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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mortality rates in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia depend largely on the need to start oxygen supply and the level of respiratory support&#46; In a nationwide study of 1522 consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Russian intensive care units&#44; the mortality rate was low in patients requiring oxygen supply only &#40;10&#46;1&#37;&#41; and significantly higher in patients who required non-invasive &#40;36&#46;8&#37;&#41; or invasive &#40;76&#46;5&#37;&#41; ventilation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Recently&#44; P&#46; Ram&#237;rez et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> published data on ARDS patients admitted to a medical critical care unit &#40;MCCU&#41; and showed the lower mortality &#40;23&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of our retrospective study was to investigate the risk factors for NI&#47;I-VS and mortality in 1268 hospitalized patients &#40;638 males and 630 females&#59; median age 63 &#91;52&#8211;75&#93; years&#41; with COVID-19 who had completed their hospital stay &#40;death or recovery&#41; from April to June 2020&#46; A diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal swab and&#47;or chest CT &#40;4 or 5 on CO-RADS scale&#41;&#46; The extent of lung involvement on CT was classified as none &#40;0&#37;&#41;&#44; minimal &#40;1&#8211;25&#37;&#41;&#44; mild &#40;26&#8211;50&#37;&#41;&#44; moderate &#40;51&#8211;75&#37;&#41;&#44; or severe &#40;76&#8211;100&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 731 &#40;57&#46;6&#37;&#41; of 1268 patients required supplemental oxygen&#46; Most of them received oxygen therapy via nasal cannulas&#44; whereas NI&#47;I-VS was started in 119 &#40;9&#46;4&#37;&#41; patients &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Among patients on NI&#47;I-VS&#44; the mortality rate was significantly higher than among patients who did not require oxygen therapy or were treated with oxygen via nasal cannulas &#40;59&#46;7&#37; and 7&#46;9&#37;&#44; respectively&#44; OR 29&#46;004 &#91;19&#46;71&#8211;42&#46;68&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In univariate logistic model&#44; the following factors were associated with the requirement for NI&#47;I-VS&#58; the maximum CRP and D-dimer levels&#44; prolonged APTT&#44; the extent of bilateral lung involvement&#44; arterial hypertension&#44; coronary heart disease&#44; and diabetes mellitus&#46; Among them&#44; CRP&#44; aPTT&#44; D-dimer&#44; the extent of lung involvement&#44; and arterial hypertension retained statistical significance in multivariate logistic regression model &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our findings showed that the need in NI&#47;I-VS was associated with a seven-fold increase in the mortality rates in the large cohort of the consecutive hospitalized patients with COVID-19&#46; The lower mortality in work Ram&#237;rez et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> might be explained by therapy with steroids and tocilizumab in almost all patients &#40;95&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lung pathology in COVID-19 shows extensive alveolar and interstitial inflammation and microvascular thrombosis&#46; Infection&#44; coagulation factors and innate immune effector systems &#40;macrophages&#44; neutrophils and the complement system&#41; interact in a process termed immunothrombosis &#40;or thromboinflammation&#41;&#44; which is the convergence of thrombosis and inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The role of increased levels of inflammatory markers as well as D-dimer in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome confirms this concept&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; systemic inflammatory response and coagulation disorders&#44; as well as arterial hypertension were associated with the requirement for NI&#47;I-VS in hospitalized COVID-19 patients&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Ethical approval</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Zhadkevich City Clinical Hospital&#44; Moscow &#40;approval certificate no&#46; 07-20&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Funding</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;3&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>COPD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88 &#40;6&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Malignant neoplasms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;4&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Median BMI &#40;IQR&#41;&#44; kg&#47;m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;5 &#40;24&#46;8&#8211;32&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The extent of lung involvement on CT&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45 &#40;3&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#8211;25&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">256 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#8211;50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">558 &#40;43&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#8211;75&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">331 &#40;26&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>76&#8211;100&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;7&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Respiratory support&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">541 &#40;42&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oxygen by nasal cannula&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">619 &#40;48&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Non-invasive ventilatory support&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;3&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Invasive ventilatory support&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78 &#40;6&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Variates&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">OR unadjusted&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">OR adjusted&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lower&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Upper&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lower&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Upper&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;998&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;987&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;778&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;989&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;963&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;406&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Male sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;881&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;605&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;284&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;510&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;800&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;337&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Arterial hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Diabetes mellitus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Sum of concomitant diseases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CRP max&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;030</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Vol. 46. Núm. 6.
Páginas 355-356 (junio 2022)
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Vol. 46. Núm. 6.
Páginas 355-356 (junio 2022)
Letter to the Editor
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Risk factors for invasive and non-invasive ventilatory support and mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19
Factores de riesgo de soporte ventilatorio invasivo y no invasivo y mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19
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N. Chebotarevaa,
Autor para correspondencia
natasha_tcheb@mail.ru

Corresponding author.
, S. Bernsb,c, T. Androsovaa, S. Moiseeva
a Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Tareev Clinic of Internal Diseases, Rossolimo 11/5, 119435 Moscow, Russia
b Moscow State Budgetary Healthcare Institution “City Clinical Hospital named after M.E. Zhadkevich of the Moscow Healthcare Department‿, Russia
c Department of Therapy of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russia
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Table 1. Clinical and demographic characteristics of 1268 hospitalised patients with COVID-19.
Table 2. Logistic regression model of NI/I-VS risk in COVID-19 patients.
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Dear Editor,

The mortality rates in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia depend largely on the need to start oxygen supply and the level of respiratory support. In a nationwide study of 1522 consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Russian intensive care units, the mortality rate was low in patients requiring oxygen supply only (10.1%) and significantly higher in patients who required non-invasive (36.8%) or invasive (76.5%) ventilation.1 Recently, P. Ramírez et al.2 published data on ARDS patients admitted to a medical critical care unit (MCCU) and showed the lower mortality (23.5%).

The aim of our retrospective study was to investigate the risk factors for NI/I-VS and mortality in 1268 hospitalized patients (638 males and 630 females; median age 63 [52–75] years) with COVID-19 who had completed their hospital stay (death or recovery) from April to June 2020. A diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal swab and/or chest CT (4 or 5 on CO-RADS scale). The extent of lung involvement on CT was classified as none (0%), minimal (1–25%), mild (26–50%), moderate (51–75%), or severe (76–100%) (Table 1).

Table 1.

Clinical and demographic characteristics of 1268 hospitalised patients with COVID-19.

Baseline characteristics  Value 
Median age (IQR), years  63 (52–75) 
Males, n (%)  645 (50.4) 
Concomitant diseases, n (%)
Arterial hypertension  742 (58.0) 
Diabetes mellitus  264 (20.6) 
Obesity  495 (38.7) 
History of stroke  79 (6.2) 
Coronary heart disease  170 (13.4) 
Heart failure  46 (3.6) 
COPD  88 (6.9) 
Malignant neoplasms  59 (4.6) 
Median BMI (IQR), kg/m2  29.5 (24.8–32.4) 
The extent of lung involvement on CT, n (%)
0%  45 (3.5) 
1–25%  256 (20) 
26–50%  558 (43.5) 
51–75%  331 (26.0) 
76–100%  90 (7.0) 
Respiratory support, n (%)
None  541 (42.2) 
Oxygen by nasal cannula  619 (48.4) 
Non-invasive ventilatory support  42 (3.3) 
Invasive ventilatory support  78 (6.1) 

IQR: interquartile range; BMI: body mass index.

A total of 731 (57.6%) of 1268 patients required supplemental oxygen. Most of them received oxygen therapy via nasal cannulas, whereas NI/I-VS was started in 119 (9.4%) patients (Table 1). Among patients on NI/I-VS, the mortality rate was significantly higher than among patients who did not require oxygen therapy or were treated with oxygen via nasal cannulas (59.7% and 7.9%, respectively, OR 29.004 [19.71–42.68], p<0.001). In univariate logistic model, the following factors were associated with the requirement for NI/I-VS: the maximum CRP and D-dimer levels, prolonged APTT, the extent of bilateral lung involvement, arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and diabetes mellitus. Among them, CRP, aPTT, D-dimer, the extent of lung involvement, and arterial hypertension retained statistical significance in multivariate logistic regression model (Table 2).

Table 2.

Logistic regression model of NI/I-VS risk in COVID-19 patients.

Variates  OR unadjusted  95% CIp  OR adjusted  95% CIp 
    Lower  Upper      Lower  Upper   
Age  0.998  0.987  1.010  0.778  0.989  0.963  1.016  0.406 
Male sex  0.881  0.605  1.284  0.510  0.800  0.337  1.901  0.614 
Arterial hypertension  3.738  2.301  6.071  0.0001  3.771  1.342  10.600  0.012 
Diabetes mellitus  2.148  1.433  3.219  0.0001  1.176  0.483  2.861  0.721 
Obesity  0.963  0.682  1.358  0.829  1.083  0.448  2.622  0.859 
CHD  2.234  1.148  4.348  0.018  2.113  0.534  8.354  0.286 
COPD  0.676  0.239  1.911  0.461  0.186  0.014  2.409  0.198 
Stroke  1.155  0.653  2.043  0.621  1.770  0.607  5.161  0.295 
Heart failure  0.900  0.315  2.569  0.844  0.674  0.067  6.786  0.738 
Malignant neoplasms  1.616  0.611  4.274  0.333  0.086  0.002  3.589  0.198 
Sum of concomitant diseases  1.109  0.918  1.338  0.283  0.973  0.692  1.368  0.874 
CT score  4.499  3.388  5.973  0.0001  6.519  3.562  11.930  0.0001 
CRP max  1.109  1.107  1.111  0.0001  1.108  1.104  1.113  0.0001 
aPTT max  1.049  1.036  1.062  0.0001  1.059  1.031  1.087  0.0001 
D-dimer max  1.426  1.253  1.622  0.0001  1.310  1.026  1.671  0.030 

Multivariate model was adjusted for age, sex, maximum aPTT, CRP, ferritin, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase levels, CT score, presence and absence of diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension, obesity, coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, malignant neoplasms, sum of underlying diseases in the logistic regression model.

aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; CHD: coronary heart disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; CT: computer tomography; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Our findings showed that the need in NI/I-VS was associated with a seven-fold increase in the mortality rates in the large cohort of the consecutive hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The lower mortality in work Ramírez et al.2 might be explained by therapy with steroids and tocilizumab in almost all patients (95.5%).

Lung pathology in COVID-19 shows extensive alveolar and interstitial inflammation and microvascular thrombosis. Infection, coagulation factors and innate immune effector systems (macrophages, neutrophils and the complement system) interact in a process termed immunothrombosis (or thromboinflammation), which is the convergence of thrombosis and inflammation.3 The role of increased levels of inflammatory markers as well as D-dimer in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome confirms this concept.4,5

In conclusion, systemic inflammatory response and coagulation disorders, as well as arterial hypertension were associated with the requirement for NI/I-VS in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Zhadkevich City Clinical Hospital, Moscow (approval certificate no. 07-20).

Funding

None declared.

Conflict of interest

The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to declare.

References
[1]
S. Moiseev, S. Avdeev, M. Brovko, N. Bulanov, E. Tao, V. Fomin.
Outcomes of intensive care unit patients with COVID-19: a nationwide analysis in Russia.
Anaesthesia, 76 (2021), pp. 11-12
[2]
P. Ramírez, M. Gordón, M. Martín-Cerezuel, E. Villarreal, E. Sancho, M. Padrós, et al.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19. Clinical and prognostic features from a medical Critical Care Unit in Valencia, Spain.
Medicina Intensiva, 45 (2021), pp. 27-34
[3]
D. Mac Gonagle, J.S. O’Donnell, K. Sharif, P. Emery, C. Bridgewood.
Why the immune mechanisms of pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia are distinct from macrophage activation syndrome with disseminated intravascular coagulation.
[4]
C. Wu, X. Chen, Y. Cai, J. Xia, X. Zhou, S. Xu, et al.
Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China.
JAMA Intern Med, 180 (2020), pp. 934-943
[5]
M. Liang, M. He, J. Tang, X. He, Z. Liu, S. Feng, et al.
Novel risk scoring system for predicting acute respiratory distress syndrome among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China.
Infect Dis, 20 (2020), pp. 960
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