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Hematological complications in children subjected to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Complicaciones hematológicas en niños tratados con oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea
M.J. Santiagoa,c,d, C. Gómezb, I. Magañab, V. Muñozb, P. Saizb, A. Sáncheza,c,d, J. López-Hercea,b,c,d,
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a Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
b Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
c Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
d Red de Salud Maternoinfantil y del Desarrollo (Red SAMID) RD16/0022/0007, Madrid RETICS financiada por el PN I+D+I 2008-2011, ISCIII, Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), ef. RD16/0022/0007, Spain
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Santiago, C. Gómez, I. Magaña, V. Muñoz, P. Saiz, A. Sánchez, J. López-Herce" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M.J." "apellidos" => "Santiago" "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Gómez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Magaña" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "V." 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"apellidos" => "López-Herce" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "pielvi@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Red de Salud Maternoinfantil y del Desarrollo (Red SAMID) RD16/0022/0007, Madrid RETICS financiada por el PN I+D+I 2008-2011, ISCIII, Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), ef. RD16/0022/0007, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Complicaciones hematológicas en niños tratados con oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2126 "Ancho" => 2322 "Tamanyo" => 173375 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heparin dose (IU/kg/h) and values corresponding to aPTT (seconds) and antiXa (IU/ml) during ECMO (mean and standard deviation).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a circulatory support technique associated with a high risk of complications – the most frequent being of a hemodynamic, neurological and hematological nature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most important hematological complications consist of bleeding and thromboembolism,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–7</span></a> which are responsible for up to 30–40% of all deaths among patients subjected to ECMO.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bleeding is the most frequent and serious complication in children subjected to ECMO, particularly in neonates and in surgical patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Anticoagulation with heparin, needed to prevent thrombus formation, increases the risk of bleeding.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> It is also common to detect thrombocytopenia resulting from the activation and depletion of platelets due to multiple causes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> For these reasons, children subjected to ECMO receive numerous blood transfusions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary objective of this study was to analyze the incidence and factors predisposing to hematological complications and the transfusion requirements in children subjected to ECMO. The secondary objective was to examine the relationship between these complications and mortality and the duration of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU).</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Patients and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective study was made of a prospective database including all children under 18 years of age subjected to ECMO between September 2006 and November 2015. There were no exclusion criteria. The study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee. In all cases ECMO involved the use of a centrifugal pump (Rotaflow, Maquet<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>) and a hollow polymethylpentene fiber oxygenator (Quadrox, Maquet<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>). In the case of patients weighing under 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg, we used a Quadrox-iD Pediatr<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> oxygenator with a membrane surface of 0.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and a priming volume of 81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml allowing a blood flow of between 0.2 and 2.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>l/min. In the case of patients weighing over 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg we used the Quadrox-D<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> model with a membrane surface of 1.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and a priming volume of 250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml allowing a blood flow of between 0.5 and 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>l/min. There were two types of pediatric circuits: 1/4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>in. (neonates and nursing infants) and 3/8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>in. Fig. 1 of the supplementary material schematically shows the circuit used. Cervical cannulation was the option of choice. Transthoracic cannulation was decided in cases where extracorporeal life support could not be suspended after surgery, in patients with recent sternotomy, and in situations of extreme emergency.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anticoagulation was provided with sodium heparin in continuous infusion at a dose of 10–50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU/kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">−1</span>. The control of anticoagulation and modification of the heparin dose throughout the study was based on the combined use of activated coagulation time (ACT) at the patient bedside every 30–60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) (measured at least once a day) and the levels of antifactor Xa (antiXa), which were used as reference value. We recorded data referred to the patient (age, weight, diagnosis), ECMO (indication, type and duration), anticoagulation (heparin dose), the hematological and coagulation parameters (hemoglobin [Hb], platelets, international normalized ratio [INR], ACT, aPTT, fibrinogen, antiXa, free Hb), the administration of transfusions (packed red cells, plasma and platelets) and the clinical course (bleeding complications, thrombosis, hemolysis, duration of admission to the PICU, survival).</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Significant bleeding was defined as any bleeding causing a decrease in hemoglobin of over 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl in 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h, or which required transfusion. Significant hematological alterations requiring blood product transfusions were defined as Hb<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl, platelets<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100,000/mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>, INR and aPTT alteration<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 times the control level, and fibrinogen<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl. These values were regarded as general indicators of transfusion, but the decision was made on an individualized basis in each patient, taking into account the clinical condition, bleeding volume and hematological alterations.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was divided into two equal periods in order to analyze the possible existence of differences in the course of the study.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The statistical analysis of the data was carried out using the SPSS version 21.0 statistical package. Quantitative variables with a normal distribution were reported as the mean and standard deviation (SD), while those exhibiting a non-normal distribution were reported as the median and interquartile range (IQR) (p25–p75). Qualitative variables were reported as percentages. The chi-squared test or Fisher exact test was used for the comparison of qualitative variables, while quantitative variables were compared by the Student's <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test and Wilcoxon rank-sign test, according to whether or not the data exhibited a normal distribution. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between each of the factors and the need for packed red cell, platelet and plasma transfusions. Statistical significance was considered for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study comprised a total of 100 patients (67% males) with a median age of 11 months (IQR 4–66 months) and a median weight of 7.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg (IQR 4.8–16.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg). The diagnosis was heart disease in 94 patients (64 were in the postoperative period of heart surgery), respiratory failure in 5 patients and septic shock in one. The indication of ECMO was the impossibility of suspending extracorporeal life support in 27 patients, postoperative low cardiac output in 23 cases, non-postoperative severe heart failure in 18 patients, cardiac arrest in 12 and refractory arrhythmias in 7 patients.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Venoarterial ECMO was used in 98 patients and venovenous ECMO in two cases. Cervical cannulas were placed in 55 patients and transthoracic cannulas in 30, while both types of cannulation were used in 15 cases. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> summarizes the general patient data.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Evolution of the hematological and coagulation parameters</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemoglobin decreased progressively up until day 7, and recovered thereafter. Statistically significant differences were only observed among the hemoglobin levels at 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h, 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and 5 days (Fig. 2 of the supplementary material). The platelet counts decreased up until day 7 and remained stable thereafter. There were significant differences between the baseline platelet count and the counts during the rest of the clinical course (Fig. 3 of the supplementary material).</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The INR was initially prolonged but gradually normalized over time (Fig. 4 of the supplementary material), while fibrinogen remained within normal ranges in most of the patients from the start of ECMO (data not shown).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ten percent of the patients presented hemoglobin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl; 30% had a platelet count of<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100,000/mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>; 19% showed INR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2; and 11% presented fibrinogen<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Anticoagulation</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a> shows the heparin dose and values corresponding to aPTT and antiXa. A gradual increase in heparin requirements was observed during ECMO. The aPTT values increased early after the start of anticoagulation and remained high over the entire time course. Only 22.2% of the patients had antiXa within therapeutic ranges on the first day – this objective being reached on day 5 of ECMO.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Bleeding</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bleeding was recorded in 52 patients in the first 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and in 76 patients in the global course of treatment. Another 39 patients required revision surgery due to bleeding. The most frequent location of bleeding was the mediastinum (34 patients), with resulting tamponade in 15 patients. Diffuse bleeding was observed in 14 patients, another 14 suffered lung bleeding, 6 presented peri-cannula bleeding, 5 digestive bleeding, and three suffered cerebral hemorrhage.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of bleeding in the first 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h among the patients in the postoperative period of surgery (67.2%) was significantly higher than in the rest of the children (25%) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001).</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Those patients with fibrinogen<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl and a platelet count<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100,000/mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> had a higher incidence of initial bleeding (81.8% and 66.7%) than those with fibrinogen<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150 and platelets<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100,000/mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> (48.3% and 45.7%), but the differences failed to reach statistical significance (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.053 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.080, respectively). There were no significant differences in the incidence of bleeding at the start of ECMO between the children with INR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 (52.6%) and those with INR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 (51.9%) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1).</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Transfusions</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the first 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of ECMO, 85 patients received red cell transfusions, 78 received platelet infusions, and 83 received plasma. The red cell transfusion volume during the first three days of ECMO was 34.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/kg/day (SD 31.1), the platelet volume was 21.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/kg/day (SD 19.1), and the plasma volume was 26.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/kg/day (SD 24.8).</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The children in the postoperative period of heart surgery, those in which ECMO was indicated due to the impossibility of suspending extracorporeal life support, those with initial bleeding, and the children requiring revision surgery needed significantly greater transfusion volumes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed the factors significantly associated to a need for packed red cell transfusions to be the impossibility of suspending extracorporeal life support as an indication of ECMO (odds ratio [OR] 23.43; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 6.05–40.80; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.009) and transthoracic cannulation (OR 21.10; 95%CI: 6.08–36.11; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.007). In the multivariate analyses of the need for platelet and plasma transfusions, none of the studied factors reached statistical significance.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were no significant differences in the incidence of hematological alterations or in the transfusion needs between the two periods of the study (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Thromboembolic phenomena</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fourteen thromboembolic events were recorded. The location was peripheral in 6 patients, with acral zone embolism. These 6 patients died under conditions of multiorgan failure. Three patients suffered cerebral thromboembolism, with secondary infarction; one of these patients died.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ultrasound controls made due to malfunctioning of the ECMO circuit diagnosed a right atrial thrombus, a thrombus in the inferior vena cava, and another in the aorta. One of these patents suffered pulmonary embolism. Peritoneal embolism was suspected in one subject due to suspected intestinal ischemia. Five patients suffered a second thromboembolic event. Twenty-one patients developed thrombi in the oxygenator. In 10 of them thrombosis affected the arterial side of the oxygenator or caused it to malfunction – thereby requiring replacement of the circuit.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Hemolysis</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The evolution of the free hemoglobin levels is reported in Fig. 5 of the supplementary material. Excessive hemolysis (free Hb<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl) was observed in 33 patients. The mean time from the start of ECMO to the appearance of hemolysis was 3.9 days (SD 2). Five circuit replacements were required because of hemolysis.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients with hemolysis were younger and weighed less than the rest: 20.1 months (SD 35.3) versus 46.9 months (SD 55.4) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.013) and 7.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg (SD 5.9) versus 16.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg (SD 18.4) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01).</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No relationship was observed between hemolysis and the number of revolutions used ECMO. Blood flow in the children with hemolysis was lower than in those without hemolysis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Clinical course</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation could be suspended in 76 patients (due to clinical improvement in 61 cases, bleeding in one, conversion to a ventricular assist system in 7, and heart transplantation in 7). The duration of ECMO was 5.5 days (IQR 3–9 days). In total, 52 patients were still alive at discharge from hospital.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The duration of admission to the PICU was 21 days (IQR 10–38 days). There were no significant differences in the duration of admission to the PICU between the patients with initial bleeding (40.2 days; SD 25.1) and the rest (49.6 days; SD 44) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.385).</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Forty-eight percent of the children died: 56% of those under one year of age and 40% of those over this age (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.161). Mortality among the children with bleeding at the start of ECMO (57.6%) was significantly greater than in the rest of the patients (37.5%) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.048).</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mortality among the children with coagulation disorders was greater than in the rest, though the differences were not statistically significant: INR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 (63.2% versus 44.4%; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.202), fibrinogen<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl (72.7% versus 44.9%; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.112) and <100,000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>platelets/mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> (56.7% versus 44.3%; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.282).</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly, mortality among the patients who were in the postoperative period of heart surgery (53.1%) was greater than in the rest (39%), though the difference failed to reach statistical significance (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.213).</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Discussion</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of our study show that hematological alterations are very frequent in children subjected to ECMO, and are associated to important transfusion requirements.</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of bleeding in our study was higher than that reported in the ELSO registry,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,4</span></a> though we included any type of bleeding and the percentage of postsurgery patients was very high. This could partially account for the observed differences. In the present study the coagulation disorders and transfusion requirements remained stable in the two periods of the study.</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some authors have suggested that only bleeding requiring transfusion should be regarded as a bleeding complication. Other investigators propose classification of bleeding into mild (between 10 and 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/kg in 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h) or intense (>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/kg in 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h, with a drop in hemoglobin of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/l in 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h, involvement of the brain, lungs or retroperitoneum, or a need for surgery).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Bleeding volume was not recorded in our study, but 39% of the patients required revision surgery.</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cause of bleeding in patients with ECMO is probably multifactorial.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> On one hand, the underlying disease, surgery, drug use and multiorgan failure usually present in these children alter the coagulation mechanisms. On the other hand, the ECMO machine and system produce inflammation, platelet activation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,8,13</span></a> and the consumption of coagulation factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Lastly, treatment with heparin is another cause of bleeding.</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An important decrease in platelet count is observed in children and adults subjected to ECMO, and frequent transfusions are required.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,13–15</span></a> The etiology underlying thrombocytopenia is probably multifactorial (infection, bleeding, transfusion and platelet depletion in the ECMO circuit).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> We recorded a significant decrease in platelet count (from 186,500 to 105,700/mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>) in the first 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of treatment. This figure persisted in the course of treatment, with periodic platelet transfusions.</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bleeding, platelet activation and the consumption of coagulation factors explain the hematological alterations found in these patients and the need for blood product transfusions. In our study, the factors associated to an increased need for blood product transfusions were the postoperative period of heart surgery, bleeding at the start of ECMO, and the need for revision surgery. Other authors have reported similar findings.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a> In the logistic regression analysis, the factors found to be significantly correlated to the need for packed red cell transfusions were the impossibility of suspending extracorporeal circulation and transthoracic cannulation.</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no clear evidence regarding the indications of transfusions in children subjected to ECMO.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Most authors propose keeping the hematocrit at 35%, with a broad transfusion indication range of between 25 and 40%, and the platelet count at 100,000/mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>, with a transfusion indication range of between 50,000 and 200,000/mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> These transfusion criteria are similar to those used in our series. Further studies are needed to determine whether a more restrictive transfusion policy could reduce the volume of transfusions without placing the patient at risk.</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Heparin response is highly variable and changing over time, and it is difficult to keep the circuit free of thrombi without increasing the risk of bleeding.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> A number of studies have reported a greater correlation between heparin levels and antiXa than with ACT or aPTT,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,19</span></a> and the antiXa levels moreover are not affected by acute phase reactants such as fibrinogen and factor <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">vii</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Other studies have reported a lesser need for blood sampling, a decrease in blood product transfusions, and fewer both thrombotic and bleeding complications when using antiXa as part of the coagulation monitoring protocol.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study we used ACT for monitoring anticoagulation at the patient bedside, and aPTT and antiXa for the daily control of anticoagulation. Our reference parameter for the control of anticoagulation was antiXa. However, since this parameter cannot be determined on an emergency basis in our hospital, use was made of ACT for the hourly regulation of heparin dosing, and aPTT was used to assess the need for plasma transfusion. The antiXa levels initially were maintained below the therapeutic range in most of the patients with respect to the use of lower heparin doses to reduce bleeding.</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some investigators have reported that the use of lower heparin doses for keeping aPTT between 1.5 and 2 times the control level results in a lesser incidence of bleeding without incrementing thromboembolic events<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> though large comparative trials are needed to confirm these results.</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thromboembolic events occur as a consequence of contact between the blood and non-endothelial surfaces, triggering an inflammatory response with the activation of coagulation. In our study, 14 patients suffered some thromboembolic event, with peripheral thrombi being the most frequent presentation. The 6 patients that presented these events died under conditions of multiorgan failure probably related to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In the ELSO registry, the central nervous system was the most commonly affected territory, with 5% of the children suffering cerebral infarction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> This is consistent with our own findings (3%).</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thrombi in the oxygenator were recorded in 21 patients – this being the most common location of thrombosis within the circuit.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,6,20</span></a> The figure is similar to those reported by other authors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,20</span></a> Thrombi on the arterial side of the oxygenator are the most important risk factor for thromboembolism. In this regard, careful and continuous circuit monitoring is required by the medical and nursing staff, with close control of anticoagulation. The appearance of thrombi in the post-oxygenator circuit requires circuit replacement in order to avoid embolisms. This situation occurred in 10 of our patients.</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, 33% of the patients presented hemolysis – this figure being significantly lower than the 66% reported by Lou et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemolysis is a complication of mechanical support secondary to increased shear stress caused by the pump and which can lead to acute renal failure and multiorgan failure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The negative pressure drop across the oxygenator membrane can also produce a suction effect with cavitation and red cell damage. On the other hand, the use of high revolution settings has also been related to hemolysis; as a result, when free hemoglobin starts to rise in blood, it is advisable where possible to reduce the revolutions per minute (rpm).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In children with hemolysis, Lou et al. found the rpm setting and flow to be greater than in patients without hemolysis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> However, no relationship between rpm and hemolysis was observed in our study, and surprisingly the blood flow was lower in the children with hemolysis than in those without.</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand, in our series hemolysis was greater in the children of younger age and lower weight, in coincidence with the observations of Lou et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The survival rate at hospital discharge in our study (52%) was very similar to that reported by the ELSO registry in cardiac pediatric patients (51%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bleeding is the main cause of mortality in patients subjected to ECMO.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,6</span></a> In our case, mortality among the children with bleeding at the start of ECMO (57.6%) was significantly greater than in the rest of the patients (37.5%), in coincidence with the findings of the ELSO registry.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,6</span></a> Major bleeding can contribute to the appearance of organic complications and increases coagulopathy, generating a vicious circle of coagulopathy-bleeding-transfusions that proves very difficult to control.</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The median duration of ECMO support in our study (5.5 days) was similar to that reported in the ELSO registry among children with cardiac indications for extracorporeal support (6.3 days).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The median duration of stay in the PICU among the patients requiring ECMO was 21 days, and the presence of bleeding was not associated to longer admission.</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has a number of limitations. Firstly, it is a single-center trial conducted in a heart surgery reference center, and our data are not fully extrapolatable to other centers in which ECMO is used in other types of patients. Secondly, the study involves a retrospective analysis of a registry with a long duration – a fact that increases the difficulty of adequately collecting all the variables and the risk of bias; full homogeneity of the transfusion criteria cannot be ensured, and causal relationships cannot be established.</p><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly, bleeding volume was not quantified and the hematological parameters were influenced by the number of transfusions received by the patients. In our study we did not record the values of the hematological parameters before and after each transfusion, which would have been of help in assessing the impact of the transfusions.</p><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results show hematological and coagulation disorders to be frequent in the children subjected to ECMO, with a high incidence of bleeding and the need for numerous transfusions.</p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients in the postoperative period of surgery, those with bleeding at the start of ECMO, and those needing revision surgery required a greater volume of transfusions – though no causal relationship can be established in this regard. The children with bleeding at the start of ECMO showed higher mortality but not a longer PICU stay. The present study may serve as a basis for the development of specific transfusion protocols in children subjected to ECMO and for the design of multicenter studies seeking to determine whether heparin-impregnated circuits, lesser anticoagulation, and a more restricted transfusion policy are able to reduce the risk of bleeding and thromboembolic complications in children subjected to ECMO.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Financial support</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have received no financial support for carrying out this study.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Authorship/collaborations</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MJS: conception and design of the study; data collection, analysis and interpretation; critical review of the text; and approval of the definitive version of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CG: data collection, analysis and interpretation; drafting of the text; and approval of the definitive version of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">IM: data collection, analysis and interpretation; drafting of the text; and approval of the definitive version of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">VM: data collection, analysis and interpretation; drafting of the text; and approval of the definitive version of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PS: data collection, analysis and interpretation; drafting of the text; and approval of the definitive version of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AS: conception and design of the study; data collection, analysis and interpretation; critical review of the text; and approval of the definitive version of the manuscript.</p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">JLH: conception and design of the study; analysis and interpretation of the data; drafting of the text; and approval of the definitive version of the manuscript.</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1198447" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Setting" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Patients" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Interventions" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Variables of interest" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1116947" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1198446" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Diseño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Ámbito" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Pacientes" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0065" "titulo" => "Intervenciones" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0070" "titulo" => "Variables de interés" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0075" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0080" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1116946" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Evolution of the hematological and coagulation parameters" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Anticoagulation" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Bleeding" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Transfusions" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Thromboembolic phenomena" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Hemolysis" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Clinical course" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Financial support" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Authorship/collaborations" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack409900" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-10-24" "fechaAceptado" => "2018-02-01" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1116947" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Extracorporeal life support" 1 => "Children" 2 => "Hematological complications" 3 => "Thrombopenia" 4 => "Bleeding" 5 => "Transfusion" 6 => "Extracorporeal life support organization" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1116946" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea" 1 => "Niños" 2 => "Complicaciones hematológicas" 3 => "Trombocitopenia" 4 => "Hemorragia" 5 => "Transfusiones" 6 => "Organización de soporte vital extracorpóreo" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyze the hematological complications and need for transfusions in children receiving extracorporeal life support (ECLS).</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective study was carried out.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Setting</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A pediatric intensive care unit.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Patients</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Children under 18 years of age subjected to ECLS between September 2006 and November 2015.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Interventions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">None.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Variables of interest</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient and ECLS characteristics, anticoagulation, hematological and coagulation parameters, transfusions and clinical course.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 100 patients (94 with heart disease) with a median age of 11 months were studied. Seventy-six patients presented bleeding. The most frequent bleeding point was the mediastinum and 39 patients required revision surgery. In the first 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>days, 97% of the patients required blood transfusion (34.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/kg per day), 94% platelets (21.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/kg per day) and 90% plasma (26.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/kg per day). Patients who were in the postoperative period, those who were bleeding at the start of ECLS, those requiring revision surgery, those who could not suspend extracorporeal circulation, and those subjected to transthoracic cannulation required a greater volume of transfusions than the rest of the patients. Thromboembolism occurred in 14 patients and hemolysis in 33 patients. Mortality among the children who were bleeding at the start of ECLS (57.6%) was significantly higher than in the rest of the patients (37.5%) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.048).</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Children subjected to ECLS present high blood product needs. The main factors related to transfusions were the postoperative period, bleeding at the start of ECLS, revision surgery, transthoracic cannulation, and the impossibility of suspending extracorporeal circulation. Children with bleeding suffered greater mortality than the rest of the patients.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Setting" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Patients" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Interventions" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Variables of interest" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar las complicaciones hematológicas y las necesidades transfusionales en niños tratados con oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO).</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Diseño</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio retrospectivo.</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Ámbito</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos.</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Niños menores de 18 años tratados con ECMO entre septiembre de 2006 y noviembre de 2015.</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Intervenciones</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ninguna.</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Variables de interés</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Características clínicas, de la ECMO, anticoagulación, parámetros hematológicos y de coagulación, transfusiones y evolución clínica.</p></span> <span id="abst0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se estudiaron 100 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 11 meses. Presentaron sangrado 76; el mediastino fue la localización más frecuente; 39 precisaron revisión quirúrgica. En los primeros 3 días de ECMO, el 97% de los pacientes precisaron transfusión de hematíes (34,4 ml/kg al día), el 94% plaquetas (21,1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/kg al día) y el 90% plasma (26,6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/kg al día). Los pacientes posquirúrgicos, con imposibilidad de salida de la circulación extracorpórea, los que presentaron sangrado al inicio de la ECMO, los que precisaron revisión quirúrgica y los que tuvieron canulación transtorácica requirieron mayor volumen de transfusiones. Se produjeron tromboembolias en 14 pacientes y hemólisis en 33. La mortalidad de los niños que presentaron sangrado al inicio de ECMO (57,6%) fue significativamente mayor que la del resto (37,5%) (p = 0,048).</p></span> <span id="abst0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los niños tratados con ECMO presentan una elevada incidencia de sangrado y precisan un gran volumen de transfusiones. El postoperatorio de cirugía, el sangrado al inicio de la ECMO, la necesidad de revisión quirúrgica, la imposibilidad de salida de la circulación extracorpórea y la canulación transtorácica se asocian a un mayor volumen de transfusiones. Los niños que sangraron al inicio de la ECMO presentaron mayor mortalidad.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Diseño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Ámbito" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Pacientes" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0065" "titulo" => "Intervenciones" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0070" "titulo" => "Variables de interés" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0075" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0080" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Santiago MJ, Gómez C, Magaña I, Muñoz V, Saiz P, Sánchez A, et al. Complicaciones hematológicas en niños tratados con oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea. Med Intensiva. 2019;43:281–289.</p>" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0080" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2126 "Ancho" => 2322 "Tamanyo" => 173375 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heparin dose (IU/kg/h) and values corresponding to aPTT (seconds) and antiXa (IU/ml) during ECMO (mean and standard deviation).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ECC: extracorporeal circulation; IQR: interquartile range.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IQR (p25–p75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age (months)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4–66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Weight (kg)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.8–16.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Height (cm)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57–100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Body surface (m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.27–0.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Assist level (% with respect to estimated cardiac output)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63–89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duration of the technique (hours)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">132 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">74–216 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2046754.png" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentage (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender (male)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnosis</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Heart disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Respiratory failure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Septic shock \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Indication</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Non-postoperative low output \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Postoperative low output \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypoxemia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No suspension of ECC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cardiac arrest \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>arrhythmia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Immediate postoperative period of heart surgery</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Type of ECMO</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Venoarterial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Venovenous \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Type of cannulation</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cervical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Transthoracic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Both \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2046753.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of the patients and ECMO.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ECC: extracorporeal circulation; SD: standard deviation; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>: mean; Postoperative: postoperative period of heart surgery; Revision: revision surgery; Bleeding: initial bleeding.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Red cells (ml/kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Platelets (ml/kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Plasma (ml/kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Postoperative</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.2 (34.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.4 (21.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.6 (27.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.020 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.1 (12.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.3 (17.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">No suspension of ECC</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">59.8 (36.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.010 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34.6 (22.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.010 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40.6 (27.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.010 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 (24.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.8 (15.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21.4 (22.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bleeding</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44.7 (35.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 (19.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.037 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32.9 (23.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22.5 (24.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.8 (17.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.2 (24.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Revision</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45.5 (36.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23.8 (17.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.8 (20.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.097 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.8 (24.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.7 (19.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22.1 (26.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span></td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2046757.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Factors related to the need for transfusions.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">INR: international normalized ratio.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Periods of the study \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2006–2010 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2011–2015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentage</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hemoglobin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.700 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Thrombocytopenia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100,000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.800 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">INR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.074 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fibrinogen<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.750 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bleeding \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.420 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Revision surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.075 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Activated factor VII \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.340 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2046758.png" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean (SD)</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Red cell transfusion (ml/kg/day) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34.4 (36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34.2 (25.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.980 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Platelet transfusion (ml/kg/day) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21.2 (24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21.1 (12.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.980 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Plasma transfusion (ml/kg/day) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.5 (29.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.4 (19.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.890 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2046756.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of the hematological alterations and transfusion needs in the two periods of the study.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD: standard deviation; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; h: hours; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>: mean.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Revolutions per minute (rpm)</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Blood flow (l/min)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hemolysis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No hemolysis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hemolysis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No hemolysis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.333.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.478.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.068 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.008 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">335.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">349 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 5 | 8 | 13 |
| 2024 October | 54 | 43 | 97 |
| 2024 September | 52 | 35 | 87 |
| 2024 August | 61 | 42 | 103 |
| 2024 July | 51 | 29 | 80 |
| 2024 June | 46 | 50 | 96 |
| 2024 May | 38 | 39 | 77 |
| 2024 April | 49 | 39 | 88 |
| 2024 March | 32 | 35 | 67 |
| 2024 February | 31 | 50 | 81 |
| 2024 January | 28 | 34 | 62 |
| 2023 December | 44 | 35 | 79 |
| 2023 November | 43 | 49 | 92 |
| 2023 October | 45 | 23 | 68 |
| 2023 September | 31 | 30 | 61 |
| 2023 August | 37 | 17 | 54 |
| 2023 July | 32 | 30 | 62 |
| 2023 June | 25 | 16 | 41 |
| 2023 May | 38 | 28 | 66 |
| 2023 April | 37 | 25 | 62 |
| 2023 March | 55 | 27 | 82 |
| 2023 February | 47 | 28 | 75 |
| 2023 January | 40 | 18 | 58 |
| 2022 December | 54 | 23 | 77 |
| 2022 November | 64 | 32 | 96 |
| 2022 October | 72 | 50 | 122 |
| 2022 September | 67 | 49 | 116 |
| 2022 August | 60 | 48 | 108 |
| 2022 July | 47 | 52 | 99 |
| 2022 June | 71 | 32 | 103 |
| 2022 May | 70 | 33 | 103 |
| 2022 April | 102 | 44 | 146 |
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| 2022 February | 87 | 36 | 123 |
| 2022 January | 81 | 40 | 121 |
| 2021 December | 73 | 43 | 116 |
| 2021 November | 82 | 42 | 124 |
| 2021 October | 55 | 67 | 122 |
| 2021 September | 27 | 33 | 60 |
| 2021 August | 26 | 43 | 69 |
| 2021 July | 14 | 26 | 40 |
| 2021 June | 22 | 21 | 43 |
| 2021 May | 31 | 50 | 81 |
| 2021 April | 63 | 47 | 110 |
| 2021 March | 58 | 28 | 86 |
| 2021 February | 46 | 27 | 73 |
| 2021 January | 39 | 24 | 63 |
| 2020 December | 42 | 20 | 62 |
| 2020 November | 40 | 19 | 59 |
| 2020 October | 52 | 22 | 74 |
| 2020 September | 31 | 13 | 44 |
| 2020 August | 25 | 20 | 45 |
| 2020 July | 53 | 29 | 82 |
| 2020 June | 43 | 19 | 62 |
| 2020 May | 41 | 7 | 48 |
| 2020 April | 26 | 13 | 39 |
| 2020 March | 15 | 8 | 23 |
| 2020 February | 28 | 29 | 57 |
| 2020 January | 32 | 16 | 48 |
| 2019 December | 33 | 8 | 41 |
| 2019 November | 35 | 18 | 53 |
| 2019 October | 10 | 7 | 17 |
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