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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical profile of Hospital Acquired Sepsis &#40;HAS&#41; is poorly known&#46; In a recent work&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> we found that patients suffering from HAS show many of the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease and cancer&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lymphopenia is a frequent finding in sepsis patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> Sepsis affects the immune system by directly altering the lifespan&#44; production and function of the effector cells responsible for homeostasis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Lymphopenia is also found in other severe infections like pneumonia needing of hospitalization&#44; and it is associated to an increased risk of mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The impact of lymphocyte counts on the prognosis of patients with HAS is unknown&#46; The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between lymphocyte counts and mortality risk of the patients suffering from HAS&#46; The predictive ability of the other leukocyte subpopulations was also assessed&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the Clinical Research and Ethics Committee of our hospital&#46; Informed consent was waived due to the observational nature of the study&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 196 patients were included in the study&#46; Hospital and 90 days mortality was 45&#46;4&#37;&#46; The median age of HAS patients was of 73 years &#40;IQR&#58; 68&#46;1&#8211;71&#46;4&#41;&#44; with 68&#46;4&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>134&#41; of them being male&#46; Some serious comorbidities were&#58; cardiac disease 63&#46;8&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>125&#41;&#44; cancer 34&#46;2&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>67&#41;&#44; chronic kidney disease 19&#46;4&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38&#41;&#44; immunosuppression 17&#46;9&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#41; and chronic hepatic disease 6&#46;1&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#41; &#40;Supplementary Table 1&#41;&#46; Sepsis with organ failure &#40;severe sepsis&#47;septic shock&#41; was present in 146 patients &#40;74&#46;5&#37;&#41; with 75 of these patients dying during the first 90 days&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HAS emerged 10 days following hospital admission in median &#40;IQR&#44; 11&#46;4&#8211;14&#46;5&#41;&#46; The most frequent source of infection was the respiratory tract &#40;29&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by bacteraemia &#40;25&#37;&#41; &#40;Supplementary Table 1&#41;&#46; Microorganisms were isolated in one hundred and fifty patients &#40;76&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Gram negative bacteria were the most common microorganisms &#40;58&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by Gram positive cocci &#40;46&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We collected leukocyte subpopulations counts at hospital admission and also at HAS diagnosis&#46; Patients with HAS showed a significant increase in the median values of neutrophil counts from admission to diagnosis&#58; &#40;5&#46;3 &#91;4&#46;00&#8211;7&#46;4&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span> &#40;10&#46;9 &#91;6&#46;5&#8211;17&#46;0&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#46; On the contrary&#44; median values of eosinophil and lymphocyte counts decreased from admission to diagnosis&#58; &#40;0&#46;11 &#91;0&#46;04&#8211;0&#46;22&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span> &#40;0&#46;02 &#91;0&#46;00&#8211;0&#46;11&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; for eosinophils and &#40;1&#46;6 &#91;1&#46;0&#8211;2&#46;3&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span> &#40;0&#46;8 &#91;0&#46;4&#8211;1&#46;3&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#93;&#41; for lymphocytes &#40;with differences yielding a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001 in both cases&#41;&#46; 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The optimal operating point &#40;OOP&#41; was calculated for those leukocyte subpopulations showing an AUC <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 as previously described<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> for distinguishing between both kinds of patients in the AUC analysis was 775<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> for lymphocytes and 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> for eosinophils&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Categorical variables were created based on the OOPs and the resulting variables for lymphocyte and eosinophil counts were evaluated for hospital mortality prediction using multivariate analysis adjusting by the potential confounding factors selected in the univariate analysis&#58; &#91;Age&#40;years&#41;&#93;&#44; &#91;Sex&#40;male&#41;&#93;&#44; &#91;&#8220;Sepsis code&#8221; implemented&#93;&#44; &#91;antecedent of vascular disease&#93;&#44; &#91;antecedent of cancer&#93;&#44; &#91;antecedent of chronic kidney disease&#93;&#44; &#91;sepsis with organ failure&#93;&#44; &#91;more than one episode of sepsis during hospital admission&#93;&#44; &#91;surgical intervention&#93; and &#91;time &#40;days&#41; from admission to sepsis diagnosis&#93;&#46; The presence of a lymphocyte count &#8804;775<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> at diagnosis of HAS was an independent predictor of mortality in the multivariate analysis&#58; &#40;1&#46;98 &#91;1&#46;00&#8211;3&#46;92&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;049&#41; &#40;OR 1&#46;98 &#91;CI 95&#37; 1&#46;00&#8211;3&#46;92&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;049&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; In turn&#44; showing a eosinophil count &#8804;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> at diagnosis of HAS conferred a non-significant higher risk of mortality &#40;1&#46;87 &#91;0&#46;95&#8211;3&#46;70&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;072&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; the Kaplan&#8211;Meier curves at 90 days following diagnosis of HAS showed that patients with &#8804;775<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lymphocytes&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> died earlier &#40;media 48&#46;6 days &#91;40&#46;3&#8211;56&#46;8&#93;&#41; than patients with &#62;775<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lymphocytes&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> &#40;media 60&#46;5 &#91;53&#46;1&#8211;67&#46;9&#93;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;030 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HAS was characterized by a significant increase in the blood counts of the paradigmatic cell representing innate immunity&#44; the neutrophil&#44; accompanied by a decrease in the prototypic cell of the adaptive immunity&#44; the lymphocyte&#46; Neutrophil count expansion could represent a kind of compensatory mechanism responding to the decrease in the lymphocyte counts&#44; which precedes the emergence of HAS&#46; The significant decrease in lymphocyte counts found from admission to diagnosis of HAS cannot be explained by hemodilution due to fluid administration&#44; since counts of the other leukocyte subsets were not affected&#46; In consequence&#44; this is the first report providing evidence that sepsis does induce diminution of lymphocyte counts in blood&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early identification of patients at risk of death is a crucial step in the clinical management of sepsis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a> In this regard&#44; this study provides a cut-off value for lymphocyte counts &#40;&#8804;775<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; which is useful for the early identification of those patients at higher risk of mortality&#44; independently of their accompanying co-morbidities &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Also we repeat analysis excluding immunosuppressed patients and we found that those patients with &#8804;775 lymphocytes&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> continue presenting higher risk to mortality&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lymphocyte counting is a simple and inexpensive test&#44; widely available in most hospital settings&#46; In our study&#44; the eosinophil count at diagnosis of HAS conferred a nonsignificant higher risk of mortality&#46; Some limitations of our work were its retrospective nature&#44; the absence of some variables like the albumin levels or severity scores like SOFA or APACHE&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; lymphopenic HAS &#40;L-HAS&#41; &#40;&#8804;775<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lymphocytes&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; constitutes a particular immunological phenotype of the disease conferring a two-fold increase in the risk of hospital mortality&#46; Patients with L-HAS deserve special care and close monitoring of vital signs&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Funding</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research did not received any specific grant from funding agencies in the public&#44; commercial or not-for-profit sectors&#46; Salaries from the authors are paid by the &#8220;Consejer&#237;a de Sanidad de Castilla y Le&#243;n&#44; Spain&#8221;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            "apendice" => "<p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival curve&#46; Groups were compared by the log rank test &#40;Mantel&#8211;Henzel&#41;&#46; Circulating Lymphocyte Count &#40;CLC&#41; at HAS diagnosis were divided in two groups&#44; &#8804;775<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lymphocytes&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> and greater&#46; Time was censored at 90 days following HAS diagnosis&#46; Cum&#58; cumulative&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;034&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;1&#46;002&#8211;1&#46;067&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;040&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Sex &#40;male&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;067&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;0&#46;978&#8211;4&#46;369&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;057&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8220;Sepsis Code&#8221; implemented&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;583&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;0&#46;294&#8211;1&#46;157&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;123&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Vascular disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;419&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;0&#46;650&#8211;3&#46;096&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;380&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Cancer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;385&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;0&#46;680&#8211;2&#46;818&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;369&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Chronic kidney disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;693&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;0&#46;713&#8211;4&#46;021&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sepsis with organ failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;687&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;1&#46;889&#8211;11&#46;629&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">More than one episode of sepsis during hospital admission&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;346&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;1&#46;529&#8211;7&#46;324&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Time &#40;days&#41; from admission to sepsis diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;036&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;1&#46;000&#8211;1&#46;074&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;050&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Surgical intervention&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;316&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#91;0&#46;144&#8211;0&#46;696&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8804;775<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>lymphocytes&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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Vol. 43. Núm. 8.
Páginas 510-512 (noviembre 2019)
Scientific Letter
Acceso a texto completo
Lymphopenic hospital acquired sepsis (L-HAS): An immunological phenotype conferring higher risk of mortality
Sepsis nosocomial linfopénica: un fenotipo inmunológico que confiere un mayor riesgo de mortalidad
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4507
C. López-Mestanzaa,
Autor para correspondencia
, D. Andaluz-Ojedab, J.R. Gómez-Lópezc, J.F. Bermejo-Martína
a BIO SEPSIS (Group of Biomedical Research in Sepsis), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, SACYL, Valladolid, Spain
b Critical Care Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
c General Surgery Service, Hospital de Medina del Campo, SACYL, Medina del Campo-Valladolid, Spain
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Table 1. Multivariate regression analysis to predict hospital mortality risk in patients with ≤775lymphocytes/mm3 at diagnosis of HAS.
Material adicional (1)
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The clinical profile of Hospital Acquired Sepsis (HAS) is poorly known. In a recent work,1 we found that patients suffering from HAS show many of the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Lymphopenia is a frequent finding in sepsis patients.2–4 Sepsis affects the immune system by directly altering the lifespan, production and function of the effector cells responsible for homeostasis.5 Lymphopenia is also found in other severe infections like pneumonia needing of hospitalization, and it is associated to an increased risk of mortality.6

The impact of lymphocyte counts on the prognosis of patients with HAS is unknown. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between lymphocyte counts and mortality risk of the patients suffering from HAS. The predictive ability of the other leukocyte subpopulations was also assessed.

The study was approved by the Clinical Research and Ethics Committee of our hospital. Informed consent was waived due to the observational nature of the study.

A total of 196 patients were included in the study. Hospital and 90 days mortality was 45.4%. The median age of HAS patients was of 73 years (IQR: 68.1–71.4), with 68.4% (n=134) of them being male. Some serious comorbidities were: cardiac disease 63.8% (n=125), cancer 34.2% (n=67), chronic kidney disease 19.4% (n=38), immunosuppression 17.9% (n=35) and chronic hepatic disease 6.1% (n=12) (Supplementary Table 1). Sepsis with organ failure (severe sepsis/septic shock) was present in 146 patients (74.5%) with 75 of these patients dying during the first 90 days.

HAS emerged 10 days following hospital admission in median (IQR, 11.4–14.5). The most frequent source of infection was the respiratory tract (29.1%), followed by bacteraemia (25%) (Supplementary Table 1). Microorganisms were isolated in one hundred and fifty patients (76.5%). Gram negative bacteria were the most common microorganisms (58.6%), followed by Gram positive cocci (46.0%).

We collected leukocyte subpopulations counts at hospital admission and also at HAS diagnosis. Patients with HAS showed a significant increase in the median values of neutrophil counts from admission to diagnosis: (5.3 [4.00–7.4]×103/mm3) vs (10.9 [6.5–17.0]×103/mm3) p<0.001. On the contrary, median values of eosinophil and lymphocyte counts decreased from admission to diagnosis: (0.11 [0.04–0.22]×103/mm3) vs (0.02 [0.00–0.11]×103/mm3) for eosinophils and (1.6 [1.0–2.3]×03/mm3) vs (0.8 [0.4–1.3]×103/mm3]) for lymphocytes (with differences yielding a p<0.001 in both cases). Median values of monocytes and basophil counts did not change in a significant manner between both moments.

Median values of lymphocytes at HAS diagnosis were higher in survivors than in non survivors. Survivors showed also higher median values of eosinophils at HAS diagnosis than non survivors. On the contrary, monocyte, basophil and neutrophil counts did not show differences between both groups (Supplementary Table 1).

Lymphocytes and eosinophil counts at HAS diagnosis showed significant AUCs for identifying survivors at hospital discharge (Supplementary Fig. 1), with an (AUC [CI95%], p) of (0.59 [0.59–0.67], 0.042) and (0.60 [0.52–0.68], 0.023) respectively. Other leukocyte subtypes failed to discriminate survivors from non survivors. The optimal operating point (OOP) was calculated for those leukocyte subpopulations showing an AUC p<0.05 as previously described7 for distinguishing between both kinds of patients in the AUC analysis was 775cells/mm3 for lymphocytes and 13cells/mm3 for eosinophils.

Categorical variables were created based on the OOPs and the resulting variables for lymphocyte and eosinophil counts were evaluated for hospital mortality prediction using multivariate analysis adjusting by the potential confounding factors selected in the univariate analysis: [Age(years)], [Sex(male)], [“Sepsis code” implemented], [antecedent of vascular disease], [antecedent of cancer], [antecedent of chronic kidney disease], [sepsis with organ failure], [more than one episode of sepsis during hospital admission], [surgical intervention] and [time (days) from admission to sepsis diagnosis]. The presence of a lymphocyte count ≤775cells/mm3 at diagnosis of HAS was an independent predictor of mortality in the multivariate analysis: (1.98 [1.00–3.92], p=0.049) (OR 1.98 [CI 95% 1.00–3.92], p = 0.049) (Table 1). In turn, showing a eosinophil count ≤13cells/mm3 at diagnosis of HAS conferred a non-significant higher risk of mortality (1.87 [0.95–3.70], p=0.072). Finally, the Kaplan–Meier curves at 90 days following diagnosis of HAS showed that patients with ≤775lymphocytes/mm3 died earlier (media 48.6 days [40.3–56.8]) than patients with >775lymphocytes/mm3 (media 60.5 [53.1–67.9]), p=0.030 (Fig. 1).

Table 1.

Multivariate regression analysis to predict hospital mortality risk in patients with ≤775lymphocytes/mm3 at diagnosis of HAS.

Variables  Hospital mortality
  OR  (95% CI)  p 
Age (years)  1.034  [1.002–1.067]  0.040 
Sex (male)  2.067  [0.978–4.369]  0.057 
“Sepsis Code” implemented  0.583  [0.294–1.157]  0.123 
Vascular disease  1.419  [0.650–3.096]  0.380 
Cancer  1.385  [0.680–2.818]  0.369 
Chronic kidney disease  1.693  [0.713–4.021]  0.233 
Sepsis with organ failure  4.687  [1.889–11.629]  0.001 
More than one episode of sepsis during hospital admission  3.346  [1.529–7.324]  0.003 
Time (days) from admission to sepsis diagnosis  1.036  [1.000–1.074]  0.050 
Surgical intervention  0.316  [0.144–0.696]  0.004 
≤775lymphocytes/mm3  1.983  [1.004–3.919]  0.049 

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

Figure 1.

Kaplan–Meier survival curve. Groups were compared by the log rank test (Mantel–Henzel). Circulating Lymphocyte Count (CLC) at HAS diagnosis were divided in two groups, ≤775lymphocytes/mm3 and greater. Time was censored at 90 days following HAS diagnosis. Cum: cumulative.

(0.06MB).

HAS was characterized by a significant increase in the blood counts of the paradigmatic cell representing innate immunity, the neutrophil, accompanied by a decrease in the prototypic cell of the adaptive immunity, the lymphocyte. Neutrophil count expansion could represent a kind of compensatory mechanism responding to the decrease in the lymphocyte counts, which precedes the emergence of HAS. The significant decrease in lymphocyte counts found from admission to diagnosis of HAS cannot be explained by hemodilution due to fluid administration, since counts of the other leukocyte subsets were not affected. In consequence, this is the first report providing evidence that sepsis does induce diminution of lymphocyte counts in blood.

Early identification of patients at risk of death is a crucial step in the clinical management of sepsis.8–10 In this regard, this study provides a cut-off value for lymphocyte counts (≤775cells/mm3) which is useful for the early identification of those patients at higher risk of mortality, independently of their accompanying co-morbidities (Table 1) (Fig. 1). Also we repeat analysis excluding immunosuppressed patients and we found that those patients with ≤775 lymphocytes/mm3 continue presenting higher risk to mortality.

Lymphocyte counting is a simple and inexpensive test, widely available in most hospital settings. In our study, the eosinophil count at diagnosis of HAS conferred a nonsignificant higher risk of mortality. Some limitations of our work were its retrospective nature, the absence of some variables like the albumin levels or severity scores like SOFA or APACHE.

In conclusion, lymphopenic HAS (L-HAS) (≤775lymphocytes/mm3) constitutes a particular immunological phenotype of the disease conferring a two-fold increase in the risk of hospital mortality. Patients with L-HAS deserve special care and close monitoring of vital signs.

Conflict of interest

None.

Funding

This research did not received any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Salaries from the authors are paid by the “Consejería de Sanidad de Castilla y León, Spain”.

Appendix A
Supplementary data

The following are the supplementary data to this article:

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Institution where the work was done: Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain.

Copyright © 2018. Elsevier España, S.L.U. y SEMICYUC
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