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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Disease due to by SARS-CoV-2 &#40;COVID-19&#41; is still a health problem around the world&#46; Although most patients have suffered mild forms of the disease&#44; the rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome &#40;ARDS&#41; has been unprecedented&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Despite the therapeutic advances made&#44; mortality rate due to ARDS related COVID-19 in our setting sits at around 25&#37;&#8211;40&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> There is evidence that right ventricular &#40;RV&#41; dysfunction in the form of pulmonary heart disease &#40;PHD&#41; is a factor associated with a higher mortality rate in non-COVID related ARDS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Therefore&#44; a PHD scoring system has been developed to guide the indication for echocardiography in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Also&#44; RV dysfunction has been reported in patients with ARDS due to COVID-19&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> However&#44; data on the prevalence of PHD in these patients are scarce&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the months of January 2021 through May 2021&#44; we conducted an observational&#44; prospective study at a tertiary center intensive care unit &#40;ICU&#41; to describe the incidence rate and predictors of PHD in patients with ARDS due to COVID-19 treated with invasive mechanical ventilation&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the clinical research ethics committee&#46; All patients admitted to the ICU who needed invasive mechanical ventilation and had a PCR test diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited prospectively&#46; The diagnosis of ARDS was achieved according to the Berlin criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The diagnosis of PHD was achieved on the transthoracic echocardiography performed within the first 3 days on mechanical ventilation&#44; after visualization of a dilated RV on the 4-chamber view defined as a RV end-diastolic area&#47;left ventricular end-diastolic area ratio &#62;0&#46;6 plus the presence of septal dyskinesia in the short axis parasternal view&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The estimate of systolic pressure of both the pulmonary artery and the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was conducted following public recommendations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Continuous variables were expressed as mean and 95&#37; confidence interval or median &#40;interquartile range&#41; and compared using the Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test or the Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test when appropriate&#46; Categorical variables were expressed as number and percentage and compared using the chi square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test&#46; To assess the independent factors associated with the presence of PHD a multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted with automated &#171;backward&#187; variable selection of all the variables that turned out significant in the bivariate analysis plus those described in similar trials&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The cut-off value was adapted to this study using Youden&#8217;s index&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the study period a total of 136 patients diagnosed with severe pneumonia due to COVID-19 were hospitalized&#46; Eighteen of these patients were treated non-invasively with high-flow nasal cannulae&#46; Eventually&#44; 118 patients required invasive mechanical ventilation with the diagnosis of COVID-19-induced ARDS&#46; A complete echocardiography study was conducted on 44 of these patients within the first 3 days on invasive mechanical ventilation&#46; The patients&#8217; mean age was 66 years &#40;63&#8211;69&#41; with a SAPS II score within the first 24&#8239;h after admission of 32 &#40;28&#8211;37&#41;&#59; 75&#37; were men&#46; The rate of PHD was 18&#46;2&#37; &#40;8&#47;44&#44; 95&#37; confidence interval&#44; 6&#37;&#8211;30&#37;&#41;&#46; In patients with PHD admitted with more severity based on their SAPS II score &#40;45 vs 30&#41; no significant differences were found regarding population&#44; analytical&#44; ventilation or hemodynamic parameters &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; No significant differences were found regarding the risk score of PHD between the PHD group and the non-PHD group&#46; During the ICU stay&#44; computed tomography scans were performed in a similar percentage of patients in both groups &#40;62&#37; vs 50&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;701&#41;&#46; However&#44; in patients in whom PHD was found&#44; the computed tomography scan was performed early compared to the non-PHD subgroup &#40;4 days vs 9 days&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; No significant differences were seen regarding the days on mechanical ventilation&#44; the ICU or the hospital stay&#46; Patients with PHD had a higher mortality risk 90 days after ICU admission &#40;RR&#44; 6&#46;82 &#91;95&#37;CI&#44; 1&#46;18&#8211;39&#46;25&#93;&#41;&#46; In the multivariate analysis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; only SAPS scores &#62;35 points and the presence of pulmonary thromboembolism were associated with PHD&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the study population&#8212;representative of 38&#37; of the patients on invasive mechanical ventilation&#8212;the rate of PHD was similar compared to that already published regarding patients with non-COVID-19-induced ARDS &#40;19&#37;&#8211;25&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However&#44; our data show that the pathophysiological mechanism here is different&#46; In patients with non-COVID-19-induced ARDS&#44; PHD is linked to factors associated with pulmonary mechanics &#40;driving pressure&#41; and gas exchange &#40;hypoxemia and hypercapnia&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In this study&#44; in patients with COVID-19-induced ARDS&#44; the main mechanism was associated with the presence of thromboembolic phenomena in pulmonary blood vessels&#46; In this sense&#44; our results are consistent with a study recently published&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Although the study conducted by Cavaleiro et al&#46; reported on a rate of PHD in the COVID-19 population &#40;38&#37;&#41; that is higher compared to that described in the non-COVID-19 population&#44; it also reveals that the main factor associated with the presence of PHD in COVID-19-induced ARDS is the coexistence of pulmonary thromboembolism&#46; In patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU with ARDS&#44; the coexistence of endothelial inflammation&#44; systemic alterations of coagulation&#44; and local phenomena in pulmonary capillaries due to deep hypoxemia increases the rate of pulmonary thromboembolisms compared to that of patients with ARDS due to non-COVID related viral pneumonias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; in patients with COVID-19-induced ARDS the coexistence of PHD is mainly associated with the presence of pulmonary thromboembolic phenomena&#46; In these patients the finding of PHD should trigger the use of computed tomography scans to rule out the presence of pulmonary thromboembolism&#46; These findings should be confirmed in larger studies&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Authors&#47;collaborators</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LZ&#44; and JCS designed the study&#44; collected data&#44; analyzed data and drafted the manuscript&#46; MFO&#44; EMM&#44; and AS collected data&#46; JAS analyzed data and drafted the manuscript&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">All&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Without PHD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">With PHD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;N&#8239;&#61;&#8239;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age &#40;years&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">66 &#40;63&#8722;69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;62&#8722;69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">70 &#40;63&#8722;77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;276&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sex &#40;men&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;75&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;72&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;87&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;656&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SAPS II 24&#8239;h after admission</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;28&#8211;37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;26&#8211;34&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">45 &#40;29&#8211;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Days with symptoms before ICU admission</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;9&#8211;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;9&#8211;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;5&#8211;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;272&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Comorbidities</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Arterial hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;55&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;53&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;62&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;710&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes mellitus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;32&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;31&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;37&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;695&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Heart failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>COPD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;11&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;11&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;12&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chronic kidney disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ventilation patterns during TTE</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>TV &#40;mL&#47;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RR &#40;cycles&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PEEP &#40;cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Plateau pressure &#40;cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DP &#40;cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;10&#8211;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Compliance &#40;mL&#47;cmH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;33&#8211;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;33&#8211;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;21&#8211;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;484&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Prone the day of the TTE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hemodynamic parameters during TTE</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SAP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">114 &#40;110&#8211;119&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">115 &#40;110&#8211;120&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DAP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">61 &#40;58&#8211;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">60 &#40;54&#8211;66&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HR &#40;beats&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">83 &#40;78&#8211;87&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">82 &#40;77&#8211;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">89 &#40;76&#8211;102&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Shock&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>TAPSE &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PASP &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;34&#8211;43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;28&#8211;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Analytical data during TTE</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">186 &#40;159&#8211;212&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">155 &#40;90&#8211;220&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;336&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mmHg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;40&#8211;52&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;40&#8211;53&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">45 &#40;37&#8211;53&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;843&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hs-TnT &#40;ng&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#91;8&#8211;17&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#91;7&#8211;14&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#91;16&#8211;282&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NT-proBNP &#40;ng&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">301 &#91;133&#8211;759&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">271 &#91;129&#8211;271&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">980 &#91;274&#8211;2705&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;227&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D-dimer &#40;ng&#47;mL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1516 &#91;880&#8211;3336&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1349 &#91;827&#8211;2487&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2214 &#91;1384&#8211;9211&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;802&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnostic procedures</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ACP risk score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#8211;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#8211;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#8211;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;593&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Day of echocardiogram&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#8211;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#8211;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#8211;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;738&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Thoracic CT scan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;52&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;62&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;701&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Day of thoracic CT scan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Days on IMV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;11&#8211;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;3&#8211;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;336&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;14&#8211;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;3&#8211;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;627&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hospital stay &#40;days&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;23&#8211;37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;23&#8211;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;6&#8211;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;620&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>90-day mortality rate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;31&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are presented as OR &#91;95&#37; confidence interval&#93;&#46; The multivariate model showed good calibration based on the goodness of fit test adjusted according to the Hosmer&#8211;Lemeshow test &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;981&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">N&#44; number of patients with data&#59; SAPS II&#44; Simplified Acute Physiology Score II&#59; PTE&#44; pulmonary thromboembolism&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Bivariate analysis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Multivariate analysis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;14 &#40;0&#46;83&#8211;20&#46;79&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;57 &#40;0&#46;34&#8211;7&#46;33&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;50 &#40;1&#46;21&#8211;46&#46;51&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;06 &#40;1&#46;19&#8211;52&#46;11&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span>&#8239;0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis of PTE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;76 &#40;1&#46;17&#8211;65&#46;58&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Journal Information
Vol. 46. Issue 11.
Pages 645-647 (November 2022)
Vol. 46. Issue 11.
Pages 645-647 (November 2022)
Scientific Letter
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Acute cor pulmonale in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19
Cor pulmonale agudo en pacientes con síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo secundario a COVID-19
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L. Zapata
Corresponding author
LZapata@santpau.cat

Corresponding author.
, J.C. Suárez-Montero, M.N. Flores-Orella, E.M. Morales-Alarcón, A. Segarra, J.A. Santos-Rodríguez
Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Dear Editor,

Disease due to by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is still a health problem around the world. Although most patients have suffered mild forms of the disease, the rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been unprecedented.1 Despite the therapeutic advances made, mortality rate due to ARDS related COVID-19 in our setting sits at around 25%–40%.2 There is evidence that right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in the form of pulmonary heart disease (PHD) is a factor associated with a higher mortality rate in non-COVID related ARDS.3 Therefore, a PHD scoring system has been developed to guide the indication for echocardiography in these patients.4 Also, RV dysfunction has been reported in patients with ARDS due to COVID-19.5 However, data on the prevalence of PHD in these patients are scarce.

During the months of January 2021 through May 2021, we conducted an observational, prospective study at a tertiary center intensive care unit (ICU) to describe the incidence rate and predictors of PHD in patients with ARDS due to COVID-19 treated with invasive mechanical ventilation.

The study was approved by the clinical research ethics committee. All patients admitted to the ICU who needed invasive mechanical ventilation and had a PCR test diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited prospectively. The diagnosis of ARDS was achieved according to the Berlin criteria.6 The diagnosis of PHD was achieved on the transthoracic echocardiography performed within the first 3 days on mechanical ventilation, after visualization of a dilated RV on the 4-chamber view defined as a RV end-diastolic area/left ventricular end-diastolic area ratio >0.6 plus the presence of septal dyskinesia in the short axis parasternal view.7 The estimate of systolic pressure of both the pulmonary artery and the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was conducted following public recommendations.8 Continuous variables were expressed as mean and 95% confidence interval or median (interquartile range) and compared using the Student t test or the Mann–Whitney U test when appropriate. Categorical variables were expressed as number and percentage and compared using the chi square test or Fisher’s exact test. To assess the independent factors associated with the presence of PHD a multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted with automated «backward» variable selection of all the variables that turned out significant in the bivariate analysis plus those described in similar trials.4 The cut-off value was adapted to this study using Youden’s index.

During the study period a total of 136 patients diagnosed with severe pneumonia due to COVID-19 were hospitalized. Eighteen of these patients were treated non-invasively with high-flow nasal cannulae. Eventually, 118 patients required invasive mechanical ventilation with the diagnosis of COVID-19-induced ARDS. A complete echocardiography study was conducted on 44 of these patients within the first 3 days on invasive mechanical ventilation. The patients’ mean age was 66 years (63–69) with a SAPS II score within the first 24 h after admission of 32 (28–37); 75% were men. The rate of PHD was 18.2% (8/44, 95% confidence interval, 6%–30%). In patients with PHD admitted with more severity based on their SAPS II score (45 vs 30) no significant differences were found regarding population, analytical, ventilation or hemodynamic parameters (Table 1). No significant differences were found regarding the risk score of PHD between the PHD group and the non-PHD group. During the ICU stay, computed tomography scans were performed in a similar percentage of patients in both groups (62% vs 50%, P = 0.701). However, in patients in whom PHD was found, the computed tomography scan was performed early compared to the non-PHD subgroup (4 days vs 9 days, P < 0.001) (Table 1). No significant differences were seen regarding the days on mechanical ventilation, the ICU or the hospital stay. Patients with PHD had a higher mortality risk 90 days after ICU admission (RR, 6.82 [95%CI, 1.18–39.25]). In the multivariate analysis (Table 2) only SAPS scores >35 points and the presence of pulmonary thromboembolism were associated with PHD.

Table 1.

Main differences between patient with COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome with or without pulmonary heart disease.

  All  Without PHD  With PHD  P 
    (N = 44)  (N = 36)  (N = 8)   
Age (years)  44  66 (63−69)  65 (62−69)  70 (63−77)  0.276 
Sex (men)  44  33 (75%)  26 (72%)  7 (87.5%)  0.656 
SAPS II 24 h after admission  41  32 (28–37)  30 (26–34)  45 (29–61)  0.005 
Days with symptoms before ICU admission  44  10 (9–11)  10 (9–11)  9 (5–12)  0.272 
Comorbidities
Arterial hypertension  44  24 (55%)  19 (53%)  5 (62%)  0.710 
Diabetes mellitus  44  14 (32%)  11 (31%)  3 (37%)  0.695 
Heart failure  44  2 (5%)  2 (6%) 
COPD  44  5 (11%)  4 (11%)  1 (12%) 
Chronic kidney disease  44  3 (7%)  3 (8%) 
Ventilation patterns during TTE
TV (mL/kg)  44  5.9 (5.6–6.1)  5.9 (5.6–6.1)  6 (5–7)  0.712 
RR (cycles/min)  44  24 (23–25)  24 (23–25)  23 (20–27)  0.552 
PEEP (cmH2O)  44  13 (12–13)  13 (12–13)  12 (10–15)  0.538 
Plateau pressure (cmH2O)  44  23 (23–24)  23 (23–24)  24 (22–25)  0.799 
DP (cmH2O)  44  11 (10–12)  11 (10–12)  12 (9–15)  0.379 
Compliance (mL/cmH2O)  44  36 (33–40)  37 (33–40)  34 (21–46)  0.484 
Prone the day of the TTE  44  35 (79%)  29 (80%)  6 (75%) 
Hemodynamic parameters during TTE
SAP (mmHg)  44  114 (110–119)  115 (110–120)  112 (97–126)  0.558 
DAP (mmHg)  44  61 (58–64)  61 (60–65)  60 (54–66)  0.677 
HR (beats/min)  44  83 (78–87)  82 (77–86)  89 (76–102)  0.198) 
Shock  44  19 (43%)  15 (43%)  4 (50%) 
TAPSE (mm)  44  19 (16–21)  20 (19–21)  15 (12–18)  0.005 
PASP (mmHg)  24  38 (34–43)  34 (28–40)  44 (41–46)  0.034 
Analytical data during TTE
PaO2/FiO2  44  180 (157–204)  186 (159–212)  155 (90–220)  0.336 
PaCO2 (mmHg)  44  46 (40–52)  46 (40–53)  45 (37–53)  0.843 
pH  44  7.38 (7.36–7.40)  7.38 (7.36–7.40)  7.34 (7.29–7.39)  0.085 
hs-TnT (ng/L)  38  11 [8–17]  10 [7–14]  37 [16–282]  0.137 
NT-proBNP (ng/L)  31  301 [133–759]  271 [129–271]  980 [274–2705]  0.227 
D-dimer (ng/mL)  44  1516 [880–3336]  1349 [827–2487]  2214 [1384–9211]  0.802 
Diagnostic procedures
ACP risk score  44  2 (1–2)  2 (1–2)  2 (1–3)  0.593 
Day of echocardiogram  44  1 (1–2)  1 (1–2)  1 (1–2)  0.738 
Thoracic CT scan  44  23 (52%)  18 (50%)  5 (62%)  0.701 
Day of thoracic CT scan  23  8 (1–9)  9 (8–10)  4 (3–6)  <0.001 
Diagnosis of PTE  44  9 (20.5%)  5 (13.9%)  4 (50%)  0.042 
Data on patient progression
Days on IMV  44  17 (12–22)  16 (11–21)  23 (3–45)  0.336 
ICU stay  44  20 (15–25)  19 (14–24)  22 (3–42)  0.627 
Hospital stay (days)  44  30 (23–37)  31 (23–39)  26 (6–45)  0.620 
90-day mortality rate  44  17 (38%)  11 (31%)  6 (75%)  0.04 

ACP, acute cor pulmonale risk score; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CT, computed tomography; DAP, diastolic arterial pressure; DP, driving pressure; HR, heart rate; hs-TnT, high-sensitivity troponin T; ICU, intensive care unit; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; N, number of patients with data; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; PTE, pulmonary thromboembolism; RR, respiratory rate; SAP, systolic arterial pressure; SAPS II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography; TV, tidal volume.

Table 2.

Bivariate and multivariate analyses of parameters associated with the presence of pulmonary heart disease in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19.

  Bivariate analysis  Multivariate analysis 
Driving pressure > 11 cmH244  1.49 (0.31–7.19); P = 0.71  Variable not preserved 
PaO2/FiO2 < 122  44  4.14 (0.83–20.79); P = 0.09  Variable not preserved 
PaCO2 > 45 mmHg  44  1.57 (0.34–7.33); P = 0.69  Variable not preserved 
SAPS II > 35  41  7.50 (1.21–46.51); P = 0.03  7.06 (1.19–52.11); P= 0.04 
Diagnosis of PTE  44  6.20 (1.16–33.17); P = 0.04  8.76 (1.17–65.58); P = 0.03 

Data are presented as OR [95% confidence interval]. The multivariate model showed good calibration based on the goodness of fit test adjusted according to the Hosmer–Lemeshow test (P = 0.981).

N, number of patients with data; SAPS II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; PTE, pulmonary thromboembolism.

In the study population—representative of 38% of the patients on invasive mechanical ventilation—the rate of PHD was similar compared to that already published regarding patients with non-COVID-19-induced ARDS (19%–25%).3 However, our data show that the pathophysiological mechanism here is different. In patients with non-COVID-19-induced ARDS, PHD is linked to factors associated with pulmonary mechanics (driving pressure) and gas exchange (hypoxemia and hypercapnia).4 In this study, in patients with COVID-19-induced ARDS, the main mechanism was associated with the presence of thromboembolic phenomena in pulmonary blood vessels. In this sense, our results are consistent with a study recently published.9 Although the study conducted by Cavaleiro et al. reported on a rate of PHD in the COVID-19 population (38%) that is higher compared to that described in the non-COVID-19 population, it also reveals that the main factor associated with the presence of PHD in COVID-19-induced ARDS is the coexistence of pulmonary thromboembolism. In patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU with ARDS, the coexistence of endothelial inflammation, systemic alterations of coagulation, and local phenomena in pulmonary capillaries due to deep hypoxemia increases the rate of pulmonary thromboembolisms compared to that of patients with ARDS due to non-COVID related viral pneumonias.10

In conclusion, in patients with COVID-19-induced ARDS the coexistence of PHD is mainly associated with the presence of pulmonary thromboembolic phenomena. In these patients the finding of PHD should trigger the use of computed tomography scans to rule out the presence of pulmonary thromboembolism. These findings should be confirmed in larger studies.

Authors/collaborators

LZ, and JCS designed the study, collected data, analyzed data and drafted the manuscript. MFO, EMM, and AS collected data. JAS analyzed data and drafted the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank the work done by all healthcare professionals from the Intensive Care Unit.

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