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Initially presenting with GCS 4 on the scene&#44; bilateral nonreactive pupils&#59; BP 110&#47;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Injury severity score &#40;ISS&#41; 25&#46; He was intubated and transferred to our hospital&#59; initial CT scan showed temporal bone fracture and hemispheric subdural hematoma with middle line shift &#40;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; and signs of uncal herniation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiple rib fractures and right lung consolidation &#40;lung contusion vs&#46; aspiration pneumonitis&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">He was immediately transferred to the operating theater&#59; left frontoparietal craniotomy and hematoma drainage was performed&#46; Direct visualization detected loss of pulsatility in frontal and parietal lobes&#46; Parenchymal intracranial pressure &#40;ICP&#41; monitoring &#40;Integra Neurosciences&#44; San Diego&#41; after drainage showed ICP of 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; needing deep sedation&#44; neuromuscular blocking&#44; and osmotherapy&#46; Postoperative CT scan showed correct drainage with diffuse brain edema&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient develops severe ARDS on day 2&#46; Despite lung protective ventilation&#44; bilateral pneumothorax occurs&#44; requiring chest tube placement&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Open lung strategies such as recruitment maneuvers were not implemented due to the presence of pneumothorax&#44; and prone positioning was tried but unfeasible due to rise in ICP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the refractory hypoxemia and its impact on secondary brain damage&#44; we decided to put the patient on ECMO &#40;Cardiohelp-Maquet-Getinge group&#44; Rastatt&#44; Germany&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pre-ECMO respiratory setting&#58; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 1&#59; PEEP 10 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#59; P&#47;F ratio 90&#59; compliance 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> Plateau pressure 33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#59; dP 14&#46; Murray score 3&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We utilized 23 Fr femoral drainage and 19 Fr jugular return Maquet HLS cannulae&#46; A bolus of UFH &#40;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;kg&#41; was administered during cannulation&#46; We decided no anticoagulation thereafter&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initial ECMO settings&#58; 4&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lpm&#44; gas flow 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lpm&#44; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 1&#46; Ventilator settings after ECMO&#58; VCV FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 0&#46;4&#59; tidal volume 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cc&#47;kg&#59; RR 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm PEEP 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the still uncontrolled ICH&#44; cannulation was performed under deep sedation&#44; paralysis&#44; and osmotherapy&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Percutaneous tracheostomy was performed on day fifteen&#44; and the last chest tube removed on day twenty&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ECMO system was closely monitored according to our protocol&#46; Oxygenator was replaced on day seven due to an increase in LDH and reticulocyte count and a decrease in haptoglobin levels&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A decision to stop ECMO was made after ECMO time of fifteen days given respiratory improvement&#44; correct weaning parameters&#44; and labs showing incipient coagulopathy &#40;slight increase in PT and aPTT ratio&#44; and slightly decreasing platelets and fibrinogen&#41;&#46; Having started decannulation procedure&#44; the patient experience sudden airway bleeding&#46; ECMO was immediately stopped and the patient decannulated&#44; after which bleeding was controlled&#46; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g fibrinogen and 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU of Human Prothrombin Complex were administered&#46; Bronchoscopy was performed immediately afterward for airway clearance&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On day thirty the patient is awake&#44; obeying commands&#44; no motor deficit but with severe ICU acquired weakness&#46; He was discharged after 50 days to the neurosurgery ward&#46; Discharged home after four months with full neurological and functional recovery&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiple trauma is still a formal contra-indication for ECMO&#44; 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The circuit was anticoagulated with UFH with an aPTT target of 40&#8211;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46; However&#44; no patient experienced ICH or underwent surgery&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Muellenbach<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> published three trauma patients suffering BTI&#44; none of them requiring surgery&#46; The circuit was not anticoagulated&#44; but ECMO time was short &#40;maximum five days&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Friesenecker<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> described the first case of severe BTI requiring craniotomy who underwent ECMO for ARF for 17 days&#46; Initially presenting with CT scan showing brain edema&#44; ECMO was started due to severe ARDS under anticoagulation with UFH targeted to ACT of 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; but CT scan revealed large brain hematoma on day two&#44; potentially influenced by anticoagulation&#46; There are no further similar cases published to our knowledge&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our case&#44; ECMO was run for 15 days without anticoagulation&#46; It was started shortly after surgery in a patient with severe intracranial bleeding and ICH aggravated by severe ARDS&#44; with a good outcome&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thorough system monitoring allowed safe management of a non-anticoagulated circuit&#44; and early detection and control of complications&#46; On the other hand&#44; no ICP deterioration during ECMO time was detected&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This case suggests that ECMO can be implemented safely without anticoagulation&#44; and should not be withheld from the therapeutic armamentarium in case of a severe brain trauma bleeding&#46; Appropriate protocol implementation and close monitoring are paramount in this scenario&#46;</p></span>"
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Scientific Letter
ECMO in severe trauma patient with intracranial bleeding requiring surgery
ECMO en trauma grave con sangrado intracraneal amenazante que requiere cirugía
J.I. Chico Carballasa,
Corresponding author
ji_chico@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, S. Freita Ramosa, D. Mosquera Rodrigueza, E.M. Menor Fernandeza, M. Piñon Estebanb, R. Casais Pampinb
a Servicio Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
b Servicio Cirugía Cardiaca, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
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Initially presenting with GCS 4 on the scene&#44; bilateral nonreactive pupils&#59; BP 110&#47;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Injury severity score &#40;ISS&#41; 25&#46; He was intubated and transferred to our hospital&#59; initial CT scan showed temporal bone fracture and hemispheric subdural hematoma with middle line shift &#40;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; and signs of uncal herniation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiple rib fractures and right lung consolidation &#40;lung contusion vs&#46; aspiration pneumonitis&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">He was immediately transferred to the operating theater&#59; left frontoparietal craniotomy and hematoma drainage was performed&#46; Direct visualization detected loss of pulsatility in frontal and parietal lobes&#46; Parenchymal intracranial pressure &#40;ICP&#41; monitoring &#40;Integra Neurosciences&#44; San Diego&#41; after drainage showed ICP of 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; needing deep sedation&#44; neuromuscular blocking&#44; and osmotherapy&#46; Postoperative CT scan showed correct drainage with diffuse brain edema&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient develops severe ARDS on day 2&#46; Despite lung protective ventilation&#44; bilateral pneumothorax occurs&#44; requiring chest tube placement&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Open lung strategies such as recruitment maneuvers were not implemented due to the presence of pneumothorax&#44; and prone positioning was tried but unfeasible due to rise in ICP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the refractory hypoxemia and its impact on secondary brain damage&#44; we decided to put the patient on ECMO &#40;Cardiohelp-Maquet-Getinge group&#44; Rastatt&#44; Germany&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pre-ECMO respiratory setting&#58; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 1&#59; PEEP 10 cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#59; P&#47;F ratio 90&#59; compliance 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> Plateau pressure 33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#59; dP 14&#46; Murray score 3&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We utilized 23 Fr femoral drainage and 19 Fr jugular return Maquet HLS cannulae&#46; A bolus of UFH &#40;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;kg&#41; was administered during cannulation&#46; We decided no anticoagulation thereafter&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initial ECMO settings&#58; 4&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lpm&#44; gas flow 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lpm&#44; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 1&#46; Ventilator settings after ECMO&#58; VCV FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> 0&#46;4&#59; tidal volume 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cc&#47;kg&#59; RR 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm PEEP 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the still uncontrolled ICH&#44; cannulation was performed under deep sedation&#44; paralysis&#44; and osmotherapy&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Percutaneous tracheostomy was performed on day fifteen&#44; and the last chest tube removed on day twenty&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ECMO system was closely monitored according to our protocol&#46; Oxygenator was replaced on day seven due to an increase in LDH and reticulocyte count and a decrease in haptoglobin levels&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A decision to stop ECMO was made after ECMO time of fifteen days given respiratory improvement&#44; correct weaning parameters&#44; and labs showing incipient coagulopathy &#40;slight increase in PT and aPTT ratio&#44; and slightly decreasing platelets and fibrinogen&#41;&#46; Having started decannulation procedure&#44; the patient experience sudden airway bleeding&#46; ECMO was immediately stopped and the patient decannulated&#44; after which bleeding was controlled&#46; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g fibrinogen and 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU of Human Prothrombin Complex were administered&#46; Bronchoscopy was performed immediately afterward for airway clearance&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On day thirty the patient is awake&#44; obeying commands&#44; no motor deficit but with severe ICU acquired weakness&#46; He was discharged after 50 days to the neurosurgery ward&#46; Discharged home after four months with full neurological and functional recovery&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiple trauma is still a formal contra-indication for ECMO&#44; given the increased risk of bleeding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ECMO circuit needs anticoagulation&#44; which could be avoided in particular circumstances&#46; But ECMO also exposes the blood to a foreign surface&#44; triggering inflammation and coagulation&#44; which can lead to a DIC-like consumptive coagulopathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Although biocompatible coatings may decrease activation of coagulation&#44; it has not solved the issue&#46; Therefore&#44; running ECMO without anticoagulation does not prevent the occurrence of bleeding diathesis&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These factors&#44; in the context of co-existing severe BTI&#44; could lead to catastrophic intracranial bleeding&#46; Therefore&#44; evidence of ECMO in this scenario is anecdotic&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Biscotti<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> described two patients with severe BTI and intracranial bleeding who needed ECMO for ARDS&#46; The circuit was anticoagulated with UFH with an aPTT target of 40&#8211;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46; However&#44; no patient experienced ICH or underwent surgery&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Muellenbach<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> published three trauma patients suffering BTI&#44; none of them requiring surgery&#46; The circuit was not anticoagulated&#44; but ECMO time was short &#40;maximum five days&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Friesenecker<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> described the first case of severe BTI requiring craniotomy who underwent ECMO for ARF for 17 days&#46; Initially presenting with CT scan showing brain edema&#44; ECMO was started due to severe ARDS under anticoagulation with UFH targeted to ACT of 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; but CT scan revealed large brain hematoma on day two&#44; potentially influenced by anticoagulation&#46; There are no further similar cases published to our knowledge&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our case&#44; ECMO was run for 15 days without anticoagulation&#46; It was started shortly after surgery in a patient with severe intracranial bleeding and ICH aggravated by severe ARDS&#44; with a good outcome&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thorough system monitoring allowed safe management of a non-anticoagulated circuit&#44; and early detection and control of complications&#46; On the other hand&#44; no ICP deterioration during ECMO time was detected&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This case suggests that ECMO can be implemented safely without anticoagulation&#44; and should not be withheld from the therapeutic armamentarium in case of a severe brain trauma bleeding&#46; Appropriate protocol implementation and close monitoring are paramount in this scenario&#46;</p></span>"
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