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array:22 [ "pii" => "S2173572724001450" "issn" => "21735727" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medine.2024.06.007" "estado" => "S200" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-06-20" "aid" => "2051" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and SEMICYUC" "copyrightAnyo" => "2024" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:16 [ "pii" => "S2173572724001401" "issn" => "21735727" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medine.2024.06.002" "estado" => "S200" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-06-20" "aid" => "2046" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "The effect of different definitions of hepatic injury on incidence and mortality rates in the ICU patient population with secondary hepatic injury" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "El efecto de diferentes definiciones de lesión hepática sobre las tasas de incidencia y mortalidad en la población de pacientes de la UCI con lesión hepática secundaria" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1642 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 136485 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Incidence and mortality rates according to definitions.</p> <p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SOFA-1.2,2,6,12: SOFA TBL > 1.2,2,6,12. TBL:Total biluribin, ACG:American College of Gastroenterology, EASL: European Association for the Study of the Liver.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Gül Gürsel, Ayshan Mammadova, Eda Macit Aydın, Zeynep Çınar, Nurgül Navruzvai, Sümeyye Kodalak" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gül" "apellidos" => "Gürsel" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ayshan" "apellidos" => "Mammadova" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eda Macit" "apellidos" => "Aydın" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Zeynep" "apellidos" => "Çınar" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nurgül" "apellidos" => "Navruzvai" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sümeyye" "apellidos" => "Kodalak" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173572724001401?idApp=WMIE" "url" => "/21735727/unassign/S2173572724001401/v1_202406200427/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:17 [ "pii" => "S2173572724000274" "issn" => "21735727" "doi" => "10.1016/j.medine.2024.02.003" "estado" => "S200" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-02-25" "aid" => "1976" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and SEMICYUC" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Fractional excretion of sodium and potassium and urinary strong ion difference in the evaluation of persistent AKI in sepsis" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Excreción fraccional de sodio y potasio, y brecha aniónica urinaria en la evaluación de la IRA persistente en sepsis" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1448 "Ancho" => 1675 "Tamanyo" => 110835 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0135" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ROC curve showing the area under de curve of FENa, FEK and uSID.</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FENa: fractional excretion of sodium; FEK: fractional excretion of potassium; uSID: urinary strong ion difference.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Nicolás Contrera Rolón, Joaquín Cantos, Iván Huespe, Eduardo Prado, Griselda I. Bratti, Carlos Schreck, Sergio Giannasi, Guillermo Rosa Diez, Carlos F. Varela" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nicolás" "apellidos" => "Contrera Rolón" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Joaquín" "apellidos" => "Cantos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Iván" "apellidos" => "Huespe" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eduardo" "apellidos" => "Prado" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Griselda I." "apellidos" => "Bratti" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "Schreck" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sergio" "apellidos" => "Giannasi" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Guillermo" "apellidos" => "Rosa Diez" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos F." "apellidos" => "Varela" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173572724000274?idApp=WMIE" "url" => "/21735727/unassign/S2173572724000274/v1_202402251056/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Clinical utility of rapid shallow breathing index in predicting successful weaning: secondary analysis of the COBRE-US trial" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Fabio Varón-Vega, Eduardo Tuta-Quintero, Henry Robayo-Amortegui, Adriana Rincón, Luis F. Giraldo-Cadavid, Jonathan Palacios, Stephanie Crevoisier, Diana C. Duarte, Marcela Poveda, Laura Cucunubo, Pablo Monedero" "autores" => array:11 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Fabio" "apellidos" => "Varón-Vega" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "fvaron@neumologica.org" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Eduardo" "apellidos" => "Tuta-Quintero" "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Henry" "apellidos" => "Robayo-Amortegui" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Adriana" "apellidos" => "Rincón" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Luis F." "apellidos" => "Giraldo-Cadavid" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jonathan" "apellidos" => "Palacios" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Stephanie" "apellidos" => "Crevoisier" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Diana C." "apellidos" => "Duarte" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Marcela" "apellidos" => "Poveda" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Laura" "apellidos" => "Cucunubo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Pablo" "apellidos" => "Monedero" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">g</span>" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Critical Care and Lung Transplantation Service, Fundación Neumológica Colombiana, Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, Colombia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Critical Care Service, Fundación Neumológica Colombiana, Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, Colombia" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Master’s Candidate in Epidemiology, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Professor of Medicine at Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Interventional Pulmonology Service, Fundación Neumológica Colombiana, Bogotá, Colombia" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Critical Care Service, Fundación Clínica Shaio, Bogotá, Colombia" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "School of Medicine. Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Utilidad clínica del Índice de respiración rápida y superficial para predecir el éxito en el proceso de destete: análisis secundario del COBRE-US trial" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1220 "Ancho" => 1675 "Tamanyo" => 108595 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0030" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ROC-curve of the rapid shallow breathing index for spontaneous breathing trial success.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) is employed as a therapy for various diseases compromising alveolar oxygen diffusion capacity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Its primary objective is to facilitate the mechanical ventilation process, partially or completely alleviating physical effort and improving gas exchange in critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–5</span></a> Predicting success in the weaning process from IMV is crucial for clinical decision-making in ICU. Success is defined as transitioning to spontaneous ventilation without the need for reintubation for at least 48 h after extubation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> However, failures in this procedure are common and can significantly increase complication rates, mortality, and healthcare costs. Therefore, it is essential to employ clinical tests to estimate the probability of failure or success in this process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4,5</span></a> Among these tests are the rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI), leak test, diaphragmatic ultrasound measurements, and objective cough measurements, which allow prediction of success in spontaneous breathing trials (SBT) or extubation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6–8</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RSBI, as first outlined by Yang and Tobin in 1991, underwent assessment in a cohort of 100 ICU patients who were hemodynamically stable.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Their analysis revealed that an RSBI below 105 breaths per minute per liter (breaths/min/L) was indicative of successful extubation, demonstrating a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 64%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Jacob et al. assessed the relationship between respiratory rate and tidal volume and found that its measurement at baseline and after 30 min of weaning is more predictive of weaning outcome than negative inspiratory force and minute volume.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> A meta-analysis conducted by Jia et al., with a sample of 13170 patients, found that the RSBI has a sensitivity of 60%, a specificity of 68%, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) of 0.814 to predict extubation success.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The authors concluded that the included studies could neither confirm nor discard the use of RSBI as a single parameter for predicting successful extubation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite significant advancements in clinical research on the weaning time of IMV and the use of bedside clinical tests, certain limitations persist, hindering the improvement of success rates in weaning and extubation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,9,12</span></a> Although the RSBI is widely utilized in the ICU, there is a scarcity of medical evidence describing its predictive capacity when employing different cutoff points in a heterogeneous population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–13</span></a> Therefore, our aim is to describe the predictive capacity of RSBI, employing different cutoff points, regarding success in SBT and extubation in critically ill patients. Additionally, we will assess its association with variables such as duration of mechanical ventilation. This secondary analysis is part of the COBRE-US study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Patients and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prospective multicenter observational study. Secondary analysis of the COBRE-US study.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Population</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study included adult patients undergoing weaning process, admitted to four ICU located at Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Fundación Neumológica Colombiana, and Fundación Clínica Shaio in Bogotá, Colombia. Data collection was conducted from February 2019 to November 2021.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants selected for the study were adults requiring IMV for more than 48 h and meeting criteria to initiate the weaning process. These criteria included robust cough, absence of respiratory secretions, resolution of the acute phase of the disease leading to endotracheal intubation, stable cardiovascular condition (heart rate <140/min, systolic blood pressure 90−160 mmHg), none or low-dose vasopressor support (norepinephrine ≤0.1 mcg/kg/min or dobutamine ≤5 mcg/kg/min), adequate metabolic status (pH > 7.35 and ≤7.48 in acid-base balance, electrolytes within normal ranges such as phosphorus, sodium, and potassium), temperature ≤38 °C, hemoglobin >7 g/dl (>10 g/dl in patients with coronary disease), a Glasgow Coma Scale score >12, and absence of delirium according to the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Additionally, adequate oxygenation was required, with oxygen saturation (SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) above 90% with an inspired oxygen fraction (FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) ≤0.4, a ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to inspired oxygen fraction (PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>/FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) greater than 150 mmHg, and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ≤8 cm H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O. Pregnant patients, those with neuropsychiatric diseases, or diaphragmatic paralysis were excluded from the study.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Measurements</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SBT: The patient underwent a 30-minute SBT using a T-piece or pressure support ventilation (PSV). The trial could be stopped in case of intolerance. Failure was defined as the presence of at least one of the following criteria: PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ≤ 60 mmHg or SpO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ≤ 90% with FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> ≥ 0.50, PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> > 50 mmHg or increase of >8 mmHg from baseline, pH < 7.32 or decrease of > 0.7 units, respiratory rate ≥ 35/min or increase ≥50% from baseline, heart rate ≥140 bpm or increase ≥20% from baseline, systolic blood pressure >180 or increase ≥20% or systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg. Additional criteria included the development of de novo cardiac arrhythmias, abrupt change in mental status; onset of tachycardia HR > 140 per min or bradycardia HR < 60 per min; or presence of two or more signs of respiratory distress such as increased respiratory effort, use of accessory muscles, paradoxical abdominal movement, facial signs of distress, diaphoresis, cyanosis, and marked dyspnea.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,7,13</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RSBI, calculated as respiratory rate (number of breaths per minute) divided by Tidal Volume in liters (f/VT), was evaluated immediately after cuff leak test during transition to spontaneous mode. A value less than 105 breaths/min/L was considered a favorable test.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to test results, we collected information on other variables, including age, sex, admission diagnosis, etiology of respiratory failure, arterial blood gases before extubation (including pH, PCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, HCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>, PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>), ventilatory mode during weaning process, ventilatory mode used during weaning (pressure support or T-Piece), duration of mechanical ventilation, ventilator-free days at 28 days, duration of weaning process (time from initiation of weaning process or mode change until final extubation), days from ICU admission to initiation of weaning process, and total days of ICU stay.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Outcomes</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary objective of our research was to evaluate the predictive capacity of RSBI to determine success or failure of SBT and extubation. Failure in SBT was characterized by clinical variables, while in the case of extubation, it was defined as the need for reintubation within 48 h following extubation. Absence of reintubation was considered indicative of successful weaning process. We evaluated the association between RSBI, duration of mechanical ventilation, and ventilator-free time at 28 days.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Ethical considerations</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Fundación Neumológica Colombiana (approval number 201806-23607). Prior to participating in the study, all participants provided written informed consent, and the confidentiality of their data was strictly maintained throughout the study.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were transcribed into Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) software<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and analyzed in Stata version 16 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, USA). Continuous variables were presented as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) depending on their distribution, while categorical variables were presented as absolute and relative frequencies. Distribution of continuous variables was assessed, and t-test or Mann–Whitney U test were applied for normally distributed and non-normally distributed variables, respectively. Categorical variables were compared using Chi2 test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate, based on frequencies in the contingency table.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A ROC-curve was constructed to evaluate the predictive capacity of RSBI in predicting success in SBT and extubation. Additionally, it was stratified by RSBI cutoff points, with values below 80, between 80 and 105, and above 105 breaths/min/L. We calculated the association between RSBI, duration of mechanical ventilation, and ventilator-free time at 28 days using Spearman correlation coefficient. We based our sample size calculations on the methodology employed in the COBRE-US trial conducted by Varón-Vega et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using Stata version 17 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, USA).</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Results</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 367 patients in the ICU receiving invasive mechanical ventilation were included. Among these, 59.7% were males, with a median age of 61 years (IQR 49–72). The most common reasons for ICU admission were ventilatory failure due to hypoxemia, followed by shock and hypercapnia, present in 75%, 14.9%, and 6.6% of cases, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main comorbidities observed were systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease, found in 47.1%, 30.8%, and 18.8% of patients, respectively. During this period, 456 SBTs were conducted, with a success rate of 76.5%. RSBI had a median of 56 breaths/min/L (IQR 43–75) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RSBI showed a ROC curve of 0.53 (95% CI: 0.50−0.55; p = 0.161) for predicting SBT success and 0.48 (95% CI: 0.46−0.50; p = 0.317) for predicting extubation success (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1 and 2</a>). The Spearman correlation coefficient between RSBI and duration of ventilation was 0.117 (p = 0.026), while for ventilator-free time at 28 days, it was −0.116 (p = 0.028) (Supplementary Figures).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a bivariate model exploring test thresholds, RSBI for extubation success probability showed ROC curves of 0.47, 0.41, and 0.38 for scores below 80, between 80 and 105, and above 105, respectively (Supplementary Figures). Additionally, when evaluating SBT success possibility with RSBI according to scores below 80, between 80 and 105, and above 105, ROC curves of 0.45, 0.45, and 0.36 were observed, respectively (Supplementary Figures).</p><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this secondary analysis of the COBRE-US trial, we extend existing medical evidence regarding the predictive capacity of RSBI in critically ill patients under mechanical ventilation, highlighting limited predictive ability for SBT and extubation success. Correlation analyses reveal statistically significant but weak associations between RSBI and both ventilation duration and ventilator-free time at 28 days.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Yang et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> demonstrated high predictive capacity in the weaning process using the f/VT ratio, with an ROC curve of 0.89. Furthermore, they noted that this measure is easy to calculate, independent of patient effort and cooperation, has significant predictive power, and has a threshold value of 105, easy to remember. In addition, subsequent studies have revealed poor predictive capacity when using values of 100 or close to predict extubation success.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Karthika et al. showed that the rate of change in RSBI between the start and end of a 120-minute SBT could be a better predictor of extubation outcome than a single RSBI measured at the end of the SBT in mechanically ventilated patients, achieving an ROC curve of 0.933, sensitivity of 91%, and specificity of 86%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Our results differ from those described previously, which could be attributed to factors associated with diverse ICU populations, prolonged mechanical ventilation, elderly patients, and different RSBI cutoff points evaluated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,17–21</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently, there is a discussion about what the optimal cutoff point for RSBI is with the highest predictive capacity for extubation success.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,19,22–24</span></a> Goncalves et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> have reported that a cutoff point ≤78 breaths/min/L showed good capacity to differentiate patients undergoing more than 72 h of mechanical ventilation who could be successfully extubated, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.74. In our study, patients had an average duration of ventilation of 10.7 days, with a median RSBI of 56 breaths/min/L. However, none of the RSBI cutoff points used proved to be useful in predicting failed extubation.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A meta-analysis conducted by Trivedi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> examined 48 studies involving RSBI measurements in 10,946 patients. The results indicated that an RSBI value <105 had a sensitivity of 83% (95% CI: 0.78−0.87) for predicting extubation success, with a specificity of 58% (95% CI: 0.49−0.66) and a diagnostic odds ratio of 5.91 (95% CI: 4.09–8.52). In the range of 80–105, the sensitivity was 83% (95% CI: 0.77−0.88), specificity was 54% (95% CI: 0.42−0.67), and the diagnostic odds ratio was 5.30 (95% CI: 3.15–8.92). For RSBI < 80, the sensitivity was 84% (95% CI: 0.75−0.90), specificity was 62% (95% CI: 0.53−0.70), and the diagnostic odds ratio was 7.43 (95% CI: 4.17–13.21). These findings remained consistent across multiple subgroup analyses reflecting different patient characteristics and operational variations in RSBI measurement. According to our findings, regardless of the cutoff point used, the index results were poor, suggesting the need to combine RSBI with other bedside tests.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,21</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, we have found a weak positive correlation between the RSBI index and the duration of ventilation. This finding suggests that patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation may face challenges in the weaning process, which is reflected in higher RSBI values.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20,25</span></a> This result is supported by a weak negative correlation between the RSBI index and ventilator-free time at 28 days in our data.</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Limitations</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The strengths of this study lie in its prospective, multicenter design, investigating the predictive capacity of RSBI in critically ill patients before extubation. Although based on observational methodology and data collection from clinical records, our research team has extensive experience in the interpretation, extraction, and appropriate synthesis of this type of data, allowing us to address methodological challenges with solidity and rigor.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ICU therapist assessed RSBI immediately after cuff leak test during transition to spontaneous mode. These therapists received standardized training to perform this measurement and were not informed about the successful or unsuccessful outcome of SBT. The patient cohort included a heterogeneous variety of medical and surgical diseases, without subcategorization, influencing underlying respiratory mechanics and the outcome of RSBI predictive capacity. Further studies are needed to complement the evaluation of RSBI with other clinically validated tests, different cutoff points, and patients with various diseases to enhance its diagnostic accuracy and reliability.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, RSBI was not associated with success in SBT or extubation, regardless of the cutoff point used. Correlation analyses show weak associations between RSBI and ventilation duration, as well as ventilator-free time at 28 days. It is suggested that RSBI not be used as the sole criterion for determining extubation, but rather as a complement to other validated tests performed at the patient's bedside in the ICU.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Author contributions</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fabio Varón-Vega, Eduardo Tuta-Quintero, Henry Robayo-Amortegui, Adriana Rincón, Luis F. Giraldo-Cadavid, and Pablo Monedero: study design and structure.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jonathan Palacios, Stephanie Crevoisier, Diana C. Duarte, Marcela Poveda, and Laura Cucunubo: data collection.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fabio Varón-Vega, Eduardo Tuta-Quintero, Henry Robayo-Amortegui, Adriana Rincón, and Luis F. Giraldo-Cadavid: data analysis and manuscript writing.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Competing interests</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Funding</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by M<span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">inisterio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación</span> (Grant: <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">335980763260) and U</span><span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0010">niversidad de La Sabana</span> (Grant: <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0010">MED-253-2019)</span>.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:18 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2168253" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Setting" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Patients or participants" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Interventions" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Main variables of interest" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1838786" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2168252" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Diseño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Ámbito" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Pacientes o participantes" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0065" "titulo" => "Intervenciones" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0070" "titulo" => "Variables de interés principales" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0075" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0080" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1838787" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Population" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Measurements" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Outcomes" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Ethical considerations" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] ] ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Limitations" ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Author contributions" ] 14 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Competing interests" ] 15 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 16 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack752427" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 17 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1838786" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Critical illness" 1 => "Airway extubation" 2 => "Intensive care units" 3 => "Mechanical ventilator" 4 => "Ventilator weaning" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1838787" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Enfermedad crítica" 1 => "Extubación de la vías aérea" 2 => "Unidades de cuidados intensivos" 3 => "Ventilador mecánico" 4 => "Retiro del ventilador" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the predictive capacity of the Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI) for success in spontaneous breathing trials (SBT) and extubation in critically ill patients. We evaluated the association between RSBI, duration of mechanical ventilation, and ventilator-free time at 28 days.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prospective multicenter observational study. Secondary analysis of the COBRE-US study.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Setting</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Intensive care unit (ICU).</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Patients or participants</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">367 patients in the ICU receiving invasive mechanical ventilation.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Interventions</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Assessment of RSBI at the end of SBT.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Main variables of interest</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">RSBI, SBT, duration of mechanical ventilation, and ventilator-free time at 28 days were evaluated.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Results</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">367 patients in the ICU under invasive mechanical ventilation were evaluated, of whom 59.7% were male with a median age of 61 years (IQR: 49–72). A total of 456 SBT were conducted with a success rate of 76.5%. RSBI had a ROC-curve of 0.53 for SBT success and a ROC-curve of 0.48 for extubation. The Spearman correlation coefficient between RSBI and duration of ventilation was 0.117 (p = 0.026), while for ventilator-free time at 28 days, it was −0.116 (p = 0.028).</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">RSBI was not associated with success in SBT or extubation, regardless of the cutoff point used. Correlation analyses showed weak associations between RSBI and both the duration of ventilation and ventilator-free time at 28 days.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Setting" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Patients or participants" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Interventions" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Main variables of interest" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la capacidad predictiva del Índice de Respiración Superficial Rápida (IRSR) para el éxito en la prueba de respiración espontánea (PRE) y extubación en pacientes críticamente enfermos. Se evaluó la asociación entre IRSR, la duración de la ventilación mecánica y el tiempo libre de ventilador a los 28 días.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Diseño</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional prospectivo multicéntrico. Análisis secundario del estudio COBRE-US.</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Ámbito</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Unidad de cuidados intensivo (UCI).</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes o participantes</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes en la UCI recibiendo ventilación mecánica invasiva.</p></span> <span id="abst0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Intervenciones</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluación del IRSR al finalizar la PRE.</p></span> <span id="abst0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Variables de interés principales</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se evaluaron IRSR, PRE, duración de la ventilación mecánica y tiempo libre de ventilador a los 28 días.</p></span> <span id="abst0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Resultados</span><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se evaluaron 367 pacientes en la UCI bajo ventilación mecánica invasiva, de estos el 59.7% eran de sexo masculino con una mediana de edad de 61 años (RIC: 49–72). Se realizaron 456 PRE con tasa de éxito del 76.5%. El IRSR presenta una curva ROC de 0,53 para éxito del PRE y una curva ROC de 0.48 para extubación. El coeficiente de correlación de Spearman entre la IRSR y la duración de la ventilación fue de 0.117 (p = 0,026), mientras que para el tiempo libre de ventilación a los 28 días fue de −0.116 (p = 0.028).</p></span> <span id="abst0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El IRSR no se asoció con la PRE ni en la extubación, independiente del punto de corte utilizado. Los análisis de correlación mostraron asociaciones débiles entre IRSR y tanto la duración de la ventilación como el tiempo libre de ventilador a los 28 días.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Diseño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Ámbito" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Pacientes o participantes" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0065" "titulo" => "Intervenciones" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0070" "titulo" => "Variables de interés principales" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0075" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0080" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following is Supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0075" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1220 "Ancho" => 1675 "Tamanyo" => 108595 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0030" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ROC-curve of the rapid shallow breathing index for spontaneous breathing trial success.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1221 "Ancho" => 1675 "Tamanyo" => 109044 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0035" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ROC-curve of the rapid shallow breathing index for successful mechanical ventilation withdrawal.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0040" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Notes: IQR: interquartile range, SD: standard deviation, Kg: kilograms, cm: centimeters, ICU: intensive care unit. CNS: central nervous system.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of patients n(%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">367 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">219 (59.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age in years, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">61 (49–72) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Weight Kg, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">70 (60–80) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Height cm, mean (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">163.6 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Body mass index kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>, Median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.3 (21.7–29.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Active Smoking, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 (9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Active alcoholism, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Reason for ICU admission, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Medical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">345 (94) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Surgical (only postsurgical) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Duration of ventilation in days, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.7 (9.3−12.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Type of ventilatory failure, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Shock \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">52 (14.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypercapnia (pH < 7.25, high CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 (6.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypoxemia (PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> < 60, usual FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">261 (75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Neuromuscular \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (0.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Perioperative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (2.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Comorbidities, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes Mellitus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">113 (30.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypertension \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">173 (47.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Asthma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (2.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pulmonary fibrosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (1.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chronic kidney disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">69 (18.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chronic liver disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 (4.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3571777.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of the patients.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0045" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Notes: IQR: interquartile range, RSBI: rapid shallow breathing index.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Successful spontaneous breathing trial, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">349/456 (76.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RSBI breaths/min/L, median (IQR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">56 (43–75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3571776.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Weaning readiness tests results.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.pdf" "ficheroTamanyo" => 392215 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:25 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of failed extubation on the outcome of mechanical ventilation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S.K. Epstein" 1 => "R.L. Ciubotaru" 2 => "J.B. Wong" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1378/chest.112.1.186" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest." "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "112" "paginaInicial" => "186" "paginaFinal" => "192" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9228375" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S2213260018301371" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "22132600" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Implications of extubation delay in brain-injured patients meeting standard weaning criteria" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "W.M. Coplin" 1 => "D.J. Pierson" 2 => "K.D. Cooley" 3 => "D.W. Newell" 4 => "G.D. Rubenfeld" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9905102" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med." "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "161" "paginaInicial" => "1530" "paginaFinal" => "1536" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10806150" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Re-intubation increases the risk of nosocomial pneumonia in patients needing mechanical ventilation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Torres" 1 => "J.M. Gatell" 2 => "E. Aznar" 3 => "M. El-Ebiary" 4 => "J. Puig de la Bellacasa" 5 => "J. González" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/ajrccm.152.1.7599812" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med." "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "152" "paginaInicial" => "137" "paginaFinal" => "141" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7599812" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Epidemiology of weaning outcome according to a new definition. The WIND study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "G. Béduneau" 1 => "T. Pham" 2 => "F. Schortgen" 3 => "L. Piquilloud" 4 => "E. Zogheib" 5 => "M. Jonas" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.201602-0320OC" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med." 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