analysis&#44; Statistical analysis&#44; Manuscript preparation&#44; Manuscript editing&#44; Manuscript review&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AGN contributed in the Design&#44; Definition of intellectual content&#44; Clinical studies&#44; Data acquisition&#44; Manuscript editing&#44; Manuscript review&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MB contributed in the Literature search&#44; Data analysis&#44; Manuscript preparation&#44; Manuscript editing&#44; Manuscript review&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NAD contributed in the Literature search&#44; Data analysis&#44; Manuscript preparation&#44; Manuscript editing&#44; Manuscript review&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Patients and methods"
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              "titulo" => "Characteristics of study population"
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              "titulo" => "Risk factors for SARF-MV"
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              "titulo" => "Outcomes of patients with SARF-MV"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2017-06-17"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-08-08"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "Acute respiratory failure"
            1 => "APACHE"
            2 => "Cancer"
            3 => "Critically ill cancer patient"
            4 => "Mortality"
            5 => "Mechanical ventilation"
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            0 => "Insuficiencia respiratoria aguda"
            1 => "APACHE"
            2 => "C&#225;ncer"
            3 => "Paciente oncol&#243;gico cr&#237;tico"
            4 => "Mortalidad"
            5 => "Ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the risk factors for severe acute respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation &#40;SARF-MV&#41; and its effect upon clinical outcomes in critically ill cancer patients&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective cohort study was carried out&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Setting</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A 12-bed oncological intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41; from January 2014 to December 2015&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Patients</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 878 consecutive cancer patients were included&#46; Patients with an ICU stay of &#8804;1 day were excluded&#46; The final sample size was 691 patients&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Interventions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Variables</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical variables at ICU admission were extracted from the medical records&#46; The primary outcome was SARF-MV&#46; We also measured ICU and hospital mortality&#44; as well as length of stay&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The SARF-MV rate was 15&#46;8&#37;&#46; The multivariate analysis identified brain tumour &#40;OR 14&#46;54&#59; 95&#37;CI 3&#46;86&#8211;54&#46;77&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#44; stage IV cancer &#40;OR 3&#46;47&#59; 95&#37;CI 1&#46;26&#8211;9&#46;54&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;016&#41;&#44; sepsis upon admission &#40;OR 2&#46;28&#59; 95&#37;CI 1&#46;14&#8211;4&#46;56&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;020&#41; and an APACHE II score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 points &#40;OR 5&#46;38&#59; 95&#37;CI 1&#46;92&#8211;15&#46;05&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; as being independently associated to SARF-MV&#46; Compared with the patients without SARF-MV&#44; those with SARF-MV had a prolonged length of ICU stay &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#44; a lower ICU survival rate &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; and a lower hospital survival rate &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A number of clinical factors are related to SARF-MV&#46; In this regard&#44; SARF-MV is a powerful factor independently correlated to poor outcomes&#46; Future studies should investigate means for preventing SARF-MV in critically ill cancer patients&#44; which may have an impact upon outcomes&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar los factores de riesgo para insuficiencia respiratoria grave que requiere ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica &#40;IRG-VM&#41; y sus efectos sobre los resultados cl&#237;nicos en pacientes cr&#237;ticos con c&#225;ncer&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Contexto</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Desde enero de 2014 a diciembre de 2015 en una unidad de cuidados intensivos &#40;UCI&#41; oncol&#243;gicos de 12 camas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron consecutivamente 878 pacientes&#46; Se excluyeron aquellos con una estancia en UCI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>un d&#237;a&#46; Finalmente la muestra fue de 691&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Intervenciones</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ninguna&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Variables</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De los registros m&#233;dicos se extrajeron las variables cl&#237;nicas a la admisi&#243;n en UCI&#46; La variable de respuesta primaria fue la IRG-VM&#46; Tambi&#233;n se analiz&#243; la mortalidad y estancia en UCI&#47;hospitalaria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La tasa de IRG-VM fue del 15&#44;8&#37;&#46; En el an&#225;lisis multivariado el tumor cerebral &#40;OR 14&#44;54&#59; IC 95&#37; 3&#44;86-54&#44;77&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41;&#44; la etapa IV del c&#225;ncer &#40;OR 3&#44;47&#59; IC 95&#37; 1&#44;26-9&#44;54&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;016&#41;&#44; la sepsis &#40;OR 2&#44;28&#59; IC 95&#37; 1&#44;14-4&#44;56&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;020&#41; y la escala APACHE II<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 puntos &#40;OR 5&#44;38&#59; IC 95&#37; 1&#44;92-15&#44;05&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; fueron factores de riesgo independientes de IRG-VM&#46; La IRG-VM se asoci&#243; con una mayor estancia en la UCI &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41;&#44; as&#237; como con una menor tasa de supervivencia en UCI &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41; y hospitalaria &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algunos factores cl&#237;nicos se relacionan con la IRG-VM&#46; Este trastorno es un factor que se relaciona poderosamente con un peor pron&#243;stico&#46; Se requieren estudios futuros que investiguen las formas de prevenci&#243;n de la IRG-VM en los pacientes oncol&#243;gicos cr&#237;ticos&#44; lo cual podr&#237;a tener un impacto en los resultados&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">APACHE&#58; acute physiology and chronic health evaluation&#59; IQR&#58; 25th to 75th interquartile rank&#59; SARF-MV&#58; severe acute respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21 &#40;19&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">147 &#40;25&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender &#40;male&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62 &#40;56&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">275 &#40;47&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;065&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Primary tumour location&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Head and neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;10&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47 &#40;8&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Thorax&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22 &#40;20&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">150 &#40;25&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gastrointestinal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24 &#40;22&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">215 &#40;36&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gynaecological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;10&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52 &#40;8&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;6&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Haematological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;11&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27 &#40;4&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Brain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;9&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Breast&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;4&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Others<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;5&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37 &#40;6&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical stage of cancer&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;5&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80 &#40;13&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34 &#40;31&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">257 &#40;44&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;27&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">124 &#40;21&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;35&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">121 &#40;20&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index&#44; points &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;0 &#40;2&#46;0&#8211;5&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;0 &#40;2&#46;0&#8211;5&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;875&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;608&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#8211;1 point&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;16&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76 &#40;13&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#8211;3 points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;35&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">237 &#40;40&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#8211;5 points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32 &#40;29&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">178 &#40;30&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;6 points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;18&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">91 &#40;15&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Origin &#40;emergency department&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;23&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">41 &#40;7&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Type of admission &#40;medical&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46 &#40;42&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102 &#40;17&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malignancy-unrelated admission</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;33&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">90 &#40;15&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Transfusion of blood products&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32 &#40;29&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">148 &#40;25&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;391&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sepsis&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23 &#40;21&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Adverse event to chemotherapy&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;10&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24 &#40;4&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;009</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APACHE II score&#44; points &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;0 &#40;10&#46;4&#8211;16&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;0 &#40;10&#46;0&#8211;13&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APACHE II score&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;10 points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;14&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">125 &#40;21&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#8211;14 points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53 &#40;48&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">357 &#40;61&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#8211;19 points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;23&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">88 &#40;15&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;20 points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;12&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;2&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender&#44; male</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;93&#8211;2&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;092&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Primary tumour location</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Head and neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ref&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#40;&#8211;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Thorax&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;44&#8211;2&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;892&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gastrointestinal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;31&#8211;1&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;532&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gynaecological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;34&#8211;3&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;967&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;33&#8211;3&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;912&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Haematological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;57&#8211;4&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;342&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Brain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;86&#8211;54&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Breast&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;30&#8211;4&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;806&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Others<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;18&#8211;1&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;393&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical stage of cancer</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ref&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#40;&#8211;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;026</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;61&#8211;4&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;319&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;91&#8211;7&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;073&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;26&#8211;9&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;016</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sepsis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;14&#8211;4&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;020</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APACHE II score&#44; points</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ref&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#40;&#8211;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;003</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#8211;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;57&#8211;2&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;807&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#8211;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;86&#8211;3&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;117&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;92&#8211;15&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Risk factors and outcomes of severe acute respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation in cancer patients: A retrospective cohort study
Factores de riesgo y resultados de la insuficiencia respiratoria grave que requiere ventilación mecánica invasiva en pacientes oncológicos: un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo
F.D. Martos-Benítez
Corresponding author
fdmartos@infomed.sld.cu

Corresponding author.
, A. Gutiérrez-Noyola, M. Badal, N.A. Dietrich
Department of Intensive Care, Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, 29 Street, Vedado, Havana, Cuba
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            "entidad" => "Department of Intensive Care&#44; Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology&#44; 29 Street&#44; Vedado&#44; Havana&#44; Cuba"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
        ]
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            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
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        "titulo" => "Factores de riesgo y resultados de la insuficiencia respiratoria grave que requiere ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica invasiva en pacientes oncol&#243;gicos&#58; un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Causes of severe acute respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute respiratory failure &#40;ARF&#41; is a frequent disorder in cancer patients&#44; commonly caused by several conditions including local effect of tumour&#44; pulmonary infiltrates&#44; pneumonia&#44; acute respiratory distress syndrome and congestive heart failure&#46; Supplemental oxygen and treatment of the underlying disorder is the mainstay of treatment for ARF&#44; but severe cases require ventilatory support&#46; Indeed&#44; the need of this treatment modality is one of most frequent reasons for admission in the intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41; for critically ill cancer patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mechanical ventilation &#40;MV&#41; is a primary method of organic function support in critically ill cancer patients treated in ICU&#44; usually indicating a severe ARF &#40;SARF&#41;&#46; However&#44; despite significant advances in ventilatory support and cancer management&#44; MV remains associated with a high ICU&#44; hospital and long-term mortality rate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> In addition&#44; the need of MV because of postoperative respiratory failure in operated cancer patients has been reported as high as 37&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> which is associated with unfavourable outcomes as well&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although some previous studies have reported an association between SARF and VM with mortality in critically ill cancer patients&#44; this relation is not clear because of methodological designs&#44; participants&#8217; characteristics and limitations of the studies&#46; Conversely&#44; the risk factors for SARF have not been consistently investigated in this type of patients&#46; The study was aimed&#58; 1&#41; to identify the risk factors for severe acute respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation &#40;SARF-MV&#41;&#59; and 2&#41; to determine the effects of SARF-MV on clinical outcomes in cancer patients admitted in an oncological ICU&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Patients and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Design and setting</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in the oncological ICU of the Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology &#40;IOR&#41;&#46; This is a 220-bed&#44; university-affiliated&#44; tertiary care referral centre for cancer patients in Havana&#44; Cuba&#46; The ICU has 12 beds and provides care for about 500 medical and surgical cancer patients per year&#46; Data source was the prospective database of the ICU and hospital records &#40;January 2014&#8211;December 2015&#41;&#46; The study was approved by the Scientific Council and the Ethics Committee for Scientific Research of the IOR&#46; Informed consent was waivered because of the retrospective nature of the study&#46; It was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Participants</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Over the study period&#44; a total of 878 consecutive cancer patients were included&#46; Patients with a length of ICU stay &#8804;1 day were excluded &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For those patients who were admitted more than once to the ICU during the same hospitalization&#44; only the first data on ICU admission were analyzed&#46; To be admitted&#44; the oncologist and the ICU physician generally were agreed that patients had a potential chance of recovering from the acute problem&#46; In contrast&#44; patients without any further oncology specific treatment options were offered end-of-life care on the referring ward and not transferred to the ICU&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Data collection and outcomes</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following variables on ICU admission were extracted from the medical records&#58; age&#44; sex&#44; Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index score with the exclusion of malignancy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> primary tumour location&#44; clinical stage of cancer&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> patient origin &#40;hospital ward or emergency department&#41;&#44; malignancy-unrelated admission&#44; type of admission &#40;medical or surgical&#41;&#44; emergency surgery&#44; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation &#40;APACHE&#41; II score&#44; transfusion of blood products within 15 days prior to ICU admission&#44; sepsis according to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and adverse event to chemotherapy as cause for admission in ICU&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The outcome of interest was the SARF-MV&#44; defined as the need of invasive mechanical ventilation because of the presence of respiratory distress symptoms such as tachypnea &#40;respiratory rate<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#41;&#44; an arterial partial pressure of oxygen &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#47;fraction of inspired oxygen &#40;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; ratio<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg or hypercapnia with abnormal mental status&#46; We also assessed the effect of SARF-MV on clinical outcomes such as length of ICU and hospital stay&#44; as well as ICU and hospital mortality&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Categorical variables are showed as count with percentage and numerical variables as median with 25th to 75th interquartile range &#40;IQR&#41;&#46; Difference between groups was performed using Pearson&#39;s chi-square test &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; or Fisher&#39;s exact test as appropriated for categorical variables&#59; because of lack of normality&#44; the Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test was used for numerical variables&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors associated with SARF-MV&#46; Explanatory variables yielding <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-values<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 by univariate analysis and those clinically relevant were considered to enter in the initial model&#46; Parsimony of the model was guaranteed&#46; Because of lack of normality&#44; numerical variables were stratified according to the analysis of the functional form and clinical significance&#46; Development of model was based on backward stepwise &#40;likelihood ratio&#41; significance testing &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value to enter&#58; 0&#46;10&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value to remove&#58; 0&#46;15&#41;&#46; The Hosmer&#8211;Lemeshow test was used to check the goodness of fit&#46; Discrimination capability was evaluated by determination of the area under the receiver operating characteristic &#40;ROC&#41; curve&#46; Results were summarized as odds ratio &#40;OR&#41; and respective 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;CI&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The survival was estimated by the Kaplan&#8211;Meier method&#46; The follow-up time was marked by the date of ICU admission and by the date of hospital discharge&#46; The survival rate was compared using the log-rank test&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical test with a two tailed <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 was considered as significant&#46; Data were analyzed using IBM<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> SPSS<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> Statistics 21&#46;0 &#40;IBM&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Characteristics of study population</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 691 patients were analyzed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The main characteristics of study population are depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Patients with history of chronic disease were 468 &#40;67&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; The median in the Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index score was 3&#46;0 points &#40;IQR 2&#46;0&#8211;5&#46;0 points&#41;&#59; a score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 points was observed in 86&#46;4&#37; of subjects&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Postoperative care was the most common cause for admission in ICU &#40;78&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; Gastrointestinal tract &#40;46&#46;6&#37;&#41; and thorax &#40;27&#46;4&#37;&#41; were the most frequent sites for surgical interventions&#46; The emergency surgery was carried out in 5&#46;5&#37; of the operated patients&#46; The most common causes for admission in ICU in medical patients were acute respiratory failure &#40;32&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; infections &#40;30&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; cardiovascular disorders &#40;19&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; neurological disorders &#40;9&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; and others &#40;8&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Probability of death estimated by APACHE II was 11&#46;7&#37; &#40;IQR 8&#46;5&#8211;18&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Eighty-one patients &#40;11&#46;7&#37;&#41; required vasopressors during their stay in ICU&#46; Thirty-four patients &#40;4&#46;9&#37;&#41; were re-admitted to ICU during the same hospitalization&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Risk factors for SARF-MV</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 109 patients &#40;15&#46;8&#37;&#41; developed SARF-MV&#46; The SARF-MV rate was 31&#46;1&#37; for medical patients and 11&#46;6&#37; for surgical patients&#46; ARF secondary to non-pulmonary sepsis &#40;31&#46;2&#37;&#41; such as peritonitis &#40;25 cases&#41;&#44; urinary tract infection &#40;two cases&#41;&#44; soft tissue infection &#40;six cases&#41; and central nervous system infection &#40;one case&#41;&#44; as well as pneumonia &#40;22&#46;9&#37;&#41; were the main causes of SARF-MV&#46; Other causes were postoperative respiratory failure &#40;18&#46;3&#37;&#41; because of difficult weaning &#40;seven cases&#41;&#44; circulatory instability &#40;six&#41;&#44; atelectasis &#40;two cases&#41; or volume overload &#40;five cases&#41;&#59; non-septic neurological disorders &#40;11&#46;0&#37;&#41; such as brain metastasis &#40;four cases&#41;&#44; ischaemic stroke &#40;five cases&#41; or brain haemorrhage &#40;three cases&#41;&#59; cardiovascular disorders &#40;10&#46;1&#37;&#41; such as acute pulmonary embolism &#40;four cases&#41;&#44; acute myocardial infarction &#40;three cases&#41;&#44; acute pulmonary oedema &#40;two cases&#41; or haemorrhage &#40;two cases&#41;&#59; and non-septic pulmonary disorders &#40;6&#46;4&#37;&#41; such as aspiration &#40;two cases&#41; or acute respiratory distress syndrome because of pancreatitis &#40;one case&#41; and drugs reaction &#40;four cases&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the univariate analysis&#44; primary tumour location&#44; clinical stage of cancer&#44; admission from the emergency department&#44; medical admission&#44; malignancy-unrelated admission&#44; sepsis&#44; adverse event to chemotherapy&#44; and APACHE II score were related with SARF-MV &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In multivariate logistic regression analysis&#44; brain tumour&#44; stage IV-cancer&#44; sepsis at ICU admission&#44; and APACHE II score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 points were independently associated with increased risk of SARF-MV &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Outcomes of patients with SARF-MV</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The overall ICU and hospital mortality rate was 10&#46;9&#37; and 14&#46;0&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; Median length of ICU and hospital stay was 3&#46;0 days &#40;IQR 2&#46;0&#8211;4&#46;0 days&#41; and 9&#46;0 days &#40;IQR 6&#46;0&#8211;13&#46;0 days&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; Compared with patients without respiratory failure&#44; those with SARF-MV had a prolonged length of ICU stay &#40;Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#44; an increased ICU mortality rate &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>155&#46;53&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#44; and an increased hospital mortality rate &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>172&#46;37&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The median ICU and hospital survival time of the total cohort was 14&#46;0 days &#40;95&#37; CI 11&#46;4&#8211;16&#46;6 days&#41; and 39&#46;0 days &#40;95&#37; CI 34&#46;6&#8211;43&#46;4 days&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; Of the 109 patients with SARF-MV&#44; 49 died in ICU&#46; Of the 49 patients&#44; 27 died from septic shock&#44; 10 from respiratory failure&#44; six from neurological disorders&#44; five from cardiogenic shock&#44; and one from hypovolemic shock due to haemorrhage&#46; Therefore&#44; the ICU mortality rate for SARF-MV patients was 45&#46;0&#37;&#44; with a median ICU survival time of 11&#46;0 days &#40;95&#37; IC 8&#46;6&#8211;13&#46;4 days&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; other 10 patients with SARF-MV died in hospital wards after being transferred from ICU&#59; of them&#44; eight patients died from septic shock and two from acute cardiovascular problems&#44; so the hospital mortality rate for SARF-MV patients was 54&#46;1&#37;&#44; with a median hospital survival time of 14&#46;0 days &#40;95&#37; CI 11&#46;2&#8211;16&#46;8 days&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Kaplan&#8211;Meier method showed that patients with SARF-MV had a decreased ICU &#40;Log-rank test<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#46;75&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; and hospital survival rate &#40;Log-rank test<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>128&#46;91&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; compared with patients without SARF-MV &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A and C&#41;&#46; In a subgroup analysis&#44; both surgical and non-surgical patients with SARF-MV had a decreased ICU &#40;Log-rank test<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43&#46;19&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; and hospital survival rate &#40;Log-rank test<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>176&#46;06&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; compared with patients without SARF-MV &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B and D&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This retrospective analysis showed that patients with cancer admitted to the ICU had a SARF-MV rate of 15&#46;8&#37;&#46; The need of MV was higher in others studies&#44; accounting for 35&#8211;50&#37; of critically ill cancer patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;11&#44;12</span></a> These differences with our results appear to derive from differences in the composition of the studied participants&#46; In our study&#44; most patients were admitted to the ICU for elective postoperative care&#46; However&#44; SARF-MV rate in medical patients was comparable to those reported in the international cohorts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found that brain tumour&#44; stage IV of cancer&#44; sepsis at ICU admission and APACHE II score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 points were independently associated with SARF-MV&#46; There are not studies in the literature evaluating risk factors for SARF-MV in critically ill cancer patients&#44; so that this is the first study conducted under that purpose&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We observed an advanced cancer &#40;tumour stage III or IV&#41; rate of 63&#46;3&#37; for SARF-MV patients&#46; Other authors found similar results&#46; From 53 terminal cancer patients&#44; Singh et al&#46; found a MV rate of 77&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In patients with advanced solid cancer admitted to ICU&#44; Xia and Wang observed that 57&#46;4&#37; of them required invasive MV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Thus&#44; advanced oncological disease may be related with SARF-MV&#46; This association is explained by several factors such as primary or metastatic pulmonary infiltrates&#44; infectious complication secondary to immunosuppression&#44; organ dysfunction&#44; respiratory muscle weakness due to malnutrition&#44; and drug-induced lung toxicity&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;17&#8211;19</span></a> all of which can predispose to SARF-MV&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tumour site such as brain or lung can be a factor related with the need of MV in critically ill cancer patients&#44; which is mainly explained by the local effect of the tumour&#46; Patients with primary lung cancer or secondary pulmonary infiltrates are at high risk of MV as reported in previous studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Pulmonary infiltrates predispose to infection&#44; atelectasis&#44; hemoptysis&#44; pulmonary oedema&#44; and pleural effusion&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> with gas exchange disturbances and a high respiratory muscles work increasing the risk of SARF-MV&#46; On the other hand&#44; we identified that brain tumour was associated with SARF-MV&#46; The most frequent intracranial brain tumours are brain metastases&#44; and all types of cancer can develop this complication&#46; Primary o secondary brain tumours cause brain oedema&#44; intracranial hypertension&#44; alteration in consciousness level&#44; and need of MV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In addition&#44; some intervention such as neurosurgery or chemotherapy also would explain the higher rates of MV&#46; Yutaka et al&#46; observed that neurosurgery for brain tumour was associated with the need of MV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Flexman et al&#46; reported similar results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Chemotherapy may have detrimental effects on central nervous system&#46; Central nervous system neurotoxicity resulting from chemotherapy manifests as a wide range of clinical syndromes including acute&#44; subacute&#44; and chronic encephalopathies&#44; posterior reversible encephalopathy&#44; acute cerebellar dysfunction&#44; chronic cognitive impairment&#44; myelopathy&#44; meningitis&#44; and neurovascular syndromes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> So that&#44; MV would be required as supportive therapy for these clinical entities&#44; which vary by causative agent&#44; degree of severity&#44; evolution&#44; and timing of occurrence&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sepsis affects the respiratory muscle because of muscular autophagy&#44; dysfunction&#44; decreased synthesis&#44; and degradation of contractile proteins&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a> More than fifteen years ago&#44; Soares et al&#46; identified that 63&#37; of cancer patients requiring mechanical ventilatory support for more than 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h had sepsis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Recently&#44; Yoo et al&#46; also observed an infectious aetiology rate of 64&#37; for cancer patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates causing acute respiratory failure admitted in ICU&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> We identified that sepsis was an independent factor associated with increased risk of SARF-MV&#44; which suggests that sepsis acts as early prognostic factor in cancer patients admitted in ICU as observed in critically ill non-cancer patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The APACHE II score was associated with SARF-MV&#46; This model was developed for mortality prediction&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> but higher values indicate a greater severity of illness&#46; Hence&#44; the underlying pathophysiological disturbances may be associated with pulmonary damage and need of MV in critically ill cancer patients&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to methodological design and included patients in previous studies&#44; the ICU mortality rate and the hospital mortality rate in cancer patients range between 30&#37; and 77&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;15</span></a> and 30&#37; and 56&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;29</span></a> respectively&#46; Over time&#44; however&#44; mortality rates have decreased&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In ventilated cancer patients&#44; some studies have shown an ICU mortality rate and a hospital mortality rate greater than 50&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;26</span></a> and 65&#37;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;26&#44;31</span></a> respectively&#46; We observed a similar mortality rate for SARF-MV patients&#46; SARF-MV is known as a risk factor for mortality in non-cancer patients<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#59; however&#44; their effect on outcomes has not been completely established for critically ill cancer subpopulation before&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MV is a temporary life-support method&#59; however&#44; despite the benefits of this therapy&#44; many patients die after the initiation of mechanical ventilation&#44; even though their arterial blood gases may have normalized&#46; Mortality associated with SARF-MV can be associated with multiple factors including complications of ventilation such as barotrauma&#44; oxygen toxicity&#44; haemodynamic compromise&#44; and ventilator-induced lung injury&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#8211;35</span></a> as well as infectious complication such as ventilator-associated pneumonia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> In cancer patients the local and systemic effects of tumour may play an additional role&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The length of hospital stay was similar between those patients with SARF-VM and those patients without SARF-VM&#46; This is because higher hospital mortality rate among those subjects with SARF-VM&#44; which in fact&#44; died earlier&#46; So that&#44; the median length of hospital stay for ventilated patients was close to the median length of hospital stay for non-ventilated patients&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study has several shortcomings&#46; First&#44; our study was conducted at a single institution confined to oncological patients with a specialized ICU for critically ill cancer patients&#46; Additionally&#44; most patients were admitted to the ICU for postoperative care&#46; Therefore&#44; results of this study can only be applicable to other centres in which experienced intensivists are available for oncological and surgical critical care&#46; Secondly&#44; although data were extracted from a prospective database&#44; given its retrospective nature&#44; selection bias may have influenced our findings&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results of this study demonstrated a significant association between some clinical factors with SARF-MV in cancer patients including primary tumour location&#44; clinical stage of cancer&#44; sepsis and APACHE II score&#46; Our finding also highlights the powerful effect of SARF-MV on outcomes&#46; However&#44; this observation needs to be further evaluated by a multicentre&#44; prospective study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Author&#39;s contribution</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FDMB contributed in the Concepts&#44; Design&#44; Definition of intellectual content&#44; Literature search&#44; Clinical studies&#44; Experimental studies&#44; Data acquisition&#44; Data analysis&#44; Statistical analysis&#44; Manuscript preparation&#44; Manuscript editing&#44; Manuscript review&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AGN contributed in the Design&#44; Definition of intellectual content&#44; Clinical studies&#44; Data acquisition&#44; Manuscript editing&#44; Manuscript review&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MB contributed in the Literature search&#44; Data analysis&#44; Manuscript preparation&#44; Manuscript editing&#44; Manuscript review&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NAD contributed in the Literature search&#44; Data analysis&#44; Manuscript preparation&#44; Manuscript editing&#44; Manuscript review&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the risk factors for severe acute respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation &#40;SARF-MV&#41; and its effect upon clinical outcomes in critically ill cancer patients&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective cohort study was carried out&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Setting</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A 12-bed oncological intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41; from January 2014 to December 2015&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Patients</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 878 consecutive cancer patients were included&#46; Patients with an ICU stay of &#8804;1 day were excluded&#46; The final sample size was 691 patients&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Interventions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Variables</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical variables at ICU admission were extracted from the medical records&#46; The primary outcome was SARF-MV&#46; We also measured ICU and hospital mortality&#44; as well as length of stay&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The SARF-MV rate was 15&#46;8&#37;&#46; The multivariate analysis identified brain tumour &#40;OR 14&#46;54&#59; 95&#37;CI 3&#46;86&#8211;54&#46;77&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#44; stage IV cancer &#40;OR 3&#46;47&#59; 95&#37;CI 1&#46;26&#8211;9&#46;54&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;016&#41;&#44; sepsis upon admission &#40;OR 2&#46;28&#59; 95&#37;CI 1&#46;14&#8211;4&#46;56&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;020&#41; and an APACHE II score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 points &#40;OR 5&#46;38&#59; 95&#37;CI 1&#46;92&#8211;15&#46;05&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; as being independently associated to SARF-MV&#46; Compared with the patients without SARF-MV&#44; those with SARF-MV had a prolonged length of ICU stay &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#44; a lower ICU survival rate &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; and a lower hospital survival rate &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A number of clinical factors are related to SARF-MV&#46; In this regard&#44; SARF-MV is a powerful factor independently correlated to poor outcomes&#46; Future studies should investigate means for preventing SARF-MV in critically ill cancer patients&#44; which may have an impact upon outcomes&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar los factores de riesgo para insuficiencia respiratoria grave que requiere ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica &#40;IRG-VM&#41; y sus efectos sobre los resultados cl&#237;nicos en pacientes cr&#237;ticos con c&#225;ncer&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Dise&#241;o</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Contexto</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Desde enero de 2014 a diciembre de 2015 en una unidad de cuidados intensivos &#40;UCI&#41; oncol&#243;gicos de 12 camas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron consecutivamente 878 pacientes&#46; Se excluyeron aquellos con una estancia en UCI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>un d&#237;a&#46; Finalmente la muestra fue de 691&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Intervenciones</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ninguna&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Variables</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De los registros m&#233;dicos se extrajeron las variables cl&#237;nicas a la admisi&#243;n en UCI&#46; La variable de respuesta primaria fue la IRG-VM&#46; Tambi&#233;n se analiz&#243; la mortalidad y estancia en UCI&#47;hospitalaria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La tasa de IRG-VM fue del 15&#44;8&#37;&#46; En el an&#225;lisis multivariado el tumor cerebral &#40;OR 14&#44;54&#59; IC 95&#37; 3&#44;86-54&#44;77&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41;&#44; la etapa IV del c&#225;ncer &#40;OR 3&#44;47&#59; IC 95&#37; 1&#44;26-9&#44;54&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;016&#41;&#44; la sepsis &#40;OR 2&#44;28&#59; IC 95&#37; 1&#44;14-4&#44;56&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;020&#41; y la escala APACHE II<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 puntos &#40;OR 5&#44;38&#59; IC 95&#37; 1&#44;92-15&#44;05&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; fueron factores de riesgo independientes de IRG-VM&#46; La IRG-VM se asoci&#243; con una mayor estancia en la UCI &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41;&#44; as&#237; como con una menor tasa de supervivencia en UCI &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41; y hospitalaria &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algunos factores cl&#237;nicos se relacionan con la IRG-VM&#46; Este trastorno es un factor que se relaciona poderosamente con un peor pron&#243;stico&#46; Se requieren estudios futuros que investiguen las formas de prevenci&#243;n de la IRG-VM en los pacientes oncol&#243;gicos cr&#237;ticos&#44; lo cual podr&#237;a tener un impacto en los resultados&#46;</p></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SARF-MV<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>109&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non-SARF-MV<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>582&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age&#44; years &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59&#46;0 &#40;45&#46;5&#8211;67&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#46;5 &#40;52&#46;0&#8211;70&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;015</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;041</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;7&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;3&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#8211;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;9&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23 &#40;4&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#8211;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;12&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68 &#40;11&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#8211;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25 &#40;22&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">153 &#40;26&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#8211;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31 &#40;28&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">173 &#40;29&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21 &#40;19&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">147 &#40;25&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender &#40;male&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62 &#40;56&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">275 &#40;47&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;065&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Primary tumour location&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Head and neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;10&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47 &#40;8&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Thorax&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22 &#40;20&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">150 &#40;25&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gastrointestinal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24 &#40;22&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">215 &#40;36&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gynaecological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;10&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52 &#40;8&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;6&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Haematological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13 &#40;11&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27 &#40;4&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Brain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;9&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Breast&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;4&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Others<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;5&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37 &#40;6&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical stage of cancer&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;5&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80 &#40;13&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34 &#40;31&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">257 &#40;44&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30 &#40;27&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">124 &#40;21&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;35&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">121 &#40;20&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index&#44; points &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;0 &#40;2&#46;0&#8211;5&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;0 &#40;2&#46;0&#8211;5&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;875&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;608&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#8211;1 point&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;16&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76 &#40;13&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#8211;3 points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;35&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">237 &#40;40&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#8211;5 points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32 &#40;29&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">178 &#40;30&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;6 points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;18&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">91 &#40;15&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Origin &#40;emergency department&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;23&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">41 &#40;7&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Type of admission &#40;medical&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46 &#40;42&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102 &#40;17&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malignancy-unrelated admission</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;33&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">90 &#40;15&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Transfusion of blood products&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32 &#40;29&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">148 &#40;25&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;391&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sepsis&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23 &#40;21&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Adverse event to chemotherapy&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;10&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24 &#40;4&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;009</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APACHE II score&#44; points &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;0 &#40;10&#46;4&#8211;16&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;0 &#40;10&#46;0&#8211;13&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APACHE II score&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;10 points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;14&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">125 &#40;21&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#8211;14 points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53 &#40;48&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">357 &#40;61&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#8211;19 points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26 &#40;23&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">88 &#40;15&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;20 points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14 &#40;12&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;2&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender&#44; male</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;93&#8211;2&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;092&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Primary tumour location</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Head and neck&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ref&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#40;&#8211;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Thorax&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;44&#8211;2&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;892&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gastrointestinal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;31&#8211;1&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;532&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gynaecological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;34&#8211;3&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;967&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;33&#8211;3&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;912&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Haematological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;57&#8211;4&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;342&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Brain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;86&#8211;54&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;0&#46;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Breast&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;30&#8211;4&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;806&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Others<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;18&#8211;1&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;393&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical stage of cancer</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ref&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#40;&#8211;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">0&#46;026</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;61&#8211;4&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;319&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>III&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;91&#8211;7&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                            1 => "M&#46; Raimundo"
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                            1 => "M&#46; Basso"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => true
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                            3 => "Q&#46;H&#46; Yang"
                            4 => "C&#46;L&#46; Huang"
                            5 => "S&#46;N&#46; Qu"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2013.01.008"
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                      "titulo" => "Which adverse events are associated with mortality and prolonged length of stay following colorectal surgery&#63;"
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Original language: English
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