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Fernández, Buenos Aires, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "r" "identificador" => "aff0090" ] 18 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Hospital Interzonal de Agudos General José de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "s" "identificador" => "aff0095" ] 19 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Medicina de Emergencias y Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo Universidad del Rosario, Hospital Mayor Mederi, Bogotá, Colombia" "etiqueta" => "t" "identificador" => "aff0100" ] 20 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Casa Hospital San Juan de Dios/Hospital CIMA, San José, Costa Rica" "etiqueta" => "u" "identificador" => "aff0105" ] 21 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Medicina Interna y Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Universidad Andrés Bello, Clínica INDISA, Red de Medicina Intensiva, Federación Panamericana e Ibérica de Medicina Crítica y Terapia Intensiva, Santiago de Chile, Chile" "etiqueta" => "v" "identificador" => "aff0110" ] 22 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia" "etiqueta" => "w" "identificador" => "aff0115" ] 23 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Research Services & Assessment Manager, Research Medical Library, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, USA" "etiqueta" => "x" "identificador" => "aff0120" ] 24 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Anestesiología y Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Departamento de Medicina Crítica, Cuidado Intensivo y Terapia Respiratoria, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States" "etiqueta" => "y" "identificador" => "aff0125" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Guías de práctica clínica basadas en la evidencia para el manejo de la sedoanalgesia y" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1663 "Ancho" => 1440 "Tamanyo" => 172282 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0045" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algorithm for the management of pain in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). ASA: acetylsalicylic acid.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2007, the Pan-American and Iberian Federation of Societies of Critical Medicine and Intensive Therapy (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Federación Panamericana e Ibérica de Sociedades de Medicina Crítica y Cuidados Intensivos</span> [FEPIMCTI]) published the first evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of sedoanalgesia in the critically ill adult patient.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> These guidelines were followed by a bilingual update (Spanish and English) in 2013.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The success of these and other guides led to many similar publications by scientific societies such as the American Society of Critical Care Medicine, which have recently been updated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The studies supporting these documents and the awareness they have raised have resulted in changes in sedation and analgesia practices in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Some of these new practices are associated with significantly improved clinical outcomes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> This explains why the updating of guides and the dissemination of recent advances are so important.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This new revision of the evidence-based clinical practice guidelines was made to update the recommendations referred to the management of sedation, analgesia and delirium in the critically ill adult patient, and once again was carried out in both languages: Spanish and English. The working group extensively covered the literature in the three aforementioned areas, and used the bilingual guidelines published in 2013 as a starting point.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Due to the great extent of this guide, we herein present an executive summary of the document, with the full text as complementary material, accompanied by the justifications corresponding to each recommendation.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Methodology</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2017, the council of the FEPIMCTI invited its members to identify experts to represent them in the work group in charge of drafting the new guidelines. A total of 24 specialists in critical care medicine, with epidemiological and literature research support, conformed the final group. Their responsibilities included definition of the scope of the guidelines and of the topics to be dealt with, as well as development of the clinically relevant questions and issues in need of answers. Each question was assigned to two experts per topic. The main purpose of the created document included updating of the previously published evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of sedoanalgesia in critically ill adult patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The intended users of these guidelines are physicians, nurses, clinical pharmacologists and professionals in the numerous disciplines that form part of the multidisciplinary team in the ICUs implicated in the management of critically ill adult patents.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relevant publications were identified by carrying out an electronic search of all the studies related with the proposed topics, taking as starting point the date on which the search corresponding to the previous guidelines ended.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Use was made of MEDLINE through PUBMED (1 January 2012 to 31 April 2018) and the following Cochrane Library databases: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database through the Cochrane Library, as well as the Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud</span> [LILACS]) database.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The guidelines adhered to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> for assessing the quality of the evidence and issuing the corresponding grade of recommendation. Likewise, use was made of the GRADE PRO tool for rating the evidence, and for summarizing and presenting the information in a concise manner, reducing subjectiveness of the recommendations, and facilitating decision making. Those recommendations with a voting rate of over 80% were included by consensus, while those that fell short of this percentage were withdrawn.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly, the questions, recommendations and justifications were grouped into 6 different sections according to the specific conditions characterizing the group of patients to which they were addressed:</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">1. Benefits of sedoanalgesia</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">2. Sedation<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conscious sedation strategies</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ABCDEF bundle</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recommendations for the use and duration of sedating agents</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">d</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Indications and strategies for deep sedation</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">e</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Impact of amnesia versus memory preservation</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">f</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sedation in patients with ARDS and ECMO</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">g</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sedation in patients with cardiovascular impairment</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">h</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sedation in the neurocritical patient</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">3. Analgesia<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Benefits and strategies for the adequate management of pain in patients admitted to the UCI</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia in patients with cardiovascular impairment</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia in patients with sepsis and septic shock</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">d</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia in patients with ARDS and ECMO</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">e</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia in the oncological patient</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">4. Delirium<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Identification, prevention and management of delirium</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prediction of delirium</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Persistent cognitive deficit</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">5. Special populations<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with renal or liver failure</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient analgesia in the postoperative period of cardiac, lung, liver and renal transplantation</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">6. Miscellaneous<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trauma, pregnant, burn and elderly patients</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Withdrawal syndrome related to alcohol and other substances</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The high level of evidence search including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized trials and guides related to analgesia, sedation and delirium in critical patients generated a total of 4192 articles in the different databases cited above. Based on this search, the recommendations were classified according to level of evidence and grade of recommendation (GRADE) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). A total of 136 recommendations were finally made. The questions with their respective recommendations, strength and level of the evidence are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusions</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In developing this new version of the guidelines, questions were raised involving issues that had not been addressed in the previous guidelines. Other questions were referred to topics that had already been considered, but which were believed to merit an update. The working group examined the best available evidence to answer these questions, and found that only 6 of them had a high level of evidence—the level being moderate and low for the great majority of the questions. The strength of the recommendations depended not only on the quality of the available evidence (this being the most important criterion) but also on the relevance attributed by the expert consensus to each intervention. In this way, some strong recommendations were made, with many more conditional recommendations.</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The strong recommendations were based on 7 points:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evaluation of pain: Emphasis is placed on the importance of adequate pain evaluation using scales for each scenario and type of patient, and on offering optimum management and follow-up.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Education: This refers to information for the patient and family about the intervention to be made, its indications, consequences, advantages, limitations and risks.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Opioids and multimodal analgesia: In patients with moderate to severe pain, opioids remain the first line treatment. However, the adverse effects of opioid use and abuse are increasingly recognized; different analgesic alternatives therefore need to be found in the context of a multimodal strategy, with the purpose of reducing exposure to these drugs.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mild sedation: Due evaluation is required of whether each individual patient requires sedation or not, with the purpose of affording comfort. In this regard, sedation should be kept as superficial as possible, prescribing deep sedation only where indicated, and when the existing evidence has demonstrated benefits.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Delirium: This problem should be addressed in the critical patient from the time of admission, with the prediction of risk, prevention, detection and management. In relation to prevention and management, different pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures are available that have demonstrated benefits with levels of evidence ranging from high to low.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early mobilization: Deconditioning in the ICU should be reduced through early mobilization (passive and active) when allowed by the patient condition, based on protocols, shortening of stays and improving functional independence and patient quality of life upon discharge.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reduced sleep disruption: Quality sleep with less fragmentation is indicated. Non-pharmacological measures such as reducing noise and illumination at night, among other options, have better evidence than pharmacological measures.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other recommendations were presented in this document as conditional. However, this does not mean that such interventions are not important, for although the supporting evidence was weaker, the working group considered it opportune to include them in the benefit of the critical patient. Clinical judgment at the patient bedside, with due knowledge of the best strategies, contributes to make better decisions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Exoneration</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to underscore that guidelines are only a useful tool for improving medical decisions, and must be used with due consideration of medical criterion, the clinical circumstances, the patient preferences and the locally available resources. It also should be remembered that the novel findings of clinical research can contribute new evidence, making it necessary to modify standard practices even before the guidelines are updated.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Funding</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Development of the guidelines has been possible thanks to the unconditional support of the Pan-American and Iberian Federation of Societies of Critical Medicine and Intensive Therapy (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Federación Panamericana e Ibérica de Sociedades de Medicina Crítica y Cuidados Intensivos</span> [FEPIMCTI]), the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá</span> (FSFB), the Colombian Association of Critical Medicine and Intensive Care (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Asociación Colombiana de Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo</span> [AMCI]), and an unrestricted educational grant from Pfizer.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The members of the consensus group declare the following conflicts of interest: J.C. Diaz, principal investigator or co-investigator in studies sponsored by Abbot, Aspen, Amarey, Glaxo, speaker for Aspen, Baxter, B.Braun, Dräger, Hamilton, Hospira and Glaxo; G. Castorena, speaker for MSD in relation to sugammadex; G. Castillo Abrego, speaker for Medtronic and Zoll Medical; J.M. Pardo, support from MSD and Sanofi Aventis for participation in congresses. The rest of the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1321532" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1219049" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1321531" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1219048" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methodology" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Exoneration" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack455773" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-04-30" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-07-10" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1219049" "palabras" => array:8 [ 0 => "Agitation" 1 => "Analgesia" 2 => "ABCDEF" 3 => "Critical care" 4 => "Delirium" 5 => "Pain" 6 => "Clinical practice guidelines" 7 => "Sedation" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1219048" "palabras" => array:8 [ 0 => "Agitación" 1 => "Analgesia" 2 => "ABCDEF" 3 => "Cuidado intensivo" 4 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Delirium</span>" 5 => "Dolor" 6 => "Guía de práctica clínica" 7 => "Sedación" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Given the importance of the management of sedation, analgesia and delirium in Intensive Care Units, and in order to update the previously published guidelines, a new clinical practice guide is presented, addressing the most relevant management and intervention aspects based on the recent literature. A group of 24 intensivists from 9 countries of the Pan-American and Iberian Federation of Societies of Critical Medicine and Intensive Therapy met to develop the guidelines. Assessment of evidence quality and recommendations was made according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group. A systematic search of the literature was carried out using MEDLINE, Cochrane Library databases such as the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED) and the database of Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS). A total of 438 references were selected. After consensus, 47 strong recommendations with high and moderate quality evidence, 14 conditional recommendations with moderate quality evidence, and 65 conditional recommendations with low quality evidence were established. Finally, the importance of initial and multimodal pain management was underscored. Emphasis was placed on decreasing sedation levels and the use of deep sedation only in specific cases. The evidence and recommendations for the use of drugs such as dexmedetomidine, remifentanil, ketamine and others were incremented.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dada la importancia del manejo de la sedación, analgesia y delirium en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, y con el fin de actualizar las guías publicadas anteriormente, se decidió elaborar una nueva guía de práctica clínica con los soportes, manejos e intervenciones más relevantes acordes con las publicaciones recientes. Para elaborar esta guía, se reunió un grupo de 24 intensivistas procedentes de 9 países de la Federación Panamericana e Ibérica de Sociedades de Medicina Crítica y Terapia Intensiva. Se acogió la propuesta del Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group para emitir el grado de recomendación y evaluar la calidad de la evidencia. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura utilizándose: MEDLINE, las siguientes bases de datos de la biblioteca Cochrane: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), y la base de datos de Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS). Finalmente, se seleccionaron 438 referencias, permitiendo realizar 47 recomendaciones fuertes con evidencia alta y moderada, 14 recomendaciones condicionales con evidencia moderada y 65 recomendaciones condicionales con evidencia baja. Se confirma la importancia del manejo inicial y multimodal del dolor, se hace énfasis en la disminución de los niveles de sedación y la utilización de sedación profunda solo en casos específicos. Aumenta la evidencia y recomendaciones para el uso de medicamentos como dexmedetomidina, remifentanil, ketamina, entre otros.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Celis-Rodríguez E, Díaz Cortés JC, Cárdenas Bolívar YR, Carrizosa González JA, Pinilla D.I., Ferrer Záccaro LE, et al. Guías de práctica clínica basadas en la evidencia para el manejo de la sedoanalgesia y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">delirium</span> en el paciente adulto críticamente enfermo. Med Intensiva. 2020;44:171–184.</p>" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following is Supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0045" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1663 "Ancho" => 1440 "Tamanyo" => 172282 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0045" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algorithm for the management of pain in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). ASA: acetylsalicylic acid.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0050" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Level of evidence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Description and implications \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High level of evidence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">It is sure that the real effect of the intervention comes close to the estimated effect \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate level of evidence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">It is almost sure that the real effect of the intervention comes close to the estimated effect, but it is possible that the effect may be different \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low level of evidence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The certainty of the estimated effect is limited. The real effect is probably substantially different from the estimated effect \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Very low level of evidence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">There is little certainty with respect to the estimated effect. The real effect is substantially different from the estimated effect \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2264998.png" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grade of recommendation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Description \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Strong recommendation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">There is certainty with respect to the desired effects. The intervention should be offered to all patients if favorable, or should not be used if not favorable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional recommendation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">There is no complete certainty with respect to the desired effect. Adherence to this recommendation probably has a greater impact upon the undesired effects, but there is not enough certainty in this respect \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2265000.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Levels of evidence and grades of recommendation.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0055" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Question \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Recommendation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Strength \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Level of evidence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Benefits of sedoanalgesia</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">What are the short- and long-term benefits of adequate pain and sedation management in the critically ill adult patient?</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">A1. The suggestion is to adapt strategies designed first to prevent pain, followed by analgesic management in the early stages of pain and, if the addition of sedatives proves necessary, to administer them at the minimum effective dose \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">A2. The recommendation is to create or adapt protocols for adequate pain and sedation management, promoting the use of sedoanalgesia, mild sedation or no sedation in the context of care focused on the patient needs, and avoiding the use of benzodiazepines \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Strong \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">A3. The recommendation is to use strategies allowing appropriate evaluation and adherence to pain and sedation management in all critical patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Strong \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">What are the benefits of sedation, delirium and analgesia protocols? \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">A4. The suggestion is to use protocols for the evaluation and management of analgesia, agitation and delirium in order to improve the outcomes, such as adequate pain control, reduction of agitation and delirium episodes, lesser drug exposure, lesser time on mechanical ventilation, and shorter ICU and hospital stay \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sedation</span></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">What is the recommended sedation management for adult patients with sepsis and septic shock? \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">A1. The suggestion is to use mild sedation whenever possible in patients requiring mechanical ventilation, with periodic evaluation of their neurological condition, and the use of sedation scales according to individualized objectives. Routine deep sedation is to be avoided \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">What is the best sedation approach for critically ill adult patients without ventilatory support? \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">A2. In patients without orotracheal intubation and without ventilatory support, the suggestion is to use drugs with a low risk of causing respiratory depression or serious hemodynamic adverse effects, such as dexmedetomidine at low doses. The level of sedation should be monitored \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">What is the impact of applying the ABCDEF protocol in critically ill patients? \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">B1. The recommendation is to apply the ABCDEF protocol in critically ill patients to increase the number of days without delirium and the days without coma, and to reduce the duration of ventilatory support, intensive care stay and mortality \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Strong \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">What are the benefits of the presence of relatives in the outcome of the critically ill patient? \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">B2. The presence, participation and preparation of the family of the patient is suggested in the critical care plan as a psychosocial support measure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">What are the benefits of early mobilization in critically ill patients?</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">B3. The recommendation is to implement passive mobilization of all patients in intensive care, followed by active mobilization when allowed by the clinical condition \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Strong \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">B4. Early mobilization is recommended in all surgical patients subjected to mechanical ventilation for at least 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours. This must be based on an institutional protocol implicating physicians, nurses and therapists \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Strong \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">B5. Early mobilization is recommended in all hemodynamically stable patients in the postoperative period of coronary revascularization or valve replacement surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Strong \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="middle">Is there a relationship between benzodiazepine dose and time of use and the adverse effects of such drugs in critically ill patients?</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C1. The suggestion is to avoid incrementing nocturnal midazolam doses, preferring the use of non-benzodiazepine drugs \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C2. If sedation with midazolam is used, the suggestion is to provide mild rather than deep sedation in order to avoid delirium recall and not affect implicit patient memory \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C3. When midazolam is used for the management of sedation in the critical patient, the suggestion is to avoid the drug in continuous infusion and prefer intermittent bolus doses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C4. The suggestion is to avoid deep sedation with midazolam \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C5. The recommendation is to avoid the use of benzodiazepines in patients at a high risk of suffering delirium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Strong \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">When should benzodiazepines be used in the critically ill patient without alcohol abstinence?</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C6. The use of midazolam rather than thiopental is suggested as part of the management of refractory convulsive states \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C7. The addition of midazolam to haloperidol is suggested to improve agitation control in palliative patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="middle">What critically ill patients stand to benefit most from the use of remifentanil?</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C8. The recommendation is to use remifentanil in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery to reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Strong \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C9. The suggestion is to use remifentanil in combination with propofol for sedation during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C10. The suggestion is to use remifentanil in patients with renal failure to reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C11. The suggestion is to use remifentanil in neurocritical patients to reduce waking time and allow neurological evaluation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C12. The suggestion is to titrate remifentanil to the lowest effective dose possible in order to reduce hyperalgesia associated to use of the drug and its posterior suspension \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="10" align="left" valign="middle">What is the association between the dose and duration of dexmedetomidine and its adverse effects?</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C13. The recommendation is to avoid the generalized use of dexmedetomidine loading doses in critical patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Strong \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C14. When loading doses are required, the suggestion is to administer a dose of < 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg during > 20 minutes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C15. The suggestion is to use sedatives other than dexmedetomidine when deeper sedation is required, rather than to administer loading doses of the latter drug \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C16. The recommendation is to avoid maintenance doses of > 1.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg/h and deep sedation levels based on dexmedetomidine in order to avoid the risk of severe bradycardia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Strong \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C17. The suggestion is to use minimum doses of dexmedetomidine for mild sedation during maintenance, usually < 0.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg/h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C18. The suggestion is to titrate sedatives other than dexmedetomidine when deep sedation is required, and to avoid doses of > 1.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/kg/h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C19. In patients with bradycardia and hemodynamic alterations, the recommendation is to lower the maintenance dose or suspend it temporarily \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Strong \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C20. The suggestion is to periodically evaluate the need to continue dexmedetomidine infusion for a prolonged period of time (up to 7 days) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C21. If needed, continue sedation with dexmedetomidine as maintenance for over 7 days, since there is not enough evidence to recommend a maximum time. It is advisable to alternate with periods of drug suspension and to monitor the appearance of adverse effects \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C22. The suggestion is to temporarily suspend dexmedetomidine infusion when hyperthermia associated to its use is suspected, particularly in obese patients and in the postoperative period of cardiovascular surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">What is the recommended drug strategy to maintain a Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) score of -4 or -5 in patients requiring sedation for over 72 hours?</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">D1. The recommendation is to combine a hypnotic with an analgesic (preferably an opiate) to secure deep sedation, provided it is clinically justified \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Strong \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">D2. The suggestion is to use midazolam in prolonged deep sedation and/or to combine it with an opiate, propofol and/or dexmedetomidine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">D3. The suggestion is to use inhalation sedation as an alternative to deep intravenous sedation in cases of status asthmaticus, status epilepticus or respiratory difficulty \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conditional \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">What is the current impact of amnesia versus memory preservation in critically ill adult patients?</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n