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array:24 [ "pii" => "S2173572724000894" "issn" => "21735727" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medine.2024.04.011" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-09-01" "aid" => "2021" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and SEMICYUC" "copyrightAnyo" => "2024" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Med Intensiva. 2024;48:511-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0210569124001189" "issn" => "02105691" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medin.2024.03.021" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-09-01" "aid" => "2021" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. y SEMICYUC" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Med Intensiva. 2024;48:511-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Can end-tidal CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurement replace arterial partial CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in emergency department respiratory distress management?" 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=> array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels at the admission.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Kudret Selki, Mehmet Cihat Demir, Erdinç Şengüldür, Emre Erdem, Hatice Güldal, Murat Taşdemir, Alp Kaan Furkan Kıcıroğlu, Mustafa Boğan" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Kudret" "apellidos" => "Selki" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mehmet Cihat" "apellidos" => "Demir" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Erdinç" "apellidos" => "Şengüldür" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Emre" "apellidos" => "Erdem" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hatice" "apellidos" => "Güldal" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Murat" "apellidos" => "Taşdemir" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alp Kaan Furkan" "apellidos" => "Kıcıroğlu" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mustafa" "apellidos" => "Boğan" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2173572724000894" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medine.2024.04.011" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173572724000894?idApp=WMIE" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0210569124001189?idApp=WMIE" "url" => "/02105691/0000004800000009/v1_202408290622/S0210569124001189/v1_202408290622/en/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S2173572724000778" "issn" => "21735727" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medine.2024.03.012" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-09-01" "aid" => "2009" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and SEMICYUC" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Med Intensiva. 2024;48:520-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "High-flow nasal cannula in Spanish Pediatric Intensive Care Services: A national web survey about its use and indications" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:3 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "en" 2 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "520" "paginaFinal" => "527" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Alto flujo en gafas nasales en las unidades españolas de cuidados intensivos pediátricos: encuesta online mediante cuestionario nacional sobre su uso e indicaciones" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 1 "multimedia" => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 803 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 154836 ] ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Alberto García-Salido, Vicente Modesto I Alapont, Alberto Medina-Villanueva" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alberto" "apellidos" => "García-Salido" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Vicente" "apellidos" => "Modesto I Alapont" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alberto" "apellidos" => "Medina-Villanueva" ] 3 => array:1 [ "colaborador" => "Spanish respiratory group of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Intensive Care" ] ] ] ] "resumen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Graphical abstract" "clase" => "graphical" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173572724000778?idApp=WMIE" "url" => "/21735727/0000004800000009/v1_202409021221/S2173572724000778/v1_202409021221/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173572723001315" "issn" => "21735727" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medine.2023.07.010" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-09-01" "aid" => "1911" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and SEMICYUC" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Med Intensiva. 2024;48:501-10" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Comparing lung aeration and respiratory effort using two different spontaneous breathing trial: T-piece vs pressure support ventilation" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "501" "paginaFinal" => "510" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Comparación de la aireación pulmonar y el esfuerzo respiratorio utilizando dos pruebas de respiración espontánea diferentes: tubo en T vs ventilación con presión de soporte" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1916 "Ancho" => 3341 "Tamanyo" => 380232 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aeration according to EIT and LUS by SBT (A), aeration changes by SBT (B) and percentage of variation between BSL and OTE of EELI and LUS (C).</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PSV: pressure support ventilation; T-T: T-piece trial; EELI: end-expiratory lung impedance; LUS: lung ultrasound; AU: arbitrary units; BSL: basal; EoSBT: end of spontaneous breathing trial; OTE: one hour after orotracheal extubation.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Raquel Bosch-Compte, Francisco José Parrilla, Rosana Muñoz-Bermúdez, Irene Dot, Cristina Climent, Joan Ramon Masclans, Judith Marin-Corral, Purificación Pérez-Terán" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Raquel" "apellidos" => "Bosch-Compte" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francisco José" "apellidos" => "Parrilla" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rosana" "apellidos" => "Muñoz-Bermúdez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Irene" "apellidos" => "Dot" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cristina" "apellidos" => "Climent" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Joan Ramon" "apellidos" => "Masclans" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Judith" "apellidos" => "Marin-Corral" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Purificación" "apellidos" => "Pérez-Terán" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0210569123002140" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medin.2023.06.015" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0210569123002140?idApp=WMIE" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173572723001315?idApp=WMIE" "url" => "/21735727/0000004800000009/v1_202409021221/S2173572723001315/v1_202409021221/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Can end-tidal CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurement replace arterial partial CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in emergency department respiratory distress management?" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "511" "paginaFinal" => "519" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Kudret Selki, Mehmet Cihat Demir, Erdinç Şengüldür, Emre Erdem, Hatice Güldal, Murat Taşdemir, Alp Kaan Furkan Kıcıroğlu, Mustafa Boğan" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Kudret" "apellidos" => "Selki" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mehmet Cihat" "apellidos" => "Demir" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Erdinç" "apellidos" => "Şengüldür" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Emre" "apellidos" => "Erdem" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hatice" "apellidos" => "Güldal" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Murat" "apellidos" => "Taşdemir" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alp Kaan Furkan" "apellidos" => "Kıcıroğlu" ] 7 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Mustafa" "apellidos" => "Boğan" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mustafabogan@duzce.edu.tr" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Düzce University, School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Düzce, Turkey" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "¿Puede la medición del CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> al final de la espiración reemplazar el CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> parcial arterial en el tratamiento de la dificultad respiratoria en el departamento de urgencias?" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1211 "Ancho" => 2083 "Tamanyo" => 81388 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels at the time of 60th min.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first point of admission for patients experiencing acute respiratory distress is usually the emergency department (ED). Establishing a safe and protected setting for individuals experiencing respiratory distress is paramount. Furthermore, it is imperative to efficiently detect and diagnose any underlying factors contributing to their shortness of breath. For this reason, measuring devices that evaluate respiratory status with noninvasive, easily applicable, and reliable methods in busy ED environments are of interest. End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) measurement strengthens its place in clinical practice day by day as a handy and valuable method for evaluating patient ventilation in emergency settings.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> monitoring is becoming increasingly common in a variety of clinical settings, both prehospital and hospital.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In addition to being considered the most reliable confirmation method of the correct placement of the endotracheal tube, it also helps the physician in life support efforts, such as determining the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and detecting the return of spontaneous circulation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> Capnography is used in various situations, including procedural sedation and analgesia, patient transfer, pulmonary embolism, and acute follow-up of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10–14</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> is the level of carbon dioxide released at the end of expiration. For noninvasive EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurement, capnometry, which provides only numerical values, or capnography, which provides both graphical and numerical results, is used. Measurement is made as a mainstream or a sidestream. In sidestream, the CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> sensor is located inside the monitor, and a small portion of the exhaled air reaches the breathing circuit through a cable with a delay. In the mainstream type, the CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> sensor is directly connected to the breathing circuit and displays the result without delay. While sidestream can be used in intubated and non-intubated patients, mainstream is primarily used in intubated patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,6,12,15</span></a> While increased dead space and clogging with secretions are substantial disadvantages in the sidestream type, these are no longer a problem in the mainstream type, and the results are more reliable.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) is the gold standard for diagnosing and treating patients presenting to the ED with respiratory distress. However, in busy EDs, there is a need for fast, practical, cost-effective, and noninvasive methods that will help us comprehend the severity of patients while they are still in the triage phase. In many of the studies in the literature on non-intubated patients, correlation studies were conducted between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements obtained through sidestream detectors and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,16–18</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main aim of this study is to determine whether the EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value obtained using the mainstream detector at the first presentation to the ED in non-intubated patients can be safely used instead of the patient's PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value. The reason for using the mainstream detector, which is used in intubated patients, instead of the sidestream detector in non-intubated patients is that the previously described disadvantages that may alter the measurement results, such as dead space and obstruction by secretions, are less likely to be encountered. The secondary aim of the study was to determine whether partial pressure of venous carbon dioxide (PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) measurement would be an alternative to partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) measurement, especially in patients who are not suitable for EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (confused or intubated). The tertiary aim of the study was to determine whether EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurement was associated with hospitalizations.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Study design and setting</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was planned as a prospective cross-sectional study with patients who presented to the ED with respiratory distress between April and May 2023 (61 days). The study was conducted in the ED of a 317-bed tertiary university hospital with approximately 90,000 patient admissions per year. Local Ethics Committee approval was received for the study (Approval ID: 2023/42, dated March 20, 2023). Patients were included in the study by obtaining informed consent. Patient data were recorded on the study form simultaneously during the patients' application. Descriptive data were obtained from the hospital's electronic database and ED records.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Participants and measurements</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with a primary complaint of dyspnea regardless of etiology, older than 18 years of age, able to blow into a capnograph device and followed up in the emergency department for at least 2 h were included in the study. Of the 623 patients admitted to the emergency department with respiratory distress. We excluded 111 patients who refused to participate in the study, 162 patients with confused, uncooperative or ineffective blowing, 87 patients with inconclusive blood gas results due to coagulation, 25 patients undergoing tracheal intubation, 141 patients who have not been in the ED for at least 2 h (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Participation in the study was purely voluntary and not reliant on coercion. Demographic information of the patients, EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> level, PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels, pulse oximetry saturation level (SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>), and treatments given were recorded at the moment of first admission (0th minute), 60th minute, and 120th minute. The patients' hospitalization-discharge status, vital signs, and initial blood gas pH values were also noted. Arterial blood gas samples were obtained simultaneously from the radial artery, brachial artery, or femoral artery, and venous blood gas samples were obtained from the brachial vein simultaneously with heparinized syringes and quickly delivered to the laboratory.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Measuring EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span></span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements were performed by attaching a 3D-printed disposable apparatus (colorFabb 1.75 mm filament was used with a Creality Ender 3 Pro 3D printer) to the airway adapter of a mainstream EMMA® Capnograph device (PHASEIN AB Svärdvägen, Danderyd, Sweden). It is produced for intubated patients. It was obtained with spontaneous single pulses from patients presenting with respiratory distress. Carbon dioxide level was classified as follows: <35 mmHg (hypocarbia), 35−45 mmHg (normocarbia), and >45 mmHg (hypercarbia).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> End tidal carbon dioxide measurement takes 3 s and arterial and venous carbon dioxide measurement takes approximately 10 min.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software for Windows, version 23 (IBM, Chicago, IL, United States). Descriptive statistics are presented as numbers and percentages. Demographic data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), or median (interquartile range). Spearman correlation analysis was used for correlation analyses between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, and cigarette pack/year. If the Spearman correlation coefficient (r) is below 0.20, it is considered an insignificant correlation. A weak correlation is marked between 0.20−0.50, a moderate correlation is observed between 0.50−0.70, and a strong correlation is observed when it is greater than 0.70.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Coefficients "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i</span>" were given as significance values "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>." Correlation was considered significant at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.05. The Pearson chi-square test and Fisher's exact test (when the expected number was less than five) were used for independent categorical variables. Bonferroni correction was made for subgroup analysis, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.016 was considered significant. The Mc Nemar test was used for dependent categorical variables. For the relationship between the treatment given with EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and hospitalization discharge, the Mann-Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test was used for independent two-group comparisons that did not show normal distribution, and the Kruskal Wallis test was used for multi-group comparisons. Student-t test was used for numerical two-group variables with normal distribution. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.05 was considered significant.</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 623 patients admitted to the ED with respiratory distress, 512 agreed to participate in the study (%82). Of these, 415 were excluded from the study for reasons explained in the method. The study was planned with 97 patients (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). The average age of the patients was 70.9 ± 9.6 years, and 60.8% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 59) were male. 43.3% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 42) of the patients who admitted were ex-smokers. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (HT) with 76% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 74) and COPD with 58% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 57). 34% of the patients were hypercarbic at first presentation (0th minute, PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at admission >45 mmHg). Descriptive data of the patients are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values between hospitalized and discharged patients, including measurements at admission, 60th and 120th minutes, are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value was statistically significantly higher in all measurements in hospitalized patients than in discharged patients.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows the results of the correlations between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements at the time of admission, the sixtieth and the 120th minute, in detail. When the EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value was above 45 mmHg, a strong positive (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.844 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.803) and significant relationship was found between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001 for both).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When the EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value was above 45 mmHg, a strong positive and significant relationship was found between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.730 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.702; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001 for both).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A strong positive and significant correlation was found between PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurement when the EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value was below 35 mmHg (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.858; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001). A strong positive and significant relationship was seen when PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values were between 35−45 mmHg (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.883; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001). There was a strong positive and significant relationship between PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurement when the EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value was above 45 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.891; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001).</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the last measurements at the 120th minute, a moderately positive and significant relationship was found between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.677 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.609; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001 for both). When the EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value was above 45 mmHg, a moderate positive and significant relationship was observed between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.667 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.563; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001 for both). When the EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value was below 35 mmHg, a moderately positive and significant correlation was observed between PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurement (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.697; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001). A strong positive and significant (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.791; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001) relationship was detected between PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements when the EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value was between 35−45 mmHg. There was a strong positive and significant relationship between PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurement when the EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value was above 45 mmHg (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.870; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001).</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found a strong positive and significant relationship between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements at admission (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.820; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001). The variance explained by the variables on each other is 67% (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). We found a strong positive and significant relationship between 60th-minute EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurement (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.729; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001). The variance explained by the variables on each other is 53% (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). A strong positive and significant relationship existed between PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurement at the 60th minute (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.937; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001). The variance explained by the variables on each other is 87% (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>). A moderately negative and significant relationship existed between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and SpO2measurement at admission (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = −0.516; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001). There was no significant relationship between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurement at the 60th minute and 120th minute (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.402 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> = 0.771).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study found a high correlation between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at admission (zero minutes) and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.820 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.772, respectively). We also found a high correlation between PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.891; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001). We found a moderately positive and significant relationship between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements when the EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value was between 35−45 mmHg (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.621 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.657, respectively; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001 for both). When the EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value was above 45 mmHg, a strong positive and significant relationship was found between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.844 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.803, respectively; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001 for both). Apart from this, a strong correlation was observed between PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> for all measurements. These results showed that in triage patients presenting to the emergency department with respiratory distress, if the EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value measured with a single blow is above 45 mmHg, the patient is considered hypercapnic, and treatment can be started early. Another important conclusion is that venous blood gas measurement is a strong alternative to arterial blood gas measurement, which is an excruciating procedure.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Arterial blood gas sampling in a patient presenting with respiratory distress is often challenging for both the patient and the physician. It may need to be repeated from time to time. Many clinical studies have been designed to increase patient comfort and identify new reliable methods. One of the alternative methods is EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurement. Healey et al. demonstrated a high correlation between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measured before and after withdrawal of assisted-controlled mechanical ventilation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Plewa et al. found that the patients' EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value obtained by the forced expiration model showed a high correlation with the PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value. They also reported the negative predictive value of capnographic hypercapnia (EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> > 45 mmHg) in detecting arterial hypercapnia (PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> > 45 mmHg) as 95%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Other studies conducted with non-intubated patients have also reported a high correlation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,18</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Measuring EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in non-intubated patients has difficulties. Patient cooperation comes first among these difficulties. Although the initial panic of outpatients with respiratory distress is another difficulty for measuring EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in the ED, it is easier than arterial blood gas sampling. Suzuki et al. their study of non-intubated patients followed up due to respiratory diseases found a high positive correlation between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.88; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.0001).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Joe et al. in their study, it was stated that there was a significant correlation between EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurement and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in patients with chronic pulmonary disease and using oxygen (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.63) and that the PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> level of the patients could be predicted with capnography, which is a noninvasive method.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> These studies support our results. EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> is a more comfortable, faster, and easily reproducible alternative to arterial blood gas sampling when starting the initial treatment of patients presenting to the ED with respiratory distress.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Venous blood gas sampling is easy. Although it is an invasive procedure, it is not as difficult for the patient and physician to repeat as arterial blood gas sampling. Therefore, understanding the relationship between PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO2 was investigated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25,26</span></a> However, studies in the literature contain a partial consensus. In a systematic review, only 22.5% of included studies identified a strong correlation between arterial and venous parameters.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Predictably, different results may occur depending on patient characteristics. In their methodological study with 20 patients with various diagnoses and complaints, Lumholdt et al. investigated the mathematical adaptability of peripheral venous blood gas values to arterial blood gas values. They stated that there was a mathematically predictable relationship between PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> A study in non-intubated patients followed up for respiratory diseases indicated a positive correlation between PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.81; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Our study showed a high correlation between venous and arterial blood gas in terms of partial carbon dioxide pressure (pCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) in patients with respiratory distress from admission until the second hour of treatment. In light of all these findings, end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement seems to be an excellent alternative to arterial carbon dioxide measurement. In addition, venous carbon dioxide measurement is a good alternative in non-cooperative patients unsuitable for non-invasive end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement. The fact that it is less painful and can be taken from the vein simultaneously with many other blood tests makes venous carbon dioxide measurement more important.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conflicting results have been revealed in the literature regarding whether capnography can replace PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> as a reliable tool in patients with acute respiratory distress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3,28,29</span></a> In our study, EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values of patients admitted with acute respiratory distress at admission and in the 1st and 2nd hours after treatment were associated with hospitalization. EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements were higher in hospitalized patients compared to discharged patients.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main limitation of this study is that it was conducted in a single center with a study group consisting of patients who presented to the ED of a tertiary university hospital. The low number of cases in the city where the study was conducted caused the number of patients included in this study to be limited. Second, we did not correct pCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> based on body temperature in any patient. Phan et al. noted that EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> correlated better with pCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> after temperature correction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Third, the patient's respiratory rate was not recorded. When the respiratory rate increases, the dead space ratio increases, and the EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> level may decrease. Additionally, the capnometer may not detect EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> changes in case of a high respiratory rate.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> The fourth limitation is that end tidal carbon dioxide measurement can only be performed in cooperative patients. Finally, conditions such as age, existing lung disease, and smoking may cause EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values to change. Prediction ability decreases in the elderly and those with lung disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> We did not perform subgroup analysis on the patients. Large-scale and multi-center studies in which subgroups are studied separately and necessary corrections are made according to the patient's vital values, such as respiratory rate and temperature, are needed to confirm this alternative diagnostic method.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conclusion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> value obtained from adding an insufflation device we produced to the capnograph and spontaneously inhaling patients with respiratory distress is a powerful alternative to arterial blood gas in the ED triage of patients and the first two hours of acute treatment. It has also been shown that venous blood gas may be a good alternative. In patients with acute respiratory distress (patients who can cooperate and whose hemodynamics have not yet deteriorated), this simple, noninvasive EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurement is also helpful in the early prediction of hospitalization decisions.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Author's contribution</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">KS, MCD, MB contributed to conception; KS, MCD, MB contributed to design; MCD, EŞ, MB contributed to supervision; KS, HG, AKFK, MT, EE contributed to data collection and processing; KS, MCD contributed to analysis and interpretation; KS, MCD, EŞ, MB contributed to literature review; KS, MCD, EŞ, MB contributed to writing; MCD, MB contributed to critical review.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Funding</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Declaration of interest</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Availability of data and materials</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Submitted work is original and has not been published elsewhere in any language. Raw data are available for the editor on request.</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Ethical statement</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ethics Committee approval was obtained from the local ethics committee (Date: March 20, 2023, Decision No: 2023/42).</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">Informed consent</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Written consent was obtained from all patients.</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0180">Human rights</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors declare that human rights were respected according to the Declaration of Helsinki.</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0185">The address of the institution where the study was performed</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Düzce University, School of Medicine, Düzce, Türkiye.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:19 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2233419" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Setting" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Patients or participants" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Interventions" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Main variables of interest" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1869808" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2233418" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Diseño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Ámbito" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Pacientes o participantes" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0065" "titulo" => "Intervenciones" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0070" "titulo" => "Principales variables de interés" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0075" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0080" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1869809" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study design and setting" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Participants and measurements" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Measuring EtCO" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Author's contribution" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Declaration of interest" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Availability of data and materials" ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Ethical statement" ] 14 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Informed consent" ] 15 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Human rights" ] 16 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "The address of the institution where the study was performed" ] 17 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack770307" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 18 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2023-11-06" "fechaAceptado" => "2024-03-31" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1869808" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "End-tidal carbon dioxide" 1 => "Respiratory distress" 2 => "Arterial carbon dioxide" 3 => "Venous carbon dioxide" 4 => "Emergency department" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1869809" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Dióxido de carbono al final de la espiración" 1 => "Insuficiencia respiratoria" 2 => "Dióxido de carbono arterial" 3 => "Dióxido de carbono venoso" 4 => "Departamento de emergencias" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the feasibility of using end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) as a non-invasive substitute for partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) in emergency department (ED) triage and follow-up, and to explore the potential of partial pressure of venous carbon dioxide (PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) as an alternative to PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prospective cross-sectional study.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Setting</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tertiary university hospital.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Patients or participants</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">97 patients presenting with acute respiratory distress to the ED.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Interventions</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, arterial blood gases, and venous blood gases measured at admission (0 min), 60 min, and 120 min.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Main variables of interest</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Results</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Among 97 patients (mean age: 70.93 ± 9.6 years; 60.8% male), EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> > 45 mmHg at admission showed strong positive correlations with PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.844, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.803; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001, respectively). Significant positive correlation was observed between 60-min EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.729; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001). Strong correlation between PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at 120 min when EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> > 45 mmHg (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> = 0.870; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.001). EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was higher in hospitalized patients compared to discharged ones.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> appears promising as a substitute for PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in ED patients with acute respiratory distress within the initial two hours of treatment. Venous blood gas sampling offers a less invasive alternative to arterial sampling, facilitating simultaneous blood tests.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Setting" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Patients or participants" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Interventions" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Main variables of interest" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la viabilidad de utilizar el dióxido de carbono al final de la espiración (EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) como un sustituto no invasivo de la presión parcial de dióxido de carbono arterial (PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) en el triaje y seguimiento en el departamento de emergencias (ED), y explorar el potencial de la presión parcial de dióxido de carbono venoso (PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) como alternativa a PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Diseño</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio prospectivo transversal.</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Ámbito</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hospital universitario terciario.</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes o participantes</span><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">97 pacientes que se presentaron con dificultad respiratoria en el ED.</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Intervenciones</span><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se midieron EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, gases en sangre arterial y gases en sangre venosa al ingreso (0 min), 60 min y 120 min.</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Principales variables de interés</span><p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Niveles de CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>.</p></span> <span id="abst0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Entre 97 pacientes (edad media: 70,93 ± 9,6 años; 60,8% hombres), EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> > 45 al ingreso mostró correlaciones positivas fuertes con PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> y PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (r = 0,844, r = 0,803; p < 0,001, respectivamente). Se observó una correlación positiva significativa entre EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> a los 60 min y PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (r = 0,729; p < 0,001). Fuerte correlación entre PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> y PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> a los 120 min cuando EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> > 45 (r = 0,870; p < 0,001). EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> fue mayor en los pacientes hospitalizados en comparación con los dados de alta.</p></span> <span id="abst0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> parece prometedor como sustituto de PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> en pacientes del ED con dificultad respiratoria dentro de las dos primeras horas de tratamiento. La toma de muestras de gases en sangre venosa ofrece una alternativa menos invasiva a la toma de muestras arterial, facilitando pruebas de sangre simultáneas.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Diseño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Ámbito" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Pacientes o participantes" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0065" "titulo" => "Intervenciones" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0070" "titulo" => "Principales variables de interés" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0075" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0080" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 4341 "Ancho" => 1697 "Tamanyo" => 480034 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flowchart of patients excluded from the study.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1209 "Ancho" => 2083 "Tamanyo" => 83333 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels at the admission.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1211 "Ancho" => 2083 "Tamanyo" => 81388 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels at the time of 60th min.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1209 "Ancho" => 2083 "Tamanyo" => 80429 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear correlation between PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> levels at the time of 60th min.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0025" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Features \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Gender,</span> Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">59 (60.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Age, years (mean + SD)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">70.9 ± 9.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Initial arterial blood gas pH value [mean + SD (min–max)]</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.37 ± 0.08 (7.081−7.57) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Treatment at admission</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Inhaler bronchodilatorDiureticNoninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV)Oxygen support onlyInhaler + diureticDiuretic + NIMVInvasive mechanic ventilation (IMV) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45 (46.4%)12 (12.4%)12 (12.4%)11 (11.3%)12 (12.4%)5 (5.2%)0 (0.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Treatment at the first hour</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Inhaler bronchodilatorDiuretic NIMVOxygen support only Inhaler + diureticDiuretic + NIMVIMV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40 (41.2%)15 (15.5%)15 (15.5%)10 (10.3%)12 (12.4%)5 (5.2%)0 (0.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Treatment at the second hour</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Inhaler bronchodilatorDiuretic NIMVOxygen support only Inhaler + diureticDiuretic + NIMVIMV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 (36.1%)17 (17.5%)18 (18.5%)12 (12.4%)11 (11.3%)4 (4.1%)0 (0.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Comorbidities</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Heart failureHypertensionChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseDiabetesCoronary artery diseaseChronic renal failureLung malignancyTuberculosisOther malignanciesInterstitial lung disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37 (38%)74 (76%)57 (58%)36 (37%)13 (13%)11 (11%)7 (7%)9 (9%)4 (4%)1 (1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Smoking</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Active drinkerEx-smokerNever drank \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (16.5%)42 (43.3%)39 (40.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Diagnosis of chronic hypercarbia (PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at admission > 45 mmHg)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">COPD exacerbationHeart failurePneumoniaAcute renal failure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 (34.0%)18 (18.6%)11 (11.3%)2 (2.1%)2 (2.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Outcome</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DischargedChest disease ward admissionCardiology ward admissionIntensive care unit \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62 (63.9%)23 (23.7%)5 (5.2%)7 (7.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3641019.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Patients may have more than one comorbid condition.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive data of patients with respiratory distress (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 97).</p>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0030" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values were shown as mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range). <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">All patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inpatients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Discharged \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at admission \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 (30−45) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">46.17 ± 15.235 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.95 ± 9.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at the first hour \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 (28−41) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.69 ± 14.784 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32.90 ± 7.923 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at the second hour \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34 (29−41.25) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.37 ± 15,923 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34.06 ± 8.400 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3641021.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) values of patients with respiratory distress according to hospitalization status.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0035" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>: End-tidal carbon dioxide; PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>: Partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide; PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>: Partial pressure of venous carbon dioxide. The correlation is significant at the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> < 0.05 level; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>: Spearman correlation coefficient.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Zeroth minute \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (mmHg)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.820 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.772 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.064 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.056 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35−45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.621 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.657 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.844 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.803 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.820 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.891 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> (mmHg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.772 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.891 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60th minute \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span></td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.729 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.653 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.341 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.361 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35−45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.635 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.551 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.730 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.702 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.729 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.937 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.653 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.937 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">120th minute \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span></td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.677 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.609 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.323 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.336 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35−45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.480 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.415 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.667 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.563 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.677 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.876 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.609 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.876 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3641020.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlation analyses of EtCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and PvCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:29 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Correlation of end-tidal CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> measurements to arterial PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in nonintubated patients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "C.W. Barton" 1 => "E.S. Wang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/s0196-0644(94)70078-8" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Emerg Med" "fecha" => "1994" "volumen" => "23" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "560" "paginaFinal" => "563" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8135434" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Can mainstream end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement accurately predict the arterial carbon dioxide level of patients with acute dyspnea in ED" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "O. Cinar" 1 => "Y.A. Acar" 2 => "I. Arziman" 3 => "E. Kilic" 4 => "Y&#